Study on variation in shoot physiology and root morphology in local peach (RC Peach-1; RC Peach-2 and RC Peach-3) and plum (RC Plum-1 and RC Plum-2) genotypes were conducted during season 2018-19 and 2019-20 at Horticultural Experimental Farm, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya. Among the genotypes, highest germination per cent and seedling survival was recorded in RC Peach-1 (84.0 per cent and 81.08 per cent) while lowest in Flordaguard (72.67 per cent and 69.86 per cent). The maximum seedling height and diameter was recorded in RC Peach-1 (90.33 cm and 6.00 mm) while minimum seedling height and diameter were recorded in RC Plum-2 (60.67 cm and 4.01 mm). Similarly, RC Peach-1 recorded highest leaf area (14.17 cm2); specific leaf weight (6.10 mg/cm2) and relative water content (87.41 per cent). While, lowest leaf area and relative water content was noticed in RC Plum-2 (6.83 cm2 and 72.22 per cent) and specific leaf weight in RC Peach-2 (3.87 mg/cm2). RC Peach-1 had highest total root length (222.20 cm) and root surface area 180.0 cm2), while lowest total root length was observed in RC peach-2 (120.0 cm) and root surface area in RC Plum-1 (102.43 cm2). Root diameter was recorded highest in RC Peach-1 (2.84 mm), while lowest in Flordaguard (2.00 mm). Considering the seedling survival, shoot physiology and root morphological traits our results pointed out the better performance of RC Peach-1 over other local peach and plum genotypes

A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of 2017 at Farmer’s field of Kota hobli, Udupi Taluk, Karnataka, India, to find out the best herbicide combinations against mixed weed flora in transplanted rice under the coastal condition of Karnataka. At 30 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT) among the different herbicide combinations lower total density of grasses, sedges, broadleaf weeds (6.63 and 10.94 No./m2, respectively), total dry weight (0.33 and 0.76 g/ m2, respectively) and higher weed control efficiency (94.21 and 91.69 %, respectively) was recorded with the pre-emergent application of pendimethalin 38.7 CS @ 750 g a.i. ha-1 at 3 DAT fb post-emergent application of penoxsulam 24 % CS @ 22.5 g a.i. ha-1 at 30 DAT (T5). Significantly highest plant height (97.26 cm), a higher number of tillers per hill (24.19), grain yield (5306 kg/ha) and straw yield (6219 kg/ha) was recorded in the pre-emergent application of pendimethalin 38.7 CS @ 750 g a.i. ha-1 at 3 DAT fb post-emergent application of penoxsulam 24 % CS @ 22.5 g a.i. ha-1 at 30 DAT (T5) compared to weedy check, which recorded the lowest paddy yield (2874 kg/ha) and this treatment was followed by applying pre-emergent herbicide pendimethalin 38.7 CS at 750 g a.i. ha-1 at 3 DAT fb post-emergent application of penoxsulam 24 % CS at 22.5 g a.i. ha-1 at 30 DAT

Oilseed crops are the second most vital determinant in agricultural economy, next only to cereals in field crops. Gujarat plays a dominant role in oilseed production in India. The present study was conducted to estimate the growth and instability of major oilseed production from period 1990-91 to 2019-20 in India. Out of nine oilseed crops, major five oilseed crops have been selected as they shared more than 95 per cent of the area in Gujarat according to 2019-20 data. Statistical tools like compound rate of growth for calculating annual rate of growth and Cuddy-Della Valle Index for instability index were used. The period 1990-91 to 2019-20 has been further sub-divided into three sub-period, viz., period I (1990-91 to 1999-00), period II (2000-01 to 2009-10) and period III (2010-11 to 2019-20) to clearly bring out the trends in the more recent periods. The study reveals that groundnut was found positive growth with high instability in production in all three periods. Castor production was found positive growth with lower instability in period I &II while negative growth with lower instability in period III. Sesame production was found negative growth with high instability in period II whereas positive growth with high instability in period I &III. Soybean growth was found negative growth with medium instability in period I where as positive growth in period II & III in production. rapeseed and mustard growth were found irregular growth with medium instability in production from period I to period III

Precipitation in the form of rainfall is a source of freely available water for human consumption and other activities. Water harvesting system provides the most sustainable and efficient water management practice. It is advantageous in various aspects including but not limited to ecological conservation, erosion reduction and flood management. During planning for resolving the problem of global water crisis, the awareness and adoption of harvesting, collection and efficient water use systems is one of the competent solutions. Geospatial technologies have been proven to be generic, economical and efficient technologies to locate suitable land sites for water harvesting structures (WHS). In the present geospatial modeling eight factors which affect the runoff, velocity, sediment transport and feasibility of WHS were rainfall, slope, lineament, land use/land cover (LULC), stream order, geology, geomorphology and soil texture considered in weighted overlay analysis with suitable weights derived by analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method for derivation of potential suitable land site locations for WHS. The morphometric and hydrological required parameters were calculated using data from the Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) on board the first Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS-1) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) RT1 (Radiometric Terrain Corrected) product with spatial resolution of 12.5 m and radiometric resolutions of 16-bits which revealed the network’s texture, morpho-tectonics, geometry, and relief characteristics. Vegetation cover or LULC parameters were derived from Sentinel-2 MSI satellite image. In order to identify suitable WHS weighted overlay analysis was performed by applying suitable weights derived by analytical hierarchy process (AHP). In conclusion, 100 farm ponds for agricultural and forest regions, 37 percolation ponds for groundwater/aquifer recharge, 34 mulching boulder check dams, 66 gully plugs, 25 grass boulder check dams, 19 gabion check dams, 63 embankment dams, 45 brushwood check dams, 28 check dams and 7 major check dams’ locations were identified for checking soil erosion and water harvesting. During ground truth analysis at most of the locations exactly or in some buffer distance WHS were in existence. But mostly the types of structures were varied. Most suitable structures were not adopted but similar storage techniques were utilized which affects the optimal benefits to environment, ecology and society. It was concluded that geospatial technologies, tools and techniques are efficient and considerably accurate in the proposition of locations for suitable WHS

The A study between relationship between the profile and the attitude of farmers towards i-khedut portal was carried out. Out of eleven independent variables the variables viz. education, social participation, farm mass media exposure, scientific orientation, achievement motivation and economic motivation of the farmers had positive and highly significant correlation with their attitude towards i-khedut portal. Whereas variables like age and farming experience of the farmers had negative and highly significant correlation with their attitude towards i-khedut portal. Moreover, the variables like land holding, herd size and annual income of the farmers had positive and non-significant relationship with their attitude towards i-khedut portal

The present experiment was conducted to assess the effect of dietary incorporation of phyto-flavonoid, fat source and its combination on body parts, organ indices and immune response in broilers. Cob 400 broilers birds were distributed amongst the treatments, control, flavonoid (quercetin), vegetable oil (as fat source) and its combination, as T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups, respectively. The corn soya based basal diet was formulated supplemented in all the groups. The treatment groups were supplied quercetin (@1g/kg), vegetable oil (>10% ME than the recommendation) and quercetin (@1g/kg) and vegetable oil (>10% ME than the recommendation) in combination for the duration of 35 days (7 days age onward). The birds were euthanized at end of experiment 42nd days of age. Results concluded that the flavonoid and vegetable oil incorporation not having adverse effect on absolute weight of body parts and organs, however its combination reduced the dressing percentage and small intestine weight. The hypersensitivity reaction in terms of cell mediated immune response (CMI) was not shown any effect at 12, 24, and 48 hrs, however, at 72 hrs was greater (p<0.05) in flavonoid without oil supplemented group. Thus, it is concluded that vegetable oil and flavonoid (quercetin) supplementation have no adverse impact on body parts and organ. Further, flavonoid supplementation had positive impact on cell mediated immune response in broilers

Globally, the habitation of post- harvest residues in crops like paddy, with fungi causes a major loss economically and in terms of sustainability due to pathogenic manifestation and alter of taste. Lignocellulosic biomass produced from the cultivation of rice holds high potential for solving the problems of new generation biofuels in India. This lignocellulosic mass can be utilized for effective production of these sustainable by- products by exploiting and manipulating the pathogenic ability of the inhabiting mycoflora in them. The cellulolytic and ligninolytic property of fungi can help in the extraction of lignin and cellulose

Sub acute fowl cholera caused by Pasteurella organism was diagnosed in layer flock of Vanaraja bird from an instructional farm experiencing mortality with 17% morbidity. Clinical signs included were of ruffled feather, weakness, dullness with mild conjunctivitis. Upon necropsy generalized congestion of carcass and enlarged liver with multiple necrotic foci measuring 1-2mm size were seen covering whole liver parenchyma and in the other viscera like heart and kidney showed petechial haemorrhage. Microscopically there were hepatocytic necroses with bacterial colonization, damaged nuclear materials and necrosis of the glandular epithelium of intestine with abundant infiltration of heterophils. The severity of congestion and haemorrhages were observed in viscera with decreasing order in the organ’s liver, lungs, intestine, lymphnode and cardiac muscles. The gram negative Pasteurella organism was isolated from liver and heart blood and also demonstrated in other visceral organs when stained with Brown and Breen method of tissue staining. Occurrence of fowl cholera in Vanaraja birds is put on record

Nanoparticles have been known to have strong anti-microbial properties and therefore, these days, they are being used to control plant pathogenic diseases efficiently. In this context present study, we have assessed the effect of three different nanoparticles, i.e., AgNPs, CuONPs and MgONPs of different concentrations like 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm against the growth of against Rhizoctonia solani under in vitro conditions. Findings reveal that all the three nanoparticles showed inhibitory effects on mycelial growth and sclerotium production. However, increasing the dose of such nanoparticles shows more inhibition on mycelial growth along with sclerotium production as well. Hence, it is concluded that for controlling the plant disease by using nanoparticles is one of the eco-friendly approaches as compared to using the expensive chemicals

Screen viewing has increased over the years and its association with overall nutritional status and cognitive development has been supported with little casual evidences. The duration of watching screens (TV, mobile phones, gaming screens and computers) was more than six hours a day by all the adolescents aged 16-18 years randomly selected from Punjab. Among different categories the adolescents from rural background, adolescents studying in private schools and mostly boys were viewing the screens more as compared to their counterparts. Consequently, these groups reported higher BMI, poor healthy eating index and lower attention span and reasoning ability. The HEI of all the adolescents needed improvement as it was lying in the range of 51-80. Higher screen-usage was positively correlated with BMI and negatively correlated with HEI score, attention span and reasoning ability

The depth wise soil sampling was carried out for physico-chemical and chemical characterization of soils of Chilkahar block of Ballia district. Depth wise soil samples were collected from two villages namely Kureji (P1) and Palta (P2) were collected from different depths. Standard analytical methods and procedures were followed for analysis of physico-chemical and chemical parameters of soils. The results revealed that soil texture was found loamy sand nature, pH of soil was found to moderately acidic to moderate alkaline where EC in considerable range. Bulk density of soil was found with ranges of 1.52 -1.66 Mgm-3 and water holding capacity contained 37.18–48.86 %. Organic carbon content was lower range and Calcium carbonate was moderately calcareous. The Available N, P, K, and S content in soil varied from lower to high and very high range respectively

To investigate the effect of COVID-19 on online food ordering of college students, data was collected from 400 students of Punjab Agricultural University. The students were segregated on the basis of gender (male/female), background (rural/urban), residence (hosteller/days scholar) and family annual income and the data was interpreted. The survey was conducted to obtain data pertaining to their demographic profile, Healthy Eating Index (HEI), usage of online food ordering apps and effect of COVID-19 on it. Majority of the respondents (55%) were ordering food on weekly basis. It was observed that snacks were the most commonly ordered meal followed by major meals like dinner and lunch. Eighty percent of the students need improvement in the diet as revealed by their HEI score. Effect of COVID-19 pandemic was seen on online food ordering and it was observed that the frequency of ordering food especially non-veg and cold items faced a significant slump during COVID-19 scenario. The major reasons reported for ordering food online were time saving of people working from home, pleasure/ for a change and dining out was no longer a safe experience whereas focusing on immunity so preferring home-cooked food and wanted to reduce contact with third person were reported reasons for decreased in online food ordering after COVID-19

An appropriate location specific livelihood analysis is very imperative which helps to alleviate rural poverty, reduce unemployment and migration. It also generates prolific labour force, provides an alternative source of livelihood by making villages self-sustaining through productive assets. It is known that nearly 70 percent of India’s rural population depend on agriculture and allied activities for their livelihoods. Keeping it in view, this study was undertaken in Jaguleipadar village of Kanas block under Puri district. Information was collected through Scientists-Farmers-Interaction and Focused Group Discussion to know the existing livelihood system. The constraints were identified followed by development of possible strategies. It was found that the village farm families faced the challenges like: seasonal employment, restricted fishing, water logging, natural disaster, lack of agricultural technology, unreached extension service, etc. Therefore, partial diversification from existing farming system is the urgent need of the hour with new location specific technological interventions for sustainable livelihood development of the village

As a form of market intervention, the Minimum Support Price (MSP) is intended to protect agricultural producers against a sharp drop in prices. Reported that the association between attributes of foods and oilseed crop growers’ such as education, training participation, social participation, usage of information, and innovativeness about MSP were positive and highly significantly related with awareness of MSP. Food and oilseed crop growers, on the other hand, had a medium level of awareness about MSP

In the country, large numbers of flowers are grown in different parts based on soil and climate. Those are also depending on likings and preferences of the people for a specific type of flower or flowers such as temple garlands, decorative garlands or orchids. Important flowers are rose, marigold, chrysanthemum, jasmine, lily tuberose, aster, zinnia, carnation, gladiolus, galardia etc. Flowers are tender and hence highly perishable. They are generally used in fresh form but they have very short shelf life. This poses great problems in their marketing, particularly long-distance marketing. In this review paper, we have observed channels of marketing flowers and fairly highlight the cost of marketing, problems and profit in this business. In the conclusion, we have also demanded the well organised marketing system for the improvement of marketing of flowers in the country

The present investigations were studied at Regional Fruit Research Station, Ganeshkhind, Pune and Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Pune during 2020-2021. The experiment was conducted with existing mango orchard of age 13 years grown on Inceptisol. Eight alternate bearing exotic mango genotypes were delineated for study along with conventionally cultivated soil (without mango tree). The experimental soil was medium deep (80 cm) black in colour dominated by montmorillonite clay under the order Inceptisol having Typic Haplustept. Biometric observations of mango viz., tree height, diameter at breast height, volume of tree, above ground biomass, below ground biomass, total plant biomass and plant carbon were taken uniformly. The soil organic carbon stock at two depth and carbon sequestration per tree over the period thirteen year were estimated. Among the selected eight mango genotypes Hy-13/3 recorded higher tree height (427 cm), diameter at breast height (54.61 cm), volume of tree (1000007.36 cm3), above ground biomass (680.01 kg tree-1), below ground biomass (176.80 kg tree-1) and total plant biomass (856.81 kg tree-1) which resulted into higher accumulation of plant carbon (428.40 kg tree-1) followed by Palmer and Lily genotypes. Significantly higher soil organic carbon stock was recorded with Hy-13/3 (36.24 and 34.32 Mg ha-1) followed by Lily (36.05 and 33.74 Mg ha-1) while lower soil organic carbon stock was observed in Kent (34.85 and 31.12 Mg ha-1) mango genotypes at 0-30 and 30-60 cm depths. However least soil organic carbon stock was recorded in conventionally cultivated soil (30.35 and 26.22 Mg ha-1). In case of carbon sequestration per plant after thirteen years of mango orchard, Hy-13/3 genotype was superior (90.60 and 85.80 kg tree-1) among all the genotype studied which was closely followed by Lily (90.13 and 84.35 kg tree-1) at both depths

The present study was conducted to develop low fat fibre enriched paneer suitable to meet the requirement of people suffering from obesity, heart diseases, hypertension and diabetes. Double toned milk was successfully utilized for preparation of lowfat paneer with acceptable sensory attributes like appearance, colour, flavor, texture and overall acceptability. Four coagulants namely allum, citric acid, curd and lemon at a minimum level of 0.6, 0.2, 22.0 and 3 percent, respectively were needed for coagulation of milk. Standardization of pressure for preparation of lowfat paneer from double toned milk resulted in a paneer with optimum moisture and highest paneer yield when pressure equal to the weight of whey was applied

This study was carried out to develop paneer with four different coagulants (Alum, Citric acid, Curd and lemon juice) using double toned milk. Fresh paneer samples were sensory evaluated using a nine-point hedonic rating scale. Double toned milk was successfully utilized for preparation of low fat paneer with acceptable sensory attributes like appearance, colour, flavor, texture and overall acceptability. Four coagulants namely allum, citric acid, curd and lemon at a minimum level of 0.6, 0.2, 22.0 and 3 percent, respectively were needed for coagulation of milk. The sensory evaluation (overall acceptability score) of low fat paneer prepared from double toned milk using curd (22.0 percent) as coagulant was highest i.e., 8.1 ± 0.12 meaning liked very much on Nine Point Hedonic Rating Scale. The paneer prepared from citric acid as coagulant scored second highest 7.41 ± 0.07 means like moderately on Nine Point Hedonic Rating Scale

The goal of the research is to examine the factors that restrained rural women's participation in the Self Help Group programme. As not all women displayed active participation in the programme, it is critical to identify and understand various factors influencing women's participation in Self Help Groups (SHGs). In comparison to metropolitan areas, there is a wide socio-cultural variance in rural areas, as the rural people differ in terms of attitude and acceptance towards new phenomena. Rural poor people, particularly women, are marginalised and vulnerable as they have a very negligible say in the society, especially in financial decisions which makes it even more difficult for them to embrace change. The study aims to examine the factors determining the participation of rural women in the SHG-Led microfinance programme. The study was conducted in the year 2020-21 in U.S. Nagar district of Kumaon region of Uttarakhand. The study was based on sample size of 120 respondents with 80 SHG members selected from 2 blocks and 40 non-SHG members selected from the same locale. Probit regression model was used to determine the factors that influenced the participation of women in SHG programme. The probit model estimation showed that probability of participation in the SHG programme increased with the increase in the family size i.e., a positive relationship while it decreased with the increase in age and landholding size i.e., a negative relationship. Physical labour is draining, financial situations are dire, and social norms are rigid. As a result, the motives for joining the programme and the factors that influence participation must be investigated. Rural women would be empowered only if their contributions to the family and society are valued more. SHGs are becoming an increasingly important means of organising women to take action and empower themselves thus leading them towards making self- reliant

To get better the quality of human resources, the government had used ICT to improve the eminence and relevance of education, to expand the educational opportunity and increase the competence of the educational system. The use of ICT tools in education not only improves classroom teaching learning process but also provides the facility of e-learning. The adoption of ICTs in education has positive impact teaching, learning and research area. The majority (89.29 %) of the respondents were having training needs to printers. The majority (66.79 %) of the faculty members of SAUs of Uttar Pradesh were having medium level of training needs on hardware. The majority (87.08) of the respondents were having training needs to web design tools. Effective use of ICT can stimulate students, make our classes more dynamic and attractive and renew teacher enthusiasm as they are trained new skills and techniques. Mobile technologies and seamless communications technologies hold up 24x7 teaching and learning. Choosing how much time will be used within the 24x7 packet and what periods of time are challenges that will face the educators of the future

Experiments were carried out to evaluate the impact of low solar irradiance as commonly observed in agroforestry practices on physiological functions of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). Low solar irradiance brought down regulation of CO2 assimilatory functions, photochemical efficiency and related photosynthetic traits in blackgram. Down regulation of CO2 assimilatory functions was associated with the less photosynthetic electron supply for net CO2 assimilation rate (PN). From the analysis of the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) versus PN response curve and PPFD versus intercellular CO2 (Ci) response curve, it has been clearly demonstrated that compensation irradiance (CI), thylakoid electron transport (ETR), photosynthetic water use efficiency (WUE) and in-vivo carboxylation efficiency (CE) were the major determinants for low solar irradiance induced reduction in physiological functions leading to carbon assimilation. Rate of the PPFD saturated PN (sat) decreased by 2.25% in 67% solar irradiance, whereas, the reduction was as high as 49.52% in 25% solar irradiance. The reduction in ETR was directly corroborated with the reduction in PN and many other photosynthetic traits depending upon the level of solar irradiance captured by understorey crops of agroforestry systems. Our results revealed that blackgram has acclimated CO2 assimilatory function through photosynthetic traits and more importantly by decreasing the compensation irradiance (from 56.42 to 10.10?mol m-2s-1) under low irradiance. It is observed that 67% solar irradiance would be a critical limit for the crop as reduction of yield (%) was relatively low in it than in 50% sun light and 25% sun light when compare to open grown crops

The field experiment was conducted in field at Regional Research Centre, Amravati during kharif season in 2018-19. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications, two varieties of soybean JS 20-34 and RVS 24 in main plot and four land configurations of spacing under ridges furrow planting 45 x 5 cm, 45 x 10 cm, 45 x 20 cm and 45 x 30 cm) in sub-plot. The observation on dry matter was recorded at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest, CGR and RGR on 30-60 DAS and 60 DAS-at harvest. The observation on Yield attributes viz., branches per plant, pods per plant, seed index, seed yield kg/ha, straw yield kg/ha and harvest index were recorded at the time of harvesting. Highest no. of pods per plant was recorded in JS 20-34. The crop geometry was observed highest pods plant-1 in 45 x 30 cm followed by 45 x 20, 45 x 10 and lowest in 45 x 5 cm spacing. This may be due to less competition amongst the plant, maximum aeration and sunlight. Seed index was recorded no significant difference in varieties and crop geometry. Soybean was recorded significantly higher seed yield and straw yield in variety JS 20-34. No significant differences found in crop geometry but higher seed yield was observed in 45 x 10cm spacing. The lowest cost of cultivation was noticed in variety RVS 24 while highest GMR, NMR and B:C ratio was observed with JS 20-34. In respect of different plant geometry, lowest COC was observed with 45 x 30 cm spacing while highest GMR, NMR and B:C ratio was recorded with 45 x 10 cm spacing