The aim of this study was to highlight the presence of aminoglycoside resistance genes in enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases isolated in Abidjan. The study involved 153 enterobacteriaceae of human origin and whose identification has been confirmed by Maldi Tof-type Mass Spectrometry. The antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by diffusion on Mueller-Hinton E agar. The beta-lactams resistance genes were characterized by real-time PCR, conventional PCR and sequenced. While the aminoglycoside resistance genes were detected through conventional PCR directly. Of these strains 90 (58.8%) were producing broad-spectrum beta-lactamase. A high resistance rate to aminoglycosides (90%), cefotaxime (95.6%), ceftriaxone (96.7%), and cefoxitin (72.2%) was observed in enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. The aminoglycoside resistance genes found were aac (6) -Ib, ant (2 ") –I and aad at the rate of 58.9%, 8.9% and 7.8% respectively. Resistance genes to β-lactams detected were blaCTX-M (96.7%), blaTEM (67.8 %) and blaSHV (27.8%). This study is the first to describe the aminoglycoside resistance genes in clinical strains of enterobacteriaceae in Abidjan.

Advances in sequencing technology have unraveled the whole genome sequence of many Mycoplasma species which has provided a major milestone in the study of minimal genomes. During the course of analyzing the complete genomes of 11 Mycoplasma species, it was observed that around 7–17 % of these genome sequence lie in the intergenic space. A genome-wide analysis using in silico methods was carried out to explore the functional elements concealed in these intergenic sequences. A total of 6840 intergenic sequences were extracted from these 11 genomes and were subjected to a series of systematic analysis based on bioinformatics approach. An extensive analysis of all the 6840 intergenic sequences, markedly affirmed the protein coding potentials of 195 intergenic sequences. Of these 195 sequences, functional domains were predicted for 37 sequences from 8 Mycoplasma genomes. The outcome of the present study would facilitate a better understanding of the evolution, pathogenicity, drug resistance, virulence mechanism and development of novel antibiotics to combat Mycoplasma infections

Rice, Oryza sativa L. (2n=24=AA) is the principal food crop to people in India. India occupies a pride place in rice production among the food crops cultivated in the world. In India, rice is being grown in 45.10 Mha area with production of 111.01 MMT and productivity of 3.52 MT/ha, respectively in 2017–18. This rice is produce 1.5 times paddy straw in nature. It is containing hemicellulose (26 to 35%), cellulose (38 to 41%), lignin (12-16%), water soluble polysaccharides (8%), 15 – 20% of ash and 9 – 14% of silica, which is recalcitrant for degradation. In flooded rice field is a major substrate for the production of methane that is responsible for a greenhouse gas effect. Wetland rice fields annually release about 60 to 100 MMT of CH4 and thus contribute substantially to the global warming of the atmosphere. Methane emission from rice fields starts after the flooding of the fields and stops when the fields are drained for harvest. Rates of CH4 production were higher in incubations with straw from the stems >leaf blades> leaf sheaths >unamended soil. In many countries, massive amounts of the post-harvest rice residues are eliminated through burning, which represents a threat to public health and poses an environmental pollution problem. Alternatives to burning include potential feedstock to produce biofuels, bio-fertilizers, animal feed, bio-based industry chemicals, cheap substrate for fermentation of enzymes, biogases, mushroom cultivation and bio-compost. As early as in 1822, paddy straw mushroom was first cultivated in China. In India this mushroom was first cultivated in early 1940’s. In India, 19 edible species of Volvariella have been documented but most important are three of them only viz; V. esculenta (Mass) Sing., V. diplasia (Berk and Br.) Sing. and V. volvacea (Bull. ex Fr.) Sing. Volvariella volvacea are great source of Carbohydrate (54.80%)> Protein (37.50%)> Fibre (5.50%)> Fat (2.60%)> Ash (1.10%) and Energy k cal (305) in 100g dry weight. They have ergo-sterol that acts as a precursor for Vitamin D synthesis in human body. Ergo-sterol is converted in to vitamin D2 when exposed to UV- radiation or sunlight also. Bed cost is about 60-70 rupees and Yield of bed is appx. 1.0-1.5 kg i.e., Price of mushroom Rs. 200/- return as per market value. So, farmers can get net profit of 130/- or at least Rs. 100/- profit per bed within 15 days. So, it can be used as a weapon against malnutrition and environment protection also.

Nine botanicals and seven isolates of Trichoderma Spp. were evaluated by following poison food technique and dual culture technique against Rhizoctonia bataticola. Among the botanicals, maximum mycelium inhibition was recorded in Zingiber officinale rhizome (47.98 %) followed by Datura stramonium leaf (43.35 %), Allium sativum clove (39.74 %) and Eucalyptus Globus leaf (37.86 %). Out of the seven isolates of Trichoderma Spp. tested against Rhizoctonia bataticola, T-6 showed highest inhibition percentage (67.32 %) followed by T-7 (63.61%), T-3 (59.72 %) and T-5 (57.50 %).

The occurrence of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) in broad leaved mustard (Brassica juncea var. Rugosa) grown in Manipur, India was confirmed by symptomatology and reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Symptoms showing mosaic, mottling, interveinal chlorosis, irregular chlorotic patches and puckering were observed on broad leaved mustard with maximum mean disease incidence of 42.12%. RT-PCR assay was carried out using potyvirus-specific degenerate primers NIb2F and NIb3R, targeting the core region of the NIb. The RT-PCR assays using NIb specific primers produced amplicon of 350bp, only in the symptomatic leaf samples. This is the first molecular evidence of TuMV infection in broad leaved mustard from Manipur, India.

Rhizospheric actinobacteria associated to organic cultivation are essential in nutrient cycling and plant growth promotion. The aim of this study was to isolate and select in vitro actinobacteria displaying multiple plant growth promoting traits associated with the rhizosphere of sugarcane undergoing organic management. The isolates were evaluated regarding their ability to produce plant growth promoting traits. Of the 21 isolates, 57% produced at least one of the evaluated traits. Isolates ABC92 and ABC32 produced 60.28 and 55.36 μg mL-1 of fitohormone in 21 days, whereas isolates ANC48 and ANU34 were the best solubilizers, solubilizing 8.93 and 8.92 μg mL-1 phosphate. A total of 29% of the microorganisms were able to grow in nitrogen-free media and 24% were ammonia producers. Isolates ABC31, ANC48 and ANU49 were able to inhibit Fusarium moniliforme growth. All actinobacteria identified in this study belonged to the Streptomyces genus and presented potential as plant growth promoting agents.

Introduction: Staphylococci play major role in surgical site infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is prevalent worldwide and is an important cause of nosocomial infections, resulting in an increased morbidity and mortality in the hospital settings worldwide. Aims & Objective: To study the prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in surgical site infections (SSIs). Materials & Methods: This study was carried out in our institute from January to December 2017. Pus samples from surgical sites included for culture sensitivity examination were collected. Staphylococcus was identified using standard methods. Then, methicillin-resistant strains were identified by using screening and confirmatory techniques recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Result: We collected a total of 3,958 samples, and Staphylococcus was identified from 300 (7.57%) samples. Of the 300 samples containing S. aureus recovered from the pus samples, 37.66% (113) of them were found to be methicillin resistant. All MRSA are sensitive to Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Teicoplanin. Conclusion: Minimizing the emergence of this organism and its spread remain to be the challenges that need to be addressed. A regular surveillance of hospital-associated infections is mandatory. For decreasing the MRSA infection, we need to monitoring the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of MRSA.

The present study is focussed on isolation and screening of tyrosinase enzyme produced by bacterial isolates and its application in the production of L-Dopa. L- Dopa is an amino acid which is used as a drug for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. 112 bacterial isolates have been screened which were collected from soil of different gardens of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. Tyrosinase activity of all bacterial isolates was determined qualitatively and quantitatively. The primary screening of all the isolates for Tyrosinase production was carried on Tyrosine agar medium. Among them 21 isolates showed brown pigmented colonies indicating Tyrosinase activity. Secondary screening was done on the basis of extracellular enzyme activity. Based on the result of secondary screening, out of 21 isolates 5 were reported as potential Tyrosinase producers which were further checked for L-Dopa production. On the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics the potent L-Dopa producing bacterial isolate was identified as Pseudomanas sp which could be a promising source for the production of L-Dopa.

An experiment was conducted to assess the impact of Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotroph and plant growth regulators on alleviating the drought stress effects on tomato through estimating leaf water potential, leaf temperature, stomatal conductance, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate and yield. Pot culture experiment was carried out in tomato variety PKM 1 with foliar spray of PPFM (1%), PPFM (2%), PPFM (3%) and growth regulators like brassinolide (1 ppm), salicylic acid (100 ppm), benzyl amino purine (100 ppm) and gibberellic acid (10 ppm) under drought condition created based on field capacity of soil. 50 per cent field capacity was maintained throughout the growth period for induction of drought and 100 per cent field capacity maintained as non-stress control. Among the PGRs and different concentrations of PPFM used, 2% PPFM was found to superior in improving drought tolerance. The highest leaf water potential of -0.89 MPa was registered by PPFM (2%) which can protect the plant under drought. Foliar spray of 2% PPFM recorded lowest leaf temperature (25.2°C) and highest stomatal conductance (0.40 mmol m-2 s-1) followed by brassinolide (25.5 and 0.38 respectively). Brassinolide registered its supremacy on higher net assimilation rate (0.646) followed by 2% PPFM (0.628). The higher fruit yield of 552.9 g was maintained by PPFM (2%) followed by brassinolide (509.4) under drought.

Lassi prepared by using by the traditional method of buffalo milk with Pudina leaves extract was prepared from different proportion of Pudina extract. The investigation was undertaken to explore the possibilities of utilizing Pudina extract in lassi manufacture to improve the health benefits and the product sensory. The level of Pudina extract was optimized on the sensory basis the score obtained and treatment T2 getting better result as compare to other and it was subjected for colour intensity and microbial analysis by the hunter lab and various method used. Mixed the culture of lactic acid bacteria @ 2 per cent was used to prepare lassi from buffalo milk containing 6.0 per cent fat. A 2.5 per cent Pudina extract level gave desirable result and acceptability by the panel of judges. Addition of Pudina extract into lassi was a significant effect on colour intensity and microbial analysis. The colour intensity of accepted lassi treatment T2 was observed that the score was 60.40, 1.55 and 2.18 to L, a and b respectively and the microbial score of acceptable lassi T2 were 2.38, 2.45, 1.11 and 0.00 of Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Coliform and yeast and mould respectively.

Production and consumption of edible mushroom have increased continuously in last two decades particularly due to their nutritional and health benefits. Mushroom is a macro fungus with a distinctive fruiting body, which can be either epigenous or hypogenous and large enough to be seen with naked eye and to be picked by hand. Mushrooms are highly perishable and cannot be stored too long. Mushrooms have very short shelf life of less than 3 days under ambient condition and from 8 to 10 days under refrigeration. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of fresh mushroom depends on the modification of atmosphere inside the package which can be achieved by the combination of two processes first is the respiration rates of the mushroom and second is the permeability of the packaging films. MAP proves to be the best technology to meet the consumer’s demand for best quality and fresh foods

Despite of sufficient food grain production at national level, malnutrition is still a public health concern in our country. India is also one of the leading nations in vegetable production but the problem of malnutrition especially the micronutrient deficiencies are very common among the rural households. The underlying cause may be the unawareness, illiteracy, inadequate availability of vegetables and fruits and low purchasing power of the households. As per Recommended Dietary Allowances, daily intake of vegetables should be 300 gm/person including roots and tubers, green leafy and other vegetables. Keeping into consideration the high prevalence of malnutrition especially micronutrient deficiencies and inadequate availability of vegetables, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sagar has carried out 56 demonstrations using 1.40 ha area from the year 2007 to 2016 on nutritional kitchen gardening. Prior to this, a total of eight training programmes were conducted including 164 participants on importance and establishment of nutrition kitchen garden in the same villages. The major objective was to improve the availability of vegetables and nutrient intake at household level and to improve the knowledge of rural women regarding various technological aspects of kitchen gardening and its importance. For the conduction of demonstrations, families of 4-6 members were selected purposively. An area of 250m2 was taken to establish kitchen garden for each family. A questionnaire was used to assess the pre and post training knowledge of participants regarding various aspects of kitchen gardening. The result of the study showed an improvement in availability of vegetables for consumption at both household and individual level. The average per capita availability of vegetables increased from 172 to 278 gm/day. The knowledge level of beneficiaries has also been improved through training programmes.

The study was undertaken to detect duck plague virus by PCR and antibody-based techniques. A total of 79 samples were collected from clinically affected (40) and dead ducks (39). PCR detects presence of the virus in 85.00% and 87.17% from clinically affected and dead birds respectively. Among the antibody-based techniques, S-ELISA was found more sensitive in comparison to other tests showing positive results 32.05% and 71.79% from clinically affected and dead birds respectively. AGPT and CIE could detect the virus only in post mortem samples. Both AGPT and CIE were found to be equally sensitive giving positive result of 12.82% from dead ducks. Liver and spleen samples from dead birds were found best for pathogen detection. In cases of clinically affected ducks, whole blood showed to be better results than the cloacal swabs.

Eight medicinal plant extracts viz. Andrographis paniculata, Zingiber officinale, Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Catharanthus roseus, Allium cepa and Ocimum sanctum were evaluated against S. rolfsii by following poisoned food technique at 5, 10 and 20 per cent concentration in vitro and the effective concentration were also evaluated against collar rot in vivo. Among of them Allium sativum was showed maximum inhibition of 35.31 %, 68.50 % and 84.89 % of mycelia growth at 5, 10, and 20 percent concentration respectively followed by Azadirachta indica (31.67%, 65.61% and 80.86%). The least effective phytoextract was Ocimum sanctum and exhibited 10.67 %, 30.69% and 53.47 % inhibition of mycelial growth at 5, 10, and 20 percent concentration respectively. Where as in vivo experiments with 20 % concentration, Azadirachta indica showed best effectiveness against collar rot disease by reducing 64.69 % and 67.26 % disease incidence respectively followed by Allium sativum (60.34% and 62.65%) and least reduction of disease incidence (29.38% and 25.30%) respectively recorded in Ocimum sanctum in two years of experiments.

Rotavirus (RV) has been considered as one of the most important cause of severe gastroenteritis among human infants and the neonates of most farm animal species worldwide. In piglets, RV diarrhoea has been identified as a major cause of mortality and morbidity. The present study was undertaken to detect rotavirus from diarrhoeic faecal samples of pig population of Arunachal Pradesh and to investigate genotypic characterization of the same. A total of 342 faecal samples were collected from diarrhoeic piglets of different places of Arunachal Pradesh. The samples were screened for presence of RV by RNA-PAGE and RT-PCR with amplification of VP4 and VP7 genes of RV. Further, genotyping of the RV circulating among the pig population of Arunachal Pradesh was carried out to find out the G-and P-types of RV detected from diarrhoeic piglets. Of 342 diarrhoeic faecal samples, 53 (15.49%) and 127 (37.13%) samples were found positive for group A RV (GARV) in RNA-PAGE and RT-PCR respectively. On genotyping, it was observed that, major G-P combination circulating among the pig population Arunachal Pradesh was G10P[7] (33.3%) followed by G10P[8](8.33%) and G9P[8] (8.33 %). Most of the samples (50.00 %)were found to have mixed type of G-P combinations. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of genotypic characterization of RV from Arunachal Pradesh, India.