It is a common myth that adding butter to meals makes it taste better and enhances other flavours. Investigation was done to develop goat meat spread added with various concentrations of butter viz., 1.0, 3.0and 5.0 per cent and the final quality of products was assessed based on physico-chemical quality, instrumental colour profile analysis and sensory quality. The pH of spread was significant (P<0.05) increased whereas cooking yield and spread ability was increased highly significant (P<0.01) with increase in concentration of butter. Further, highly significant (P<0.01) decrease in redness (a*) and increase in lightness (L*) was observed after incorporation of butter. The Yellowness (b*) of product was significant (P<0.05) increased. All the sensory attributes of spread were exhibited highly significant (P<0.01) differences except texture and adhesive ability. Sensory quality of goat meat spread was increase significant (P<0.05) with increase in concentration of butter upto 3% and thereafter the sensory quality was decreased. Thus, based on results it may be concluded that incorporation of 3.0% butter was most suitable for development of goat meat spread

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Acacia nilotica (babul) pod meal based tannin on growth performance, nutrient utilization as well as economics of feeding on goat kids. For that, sixteen Surti male goat kids were randomly divided into two equal groups of eight each, based on age and body weight and were individually fed for 110 days as per ICAR (2013) standards. The kids were fed TMR with no tannin (T1); and TMR with 3% tannin (T2). The intake of different nutrients was similar (P>0.05) between the groups. CP digestibility was found significantly (P<0.05) higher in tannin group as compared to control group while digestibility of other nutrients remained similar in both the groups. The final body weight was significantly higher (P<0.05) for tannin group than control group. The total gain and ADG were 35.82 and 20.26 percent higher in tannin group than control group, respectively. The feed conversion efficiency (FCE) was significantly (P<0.05) better in treatment group. The feed cost per kg weight gain was reduced by 20.04% in treatment group. The realizable receipt from total gain of goat (Rs./head) in experimental groups differed (P<0.05) significantly. The return over feed cost (ROFC) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in tannin group. The net saving was Rs. 835.74 in tannin group over control during period of 110 days on account of higher return over feed cost (ROFC). It is concluded that locally available tanniniferous babul pod could be used as a feed constituent in the diets of goats

This study was conducted to observe the effect of feeding Acacia nilotica pods based tannin on antioxidant status and faecal egg count in Surti kids. For that, sixteen Surti male goat kids were randomly divided into two equal groups based on age and body weight and were individually fed for 110 days as per ICAR (2013) standards. The kids were fed TMR with no tannin (T1); and TMR with 3% tannin (T2). Blood samples from all animals were collected for examination of different haemato-biochemical constituents and antioxidant enzyme. Faecal samples were collected and examined by McMaster technique for eggs per gram (EPG). Lymphocyte percentage revealed significant (P<0.05) improvement in the tannin group as compared to control group while haemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV), total leucocyte (TLC), neutrophil and monocyte values remained similar. There was significant improvement in total protein and glucose concentration (P<0.05) and globulin concentration and A:G ratio were also higher (P<0.05) in treatment group. Cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, creatinine and uric acid values found non-significant. The liver function enzymes namely, alanine aminotransferase (SGPT), aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were statistically non-significant. There was significant (P<0.05) improvement in catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in T2 as compared to T1 group while lipid hydroperoxide was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in T2 group. The values for faecal egg counts (FEC) significantly (P<0.05) lower in T2 group. Thus, Surti kids can be raised by feeding of babul pods based tannin for better health in terms of reducing faecal egg count and antioxidant status

Total of 60 ejaculates from 6 Kankrej bulls were collected, split and processed using soybean lecithin based (AndroMed®) and egg yolk based (TFYG) extenders. The various semen parameters and pregnancy rate of cryopreserved semen were assessed. The mean values of individual motility, live sperm, abnormal sperm and acrosomal integrity were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in AndroMed® extended semen than the TFYG extended semen. The pregnancy rate was didn’t differ significantly in TFYG and AndroMed® extended semen. In conclusion, the animal protein-free extender based on soybean lecithin is a viable alternative to the traditional egg yolk-based extenders for cryopreservation of kankrej bull semen

Small ruminants play an important role in providing sustainable income to the small and marginal farmers in India. Supplementation of microbial cultures in the feeding of small ruminants has significant effect in their performance. Supplementation of feed additives like probiotics and prebiotics can reduce the usage of antibiotics in sheep production. Keeping this in view an experiment was conducted at Institutional Farm, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Banaganapalle to study the effect of probiotics (S.cereviceae and L.Sporengens) and Mannan oligosaccharahides (MOS) as prebiotics and combination of both probiotic and prebiotic as synbiotic supplementation on body weight gain in Nellore Brown lambs. Initial body weight of 11.59±0.04kg, 12.17±0.071kg, 12.50±0.33kg, 11.90±0.03kg respectively in Control, T1, T2 and T3 groups. The final body weight after 10th week of experimentation were as 19.36±0.35kg, 21.68±0.29kg, 24.74±0.12kg, 22.26±0.14kg in Control, T1,T2 and T3 groups respectively. Among all four groups T2 group recorded significantly higher (p<0.05) weekly body weight during experimentation period. Similarly average daily weight gain in different treatment groups were recorded as 110.99±5.23, 135.85±4.66, 156.71±17.32 and 148.09±3.87grams/day in Control, T1,T2 and T3 groups respectively. Significant and higher daily gain was observed in T2. The results of the experiment clearly indicate that, supplementation of probiotic, prebiotic and combination of both have significant effect on average daily weight gain in Nellore brown lambs

Adoption of suitable rice production technology such as SRI, minimize yield loss due to the climate irregularities to a great extent and ensure better livelihood to the farmers. The study was conducted to ascertain the constraints encountered by paddy growers in taking up SRI in Imphal East district of Manipur. The study was conducted in three block of Imphal East district viz., Kairao Bitra, Sawombung and Khetrigao Block during the year 2021. Forty respondents from each block comprising a total of 120 farmers were randomly selected and interviewed by using a planned and pre-tested questionnaires. The study observed that, middle age group (30 to 45 years) formed majority of respondent accounting to 53.33 percent and the least were young group (Up to 30 years) with 5.83 percent. As land holding is concerned, majority of the farmers (55.83 percent) falls under the category of marginal (Up to 0.5 ha). Under the technological constraints, lack of proper row marker facility for marking the transplantation points were the main limiting factor with quotient value 59.10. Absence of government support was the key constraint under administrative constraints with quotient value 54.10. There is a need to address the problems face by the paddy growers in adopting SRI by the concern authority of the district and state

Calf mortality is one of the major problems of calf rearing on dairy farms worldwide. Dairying is becoming one of the most important parts of the livestock sector, where calves are the future herd of a dairy farm in India. The health and management of replacement animals is an important component of total herd benefits. However, calf mortality is an important factor in profitability and productivity in the success of dairy production. Different researchers have also evaluated numerous determinant factors in calf mortality. In addition to calf diseases, calf risk factors such as age and sex, dam risk factors such as parity and birth type, poor management, and environmental factors like calving, colostrum feeding time, and amount, poor housing, and herd size were also reported as determinants of calf mortality. However, many studies on calf mortality focus on risk factors at the individual (calf) level and herd-level risk factors for disease. Most of those recently listed studies were mostly concentrated on government research centers and central parts of the country, which are less relevant to the smallholder farming system. Therefore, a further study based on specific causes of disease and associated risk factors and its economic significance in a production system is required

A survey was carried out to study reproductive performances of buffaloes of the Erode, Tirupur and Coimbatore Districts of Tamil Nadu. A total of randomly selected buffaloes was included for the present study. Average age at first calving, gestation period, dry period, service period and intercalving period were found to be 53.96± 0.21 months, 324.88±0.15, 254.75 ± 0.25, 179.24 ± 0.13 and 466.68 ± 0.51 days respectively. Age at first calving was not found to be affected significantly by type of animal and location while season of calving exerted significantly effect (P<0.05). Gestation period was not found to be affected by type of animal, location and season of calving. Dry period was found to be affected significantly (p<0.05) by location and highly significantly (p<0.01) by season of calving while type of animal and lactation order did not exert any effect. Service period was found to be affected significantly (p<0.05) by location and season of calving while type of animal and lactation order exerted non significant effect. Intercalving period was found to be affected highly significantly (P<0.01) by lactation order and significantly (p<0.05) by season of calving while type of animal and lacation exerted non significant effect

Gram-positive, spore-forming Clostridium perfringens is a common bacterium. It can produce enterotoxins in the small intestines of people and domestic animals, contaminating a variety of retail meat products and resulting in food poisoning. We examined into to the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of C. perfringens in carabeef, chicken, mutton, and chevon that shoppers in Anand, Gujarat, purchased from retail meat market shops. 200 meat samples resulted in a total of 31 C. perfringens isolates, with poultry having the highest incidence (24%) preceding chevon (16%), mutton (10%), and carabeef (10%). Using the agar disc method, the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates was assessed. Resistance to cephoxitin (61%) was found, followed by moxifloxacin (52%), tetracycline (48%), vancomycin (42%), gentamicin (36%), and ofloxacin (32%). It's remarkable to note that 10 of the 31 isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, or resistance to more than three distinct antibiotic classes

The integrated nutrient management (INM) focuses towards the maintenance and suitably adjusting the soil fertility besides providing the desirable plant nutrients for their growth and development so to have a sustained and regular yield without affecting the fertility and health of soil. It also plays an important role to cut down the requirement of the chemical fertilizers thereby helping to protect from the environmental pollution. For the maintenance of soil productivity and fertility the application of balanced dose of nutrients is an essential requirement which can be easily fulfilled with the application of inorganic fertilizers in combination with the organic manure that helps to reduce the dependency over inorganic fertilizers besides maintaining the desirable yield. The integrated nutrient management practices not only help to maintain the soil fertility but also helps to provide food security and enhancing the yield of the different crops hence provides a beneficial effect towards the growth and development of the agriculture sector. So, keeping in view the above facts an attempt has been made to review the importance of integrated nutrient management for improving the yield of maize crop

Worldwide around more than 3 billion people still cook and heat their homes using solid fuels (i.e., wood, crop wastes, charcoal, coal and dung) in open fires and leaky stoves. Majority of them are poor, and live in developing and under developing countries. Such inefficient cooking fuels and technologies produce high levels of household air pollution with a range of health-damaging pollutants. Approximately 17% of annual premature lung cancer deaths in adults are attributable to exposure to carcinogens from household air pollution. The risk for women is higher, due to their role in food preparation. In this background, KVK Koppal has introduced “Envirofit” smokeless and energy efficient cook stoves to reduce household air pollution and the drudgery during cooking for women. Totally 20 OFTs were conducted with 20 farm women in Gondabala, Siddapur Tavaragera, Herur, Kotaiah Camp, villages of Gangavati, Kustagi and Koppal taluks. Extension methods viz. training, method demonstrations and result demonstrations were employed to conduct on farm trials. The study revealed that smoke reduction was observed up to 40 to 50 percent and on an average Rs. 140/- per month was saved on fuel expenditure. Majority of the farm women opined that these stoves are advantageous because they can be easily carried from one place to another, easy to clean the vessels. Now more than 100 farm women have adopted this technology in Koppal district. Gram Panchayats of Kotaiah Camp and Tavaragera Purchased these cook stoves and distributed to women

The field experiment was conducted at Instructional Farm of college of Agriculture (CAU-I), Kyrdemkulai, Meghalaya (25°74’ N latitude, 91°81’ E longitude and 700 meter above mean sea level) in split plot design involving three land configuration (Flat bed (FB), Furrow irrigated raised bed (FIRB) and ridges and furrow (RF) as main plot and four maize varieties (RCM-76, RCM-75, DA-61-A and RCM 1-2) as sub-plot treatments in kharif season of 2020-21.Result showed that, ridges and furrow found superior in terms of survival of plant as well as dry matter production for all four varieties tested. Increase in dry matter at in RF was 1.1-2.6 g/plant for shoot, 0.4-0.9 g/plant for root, 0.1-0.4 g/plant for leaf, 0.3-0.5 g/plant for tassel and 3.0-6.9 g/plant for cob over other land configurations. Maize variety DA-61-A and RCM-76 grown in RF found superior in survival and plant producing cods and tassel with survival of 64.9-65.5 % plant population at harvest; while 49.1-53.4 % and 33.3-36.2 % plant produce tassel and cobs, respectively. For dry matter production, RCM-76 sown in RF found superior 0.6-2.6g/plant and 1.0 -10.6 g/plant higher dry matter than rest of varieties grown in same land configuration at 60 DAS and at harvest, respectively

An investigation was carried out at Fruit Nursery and Analytical laboratory, Department of Fruit Science, Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola during the year 2020-21 with objective, to study the effect of physical and chemical treatments on higher seed germination and seedling growth of guava and to find out the suitable pre-sowing physical and chemical treatment for higher seed germination and seedling growth of guava. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) with two factors, as Factor ‘A’ constitutes physical treatment i.e., scrapping of seed coat with sand paper and without scrapping of seed coat with sand paper and Factor ‘B’ constitutes chemical treatment i.e., soaking seeds for 24 hrs in different chemical solutions of different concentrations viz.,GA3 @ 500 ppm, GA3 @ 1000 ppm, Thiourea @ 2000 ppm, Thiourea @ 4000 ppm and Tap water with ten treatment combinations and replicated thrice. The observations in respect of germination and growth parameters were recorded from the initial days of germination to periodically at 30 day’s interval up to 90 days after sowing. The results of an investigation indicated that, germination and growth of guava significantly influenced by physical treatment i.e., scrapping of seed coat with sand paper and showed early germination and better response for germination percentage, vigour index, height of seedling, number of leaves per seedling, diameter of stem, length of shoot, length of root per seedling, fresh weight of shoot, root and seedling, dry weight of shoot, root and seedling, root: shoot ratio, absolute and relative growth rate and final survival percentage. With reference to different chemical treatments, soaking seeds in GA3 @ 1000 ppm recorded significantly best results over all the treatments for early germination, highest germination percentage, vigour index, height of seedling, number of leaves per seedling, diameter of stem, length of shoot, length of root per seedling, fresh weight of shoot, root and seedling, dry weight of shoot, root and seedling, root: shoot ratio, absolute and relative growth rate and final survival percentage. The interaction effect of physical and chemical treatments indicated that, guava seeds treated with treatment combination scrapping of seed coat with sand paper + soaking seeds in GA3@ 1000 ppm for 24 hrs recorded significant performance for number of days to germinate, germination percentage and final survival percentage. While, it showed non-significant effect regarding other germination and growth parameters. The highest benefit: cost ratio was recorded in treatment combination of scrapping of seed coat with sand paper + soaking seeds in GA3 @ 1000 ppm

Computer is a useful tool to update the knowledge. A study was conducted in the year 2020-21 to assess the knowledge and usage pattern of computer by agricultural university and traditional university students. The study consists of self-administered close ended questionnaire survey. Google form was administered to agricultural and non agricultural students. The study was conducted for 120 students of which 60 belonged to agricultural University and 60 belong to traditional University. In the selected samples, a large majority of the respondents (96.67%) of agricultural university students and majority 60.00 per cent of traditional University students had knowledge about computers and they were introduced to improve the quality of life, make work easier and faster. More than half (58.88 per cent) of the agricultural University students and 53.33 per cent of traditional University students had computer classes at school respectively, on an average of 80.00 per cent of agricultural university and traditional university students belonged to age group of 18-20 years. With respect to overall medium of instruction majority 76.66 per cent knew to speak English and 29.16 per cent knew to speak Kannada. However, 88.89 per cent of agricultural university students and 90.00 per cent of traditional university students had knowledge about output devices (Printer and Monitor). Majority 75.56 per cent of agricultural university students and 83.33 per cent of traditional university students had knowledge on MS word which is used for typing. Majority 63.33 per cent of agricultural university students and 43.33 per cent of traditional university students had knowledge regarding information that can be stored in Floppy, Scanner and Monitor

A study on the behavior of Vrindavani calves in relation to sickness was conducted. Eighty calves ranging from 0 to 3 months of age were selected. A daily examination was conducted for clinical signs of umbilical infections in all calves. In our research, we found 10 calves with umbilical infection (navel-ill). During the study period, calves with umbilical infections were selected as sick calves. The matched pair was a healthy calf born on the same day, of the same breed, and at a comparable age as each ill calf. All experimental calves were separated into two equal groups, Healthy (Control) and Sick (Treatment), following a clinical assessment. Behavioral observations were observed during day hours by CCTV camera. Calves with navel-ill more likely to be short lying than their healthy cohorts (p<0.05). Ventral lying and short lying were observed in 40% (4/10) and 20% (2/10) of navel-ill calves, respectively. Ventral lying was observed in 50% (5/10) of calves in the control group. Lateral lying and lying with neck extended was observed in 30 % (3/10) calves and 10 % (1/10) calf in the navel-ill group, respectively. For the human approach test, 60% (6/10) of calves never approached the observer, 10% (1/10) approached the observer during only one observation period, 10% (1/10) approached the observer at two of the observation periods, and 20 % (2/10) of calves approached the observer during all three observation periods. In vigilance test significant (p<0.05) difference were observed in face response

Field experiments were conducted at Coconut Research Station, Aliyarnagar, during kharif seasons with an objective to increase groundnut yield with increased kernel yield and reduced ill filled pods. Randomized Block Design with three replications was adopted. Sandy loam soil with pH 7.2, low in available N, medium in available P and high in available K. Treatments included viz., ZnSO4 @ 10.0 kg (Soil application) (T1), ZnSO4 @ 20.0 kg (Soil application) (T2), ZnSO4 @ 5.0 kg (Seed treatment + Foliar application) at 30 DAS (T3), ZnSO4 @ 10.0 kg (Seed treatment + Foliar application) at 30 DAS (T4), Boric acid @ 6.0 kg (Soil application) (T5), Boric acid @ 9.0 kg (Soil application) (T6), Boric acid @ 3.0 kg (Seed treatment + Foliar application) at 30 DAS (T7), Boric acid @ 6.0 kg (Seed treatment + Foliar application) at 30 DAS (T8), ZnSO4 @10.0 kg + Boric acid @ 6.0 kg ha-1 (Soil application) (T9), Control (T10). Results revealed, growth parameters like plant height and number of branches were non-significant and yield parameters like number of matured pods per plant at harvest, dry pod weight per plant (g), sound matured kernels, 100 kernel weight (g) recorded significant difference among themselves. Highest pod yield was recorded with application of ZnSO4 @ 10.0 kg Seed treatment + Foliar application at 30 DAS (2508 kg ha-1), ZnSO4 @ 20.0 kg Soil application (2342 kg ha-1), Boric acid @ 6.0 kg Seed treatment + Foliar application at 30 DAS (2350 kg ha-1) and soil application of ZnSO4 @10.0 kg + Boric acid @ 6.0 kg ha-1 recorded the highest pod (2248 kg ha-1)) and haulm yield (3872, 3712, 3747, 3635 kg ha-1, respectively along with kernel yield (1716, 1594, 1678, 1582 kg ha-1, respectively). These treatments were on par and comparable with each other. However, highest net returns (Rs. 80,980 ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.32) was recorded with application of ZnSO4 @ 10.0 kg seed treatment + Foliar application at 30 DAS

The resistance to insecticides was assayed for field populations of cotton aphid collected from Bharuch district, Gujarat by leaf dip bio-assay at Main Cotton Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Surat during 2019-20. The result indicated that LC50 values for acetamiprid 20 SP, thiamethoxam 25 WG, flonicamid 50 WG, imidacloprid 17.8 SL and profenofos 50 EC ranged from 0.001 to 0.003, 0.002 to 0.003, 0.003 to 0.005, 0.002 to 0.005 and 0.025 to 0.049 per cent and LC90 values ranged from 0.009 to 0.025, 0.008 to 0.017, 0.015 to 0.023, 0.009 to 0.045 and 0.089 to 0.247 per cent, across the locations respectively. The two insecticides tested viz., acetamiprid 20 SP and imidacloprid 17.8 SL were less toxic to across all locations to aphid recording higher LC50 and LC90 values. The relative toxicity among the insecticides revealed that flonicamid 50 WG, profenofos 50 EC and thiamethoxam 25 WG were highly toxic to aphid population across the locations showed that resistance to these insecticides not much developed against aphid. Jambusar populations were more susceptible to tested insecticides as compared to other locations. The comparison between the LC90 values obtained with field recommended rate showed the lowest relative resistance ratio for flonicamid (1.00 to 1.53- fold), profenofos (0.89 to 2.47- fold) and thiamethoxam (1.60 to 3.40- fold) whereas higher ratios for imidacloprid (2.02 to 10.11- fold) and acetamiprid (4.50 to 12.50- fold). There was large variation between the LC90 and recommended rate of imidacloprid 17.8 SL and acetamiprid 20 SP across locations showing evolving of low to moderate resistance in aphid population

The field experiment was conducted during three consecutive years 2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21 at Regional Agricultural Research Station to study the response of new promising early maturing sugarcane genotypes to graded levels of nitrogen under irrigated conditions. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD design three replications during all the three years of experimentation. The results of the study indicated that, new promising early maturing sugarcane genotypes viz., 2010A 229 (86.9 t/ha) or 2009A 107 (83.7 t/ha) or 2006A 223 (84.1 t/ha) gave significantly higher cane yield when compared to check variety 2003A255 (83.0 t/ha.) Application of 150% recommended dose of nitrogen along with FYM @ 25 t/ha recorded significantly higher cane yield (89.1 t/ha) when compared to 100% recommended dose of Nitrogen (80.5 t/ha) or 125% recommended dose of Nitrogen (83.5 t/ha) along with FYM @ 25 t/ha. The interaction effect between sugarcane genotypes and nitrogen levels found non significant. Juice sucrose percent differed due to different genotypes under test and with different levels of nitrogen. Among the genotypes tested, higher juice sucrose value was recorded with variety 2009 A 107 (19.15 %) closely followed by 2010A 229 (18.7%). Highest juice sucrose percent was noticed with 100 % recommended nitrogen (19.11 %) and with increase in dose of nitrogen application to 150% recommended dose, the juice sucrose values tended to decrease significantly. Commercial Cane Sugar Yield followed the same trend as that of cane yield in different treatments

The field experiment was conducted at Tribal Research cum Training Centre, Anand Agricultural University, Devgadh Baria, Dist. Dahod, Gujarat during the kharif season of the year 2019, 2020 and 2021. The experiment was carried out in randomized block design with nine treatments replicated four times. The treatments details included T1: FYM @ 4 t/ha, T2: Vermicompost 1 t/ha, T3: Castor cake 0.5 t/ha, T4: Bio NP (Rhizobium and PSB), T5: FYM @ 2 t/ha + Bio NP (Rhizobium and PSB), T6: Vermicompost 0.5 t/ha + Bio NP (Rhizobium and PSB), T7: Castor cake 0.25 t/ha + Bio NP (Rhizobium and PSB), T8: FYM 2 t/ha + Vermicompost 0.25 t/ha + castor cake 0.12 t/ha and T9: RDF (20: 40: 0 NPK kg/ha). T9 variety of black gram was used as a test crop. Treatment T9: R.D.F (20:40:0 NPK kg/ha) recorded significantly higher seed yield (1104, 1151, 1171 and 1142 kg/ha) which was remained at par with treatment T8: FYM 2 t/ha + Vermi 0.25 t/ha + Castor Cake 0.12 t/ha (1078, 1071, 1065 and 1071 kg/ha) than rest of the treatment during three years and in pooled analysis. Treatment T9: R.D.F (20:40:0 NPK kg/ha) recorded significantly higher haulm yield (1899, 1888, 1785 and 1857 kg/ha) which was remained at par with treatment T8: FYM 2 t/ha + Vermi 0.25 t/ha + Castor Cake 0.12 t/ha (1810, 1862, 1739 and 1804 kg/ha) than rest of the treatment during three years and in pooled analysis. From the present investigation, it could be concluded that growing black gram without chemical fertilizer during kharif season are recommended to apply FYM 2 t/ha, Vermicompost 250 kg/ha and Castor cake 120 kg/ha in basal to get higher yield and net return

For many years, the canine parvovirus (CPV)-2 infection had been a leading cause of death for dog population. Out of all infectious causes of gastroenteritis, canine parvovirus infection is considered as most dreadful viral diseases due to its severe pathogenesis. Clinical diagnosis of parvovirus infection often required differential diagnosis from other enteric diseases due to sharing of similar clinical signs like vomiting and diarrhoea. Consequently, there is a need for rapid, easy, and accurate diagnostics technique to identify CPV infection from canines. In present study three different diagnostic methods, rapid faecal CPV antigen detection test (SNAP Parvo), haemagglutination (HA) test and the gold standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test were compared to diagnose CPV infection. By using SPSS statistical software, the sensitivity and specificity of SNAP Parvo virus infection and HA test were also determined

Analysis of variance were found out for all sixteen characters viz. days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, physiological maturity, plant height (cm), cob length (cm), cob diameter (cm), kernel rows per cob, kernels per row, 100 seed weight (g), germination (%), seedling length (cm.), seed vigour index, harvest index (%), biological yield, grain yield per plant and shelling (%). Highly significant differences were observed among the treatment for all sixteen characters. The treatment variance was further partitioned into its components viz. parents, F1s, F2s, parents vs F1s and parents vs F2s highly significant differences were observed among them except seedling length and seed vigour index in parents vs F2s. It’s indicated that more variability observed base material of different traits as well as all possible combination of generated materials

The Research was conducted on Survey to assess the intensity of chilli anthracnose in different district of south Gujarat. The mean anthracnose disease intensity ranged from 37.93 to 51.31 per cent. Among the three surveyed districts (Navsari, Surat and Valsad), the highest mean disease intensity was recorded in the Valsad district (51.31 %) followed by Navsari (44.63 %) and Surat (37.93 %) districts

The front line demonstration study was carried out based on objectively to newly released crop production technology and its management practices on the farmer’s field by the scientist themself before taking main extension system of different agro climatic zone. This study was conducted during year 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22 in kharif season. In this study considered improved technology especially like new variety (GJG-22) of groundnut crop, balance application of fertilizer (based on soil test report), Integrated management of pest, disease and weed. In this demonstrated field recorded an average yield ranging from 21.87 q/ha to 25.78 q/ha with mean value 24.56 q/ha. Yield increasing percentage is 14.5 %, 13.08 % and 13.22 % respectively in sequence of year as compared to locally farming practices. The maximum gross (129626 Rs./ha) and net return (90551 Rs./ha) value was obtained under demo plot with average benefit: cost ratio (1:3.30) as compared to local check. In present study result reflected that the yield and economics of groundnut can bust up recommended technology

The present study was conducted to know the growth and trends in the different agro-ecological zones of Haryana. Compound annual growth rates of area, production, and productivity for a period from 2000-01 to 2020-21 were calculated. It is revealed from the study that, the area under onion cultivation has grown by 10.18 percent in the case of zone-I whereas in zone-II and zone-III, it was found 10.74 and 2.23 percent CGR, respectively. Production of onion has been increased by 15.33 per cent in zone-I, 12.32 percent in zone-II and 7.01 percent in zone-III. In case of productivity, highest (4.68 percent) increase was observed in zone-III followed by 4.67 and 1.43 percent in zone-I and zone-II, respectively. Compound annual growth rate in area, production and productivity in overall Haryana was 4.07, 6.56 and 2.40 percent, respectively

The present was conducted at Crop Research Farm, Nawabganj, C. S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, 208 002, U.P. during Rabi, 2012-13. The experimental material comprised of 45 F’1s developed by crossing 10 lines viz., K-9533, K-9162, K9465, K8962, HUW-234, NW-2036, K-9423, K9351, KRL-210 and K-906 following half diallel fashion design. A total of 100 treatments 10 parents (45 F1’s and 45 F’s 2) were used for the study of combining ability for eighteen quantitative characters in Wheat. The significant associations were observed in 38 cases out of 45 possible correlations in F1 at phenotypic level and 38 cases at genotypic level, respectively. In F2 the similar results were observed in 29 cases at phenotypic and 28 cases at genotypic level. Most of there were common in both the generations. Similarly, the significant environmental associations in 8 cases of F’1s and 10 cases of F’2s, showed significant at positive or negative levels. Strong associations between grain yield per plant with biological yield per plant and harvest index was strong at phenotypic level in F1 generation were much appreciable whereas at genotypic level. In F2 population, the positive correlation between grain yield per plant with biological yield per plant and harvest index was strong at phenotypic level whereas at genotypic level was visible

The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of pumpkin powder incorporation in chicken cutlets. Chicken cutlets were prepared by replacing lean meat with pumpkin powder at different levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%). The three treatments along with the control were evaluated for physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics. The incorporation of different levels of pumpkin powder in chicken cutlets significantly (P?0.05) increased cooking yield, crude fibre and ash content. Product pH, moisture, crude protein and crude fat showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) with increase in the level of pumpkin powder incorporation. Mean sensory scores for treatments were found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) for general appearance, flavour, texture and juiciness when compared to the control. The addition of pumpkin powder improved both mineral and vitamin contents and resulted in chicken cutlets with improved sensory acceptability scores. The optimum incorporation level of pumpkin powder was found to be 10% for chicken cutlets preparation

The maintenance study was planned to determine the effect of feeding Moringa oleifera on nutrient digestibility in adult cattle. Fourteen adult cattle were randomly divided into two groups on the basis of their body weight viz., T1 (control): TMR (Wheat straw - 70 % and Concentrate-30 %) and T2 (Treatment): Control TMR + Green Moringa oleifera (replacing 20% of total protein requirement of animal from green Moringa oleifera). The body weight of cattle was maintained throughout the experiment. The daily dry matter intake (kg) was found non-significant in both the groups, whereas dry matter intake (kg/100 kg BW and g/kg W0.75) was significantly higher in control group. The average digestibility coefficients (%) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), nitrogen free extract (NFE) was statistically similar, whereas digestibility (%) of ether extract (EE) increased significantly (P<0.05) in treatment group. The digestibility (%) of NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose were also statistically similar among the groups. Thus, from the above study we can conclude that the Moringa oleifera has no effect on digestibility of nutrients but improve the EE digestibility

Seven-year-old, 58kg English mastiff dog with history of multiple cutaneous nodules was presented to clinic. The nodules were present predominantly on back, limb and flank region of the body. Of these, the cutaneous nodule on right lower flank region was exophytic, measuring 9.2 cm in diameter and had multi lobulated appearance and ulcerated surface. The mass was excised surgically and the representative tissue sample was submitted for histopathology. Microscopic examination revealed islands of neoplastic cells and cystic structures that showed contiguity with overlying epidermis or follicular infundibulum. The neoplastic cells showed incomplete trichogenesis. The islands of neoplastic cells form variably sized keratin filled cysts and exhibit both gradual and abrupt keratinization. The mitotic figures were 64 per 2.37 square millimeter area. Besides these, the multifocal pyogranulomatous inflammation was also noted in tumor areas while ulceration and acanthosis were also noted in overlying epidermis. Based on microscopic findings the tumor was diagnosed as malignant Trichoepithelioma and confirmation was done by immunohistochemical staining with Ki-67 marker that showed high proliferative index of 54% in tumor hot spot area which further confirm the neoplasm as malignant trichoepithelioma

The present investigation on pharmacokinetics of the ceftiofur alone (following intramuscular administration) in six healthy Kankrej cow calves @ 4.4 mg/kg was conducted to explore the disposition and arrive at the clinically effective dosage regimens. The blood samples were collected at predetermined intervals following drug administration in cow calves and plasma was separated for quantification of ceftiofur by UHPLC with UV detector. The concentration vs time data were analyzed using PK 2.0 Solver software with non-compartment approach. Following IM administration of ceftiofur alone, the drug was detected for up to 24 h with last concentrations of 0.59 µg/ml, A peak ceftiofur (alone) concentration (Cmax) by intramuscular route was observed as 11.45 µg/ml at 45 min of drug administration. After administration of ceftiofur alone @ 4.4 mg/Kg intramuscularly in cow calves, the value of pharmacokinetic parameters was observed ast1/2? =6.92 h, AUC = 69.40?g.h/ml, AUMC = 622.03 µg.h2/ml, MRT = 8.90 h, Vd(area) = 0.66 L/kg and ClB = 0.06 L/h/kg

The present was conducted at Crop Research Farm, Nawabganj, C. S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur- 208 002. (U.P.) during Rabi, 2012-13. The experimental material comprised of 45 F’1s developed by crossing 10 lines viz., K-9533, K-9162, K9465, K8962, HUW-234, NW-2036, K-9423, K9351, KRL-210 and K-906 following half diallel fashion design. A total of 100 treatments 10 parents (45 F1’s and 45 F’s2) were used for the study for eighteen quantitative characters in Wheat. The medium or moderate heritability estimates (below 30 per cent) for specific leaf weight, leaf angle, canopy temperature depression, day to physiological maturity, plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike and 1000 grain weight in both the generation and moderate estimates were also recorded for number of productive tillers per plant and grain per spike in F1 and for chlorophyll fluorescence and biological yield per plant in F2 generation was also moderately estimated according to our findings. High genetic advance in percentage over mean was estimated for specific leaf weight, leaf angle, canopy temperature depression, and harvest index in both the generation and for productive tillers per plant and grain yield per plant in F2 generation. Moderate values were also observed for days to anthesis, chlorophyll intensity, flag leaf area, plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, spike density, grain per plant, 100 grain weight and biological yield per plant in both the generation and for number of productive tillers per plant and grain yield per plant in F1 generation exhibited the similar performance

Livestock rearing is one of the most important economic activities in the rural areas of the country contributing significantly to the national economy and it provides income to household dependent on agriculture and for many landless households. The data for this investigation was collected from 120 dairy farmers of Banaskantha district of Gujarat and these dairy farmers were classified based on land holdings as marginal, small, medium and large categories of dairy farmers, which were 28.33, 25.84, 27.50 and 18.33 per cent respectively. The average cost of milk production by buffalo was Rs. 60928.12 per animal per year. It includes fixed cost and variable cost, which was Rs. 7220.72 and 53707.40 per animal per year, respectively. The overall cost of per litre milk production has been found Rs. 33.70. Overall net income was Rs. 32743.07 per animal per year and Rs. 89.70 per animal per day. On the basis of observations, it is concluded that net income from crossbred cows was highest for large farmers followed by medium, marginal and small category of dairy farmers

This study is intended to identify the factors influencing consumer purchases of selected carbonated dairy drinks in Anand city, Gujarat. In order to analyze the information collected from 100 consumers in Anand city, Gujarat, a Garret ranking analysis was used. It was found that taste, brand, and quality were the most influential factors influencing the consumer's decision to purchase a particular carbonated milk drink. Aside from these factors, consumers were also influenced by flavor, price, packaging, and availability when purchasing the same product. A wide variety of substitutes and new products are available on the market, resulting in regular changes in consumer preferences. In order to continue improving the product, the company should monitor the needs and preferences of consumers on a regular basis

The field experiment was conducted at Instructional Research Farm of Inter faculty Department of Irrigation Water Management, Post Graduate Institute, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri during rabi season of 2019- 2020 to study the effect of different irrigation methods and withdrawal of irrigation on post-harvest attributes of onion (Allium cepa L.). The experiment was carried out in factorial randomized block design with 4 replications. The treatments include combinations of three irrigation methods viz., micro sprinkler, drip and surface irrigation, and three withdrawal timing viz., 2 week, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks before harvest. Results showed that the post-harvest attributes viz., polar and equatorial diameter of bulb differ significantly under different irrigation methods and withdrawal of irrigation. Polar diameter (4.67 cm) and equatorial diameter (6.56 cm) of onion was maximum in micro sprinkler irrigation followed by drip irrigation and surface irrigation. Whereas, among the withdrawal of irrigation, polar diameter (4.59 cm) and equatorial diameter (6.48 cm) was maximum in withdrawal of irrigation 3 weeks before harvesting, followed by 2 weeks before harvesting and 4 weeks before harvesting. The storage losses were minimum in drip irrigation (23.95%) and it was found maximum in micro sprinkler irrigation (44.26%). Whereas, among the withdrawal of irrigation, minimum storage losses were found in withdrawal of irrigation 4 weeks before harvesting (31.84%) and it was maximum in withdrawal of irrigation 2 weeks before harvesting (39.10%)

The total of 115 germplasm of pearl millet were screened against the highly susceptible check 7042S in sick fields. Among one hundred fifteen entries, three entries viz., MH 2466, MH 2504 and Dhanshati were expressed highly resistant (0-5%) reaction against downy mildew disease with the lowest per cent disease incidence; while, the sixty seven entries showed resistant (5.1-10%) reaction viz., MH 2458, MH 2459, MH 2460, MH 2461, MH 2462, MH 2463, MH 2467, MH 2468, MH 2470, MH 2472, MH 2473, MH 2474, MH 2477, MH 2480, MH 2481, MH 2482, MH 2483, MH 2484, MH 2485, MH 2486, MH 2489, MH 2491, MH 2493, MH 2494, MH 2495, MH 2498, MH 2500, MH 2503, MH 2505, MH 2506, MH 2512, MH 2513, MH 2517, MH 2518, MH 2519, MH 2520, MH 2521, MH 2523, MH 2525, MH 2526, MH 2528, MH 2529, MH 2530, MH 2531, MH 2533, MH 2535, MH 2539, MH 2540, MH 2541, MH 2542, MP 596, MP 599, MP 600, RHB 177, HHB 67 Improved, HHB 272, MPMH 17, 86M01, PB 1705, KBH 108, MP-7792, Kaveri S. Boss, NBH 4903, ICMV 221, Pusa Comp. 383, Pusa Comp. 701 and Pusa Comp. 612. Forty five entries exhibited moderately resistant (10.1-20%) reaction viz., MH 2457, MH 2464, MH 2465, MH 2469, MH 2471, MH 2475, MH 2476, MH 2478, MH 2479, MH 2487, MH 2488, MH 2490, MH 2492, MH 2496, MH 2497, MH 2499, MH 2501, MH 2502, MH 2507, MH 2508, MH 2509, MH 2510, MH 2511, MH 2514, MH 2515, MH 2516, MH 2522, MH 2524, MH 2527, MH 2532, MH 2534, MH 2536, MH 2537, MH 2538, MP 595, MP 597, MP 598, MPMH 21, PRATAP, NBH 5767, 86M86, Raj 171, JBV 2, ICMV 155 and ABV 04. The susceptible check (7042 S and Nokha Local) showed above 90 per cent downy mildew incidence at the location. None of the entries were found susceptible and highly susceptible to Sclerospora graminicola downy mildew

There is a long history of weeds competing with the main crop for nutrients, space, light, and water which is essential for their progress and advancement. The weeds associated with maize crop and methodologies adopted by people engaged in agriculture for weed management have been discussed in this review. Reports have estimated around a 37% global loss in total maize production due to weeds. Among the different available weed control methods, cultural methods have been in use since long. Recently Sri Lanka abandoned its quest to become the world’s first completely organic farming nation, announcing it would immediately lift an import ban on pesticides and other agricultural inputs. Considering the need to ensure food security, they have allowed the use of chemicals such as herbicides and other chemical inputs that are urgently needed. Since none of the single approach methods can work well enough on maize crops, integrated weed management are recommended through several reports

Seasonal incidence of aphid, Aphis gossypii infesting cumin has been studied under field conditions at Research Farm, Agricultural Research Station, Mandor, during Rabi season, 2021-22. Observations on incidence of A. gossypii were recorded at weekly intervals from appearance of the pest till harvesting of the crop. The incidence started from first week of January (1st SMW) and continued till second week of March (10th SMW), peak occurred at second week of February (6th SMW) in cumin crop. Non significant correlation was observed between the A. gossypii population and weather parameters. Highest population of coccinellids was observed during second week of February (6th SMW) and showed highly significant positive correlation with aphid population

The grape is one of the most valued conventional fruits, worldwide. In general, it is felt that studies on Farmer Producer Organizations their attitude toward the farmers and the help provided by FPO to the farmers. Hence, the present study was undertaken with the objective to study the motivational factors influencing the farmers to organize them into a group. GGA in Cumbum block of Theni district with a sample size of 60 farmers registered in GGA. The respondents were selected based on purposive random sampling method. The results of the study revealed that factor which influence the members to join the commodity for attaining more skills and specialization, for gaining additional knowledge. To increase their economic condition, for their self-satisfaction and educational background of themselves these factors highly influence 91.60%,85.00% and 78.30% respectively of the members to join the association. Getting bank loan is made easy for members of the association 83.30% so its highly influence the members to join the commodity. To increase contact with fellow farmer and to get inspiration from extension personnel it highly influences members 83.30% and 81.60% respectively to join the commodity. To get the information regarding latest pest management and to know about cost and labour effective technologies it highly influences 80% and 80% respectively of the members join the association

The Research was conducted on Evaluation of fungicides against Macrophomina phaseolina of cowpea at Department of Plant Pathology, S. D. Agricultural University Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat. Four systemic, four non-systemic and four combined fungicides at different concentrations were tested against M. phaseolina through poisoned food technique. Among the systemic fungicides, carbendazim 50 WP at all the four concentrations completely inhibited the growth of the pathogen. It was followed by propiconazole 25 EC with 84.50 and 92.35 per cent growth inhibition of pathogen at 250 and 500 ppm, respectively. Among the non-systemic fungicides mancozeb 75 WP at all the four concentrations completely inhibited growth of the pathogen followed by chlorothalonil 75 WP with 88.91 and 91.48 per cent growth inhibition of the pathogen at 1500 and 2000 ppm, respectively. Among combined fungicides carbendazim 12 % + mancozeb 63 % WP completely inhibited the growth of the pathogen followed by captan 50 % WP + hexaconazole 5 % WP with 90.87 and 92.96 per cent growth inhibition of pathogen at 500 and 1000 ppm, respectively

The present study was conducted to analyze the cost and return of maize crop in Udaipur district of Rajasthan. The study area was selected on the basis of highest gross cropped area of maize crop in study area. A sample of 120 farmers were selected randomly in the study area during the year 2020-21. Selection of farmers categorized into two categories i.e., beneficiary (tube-well irrigation) and non- beneficiary (other than tube-well irrigation) farms. The standard cost concept method of the CACP was used to calculate cost of cultivation of maize crop. Results revealed that overall cost of cultivation was found Rs. 30941.54 and Rs. 29301.93 on beneficiary and non- beneficiary farms, respectively. It was due to higher expenditure towards irrigation, hired human labour and fertilizers etc. Overall net return was found Rs. 6637.63 and Rs. 4343.74 on beneficiary and non- beneficiary farms, respectively. Return per rupee was found more on beneficiary farms compare to non- beneficiary farms

The field experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Buldhana, Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra during Kharif and Rabi season of 2013-14 in split plot design with three replication and twelve treatment combination of crop residue management and fertilizer to work out the effect of recycling of soybean crop residual on the yield of succeeding rabi crops. Result indicated that soybean crop residue incorporation treatment significantly higher than non-crop residue incorporation treatment in both the rabi crops. In fertilizer treatment 100 per cent RDF to wheat and chickpea recorded significantly highest grain yield. While interaction effects were found non-significant