A field experiment was conducted at College Agronomy Farm, Anand Agricultural University, Anand to study the response of drilled rabi fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) to integrated nutrient management practices during the year 2016-17 on sandy loam soil; low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in phosphorus and high in potassium content. Results shown that out of twelve treatment combinations, treatment with 100 % N from vermi compost + bio NPK @ 1 lit ha-1 was found comparable with 100 % RDF (90-45-00 kg N-P2O5-K2O ha-1) and 75 % RDF + 25 % N from vermi compost for seed yield of drilled rabi fennel. However, economics supported 100% RDF with highest net return and BCR.

This study explores of the Vindhyan region of the Uttar Pradesh was selected as it is highly prone to degradation of natural resources. Out of three districts namely Sonebhadra, Mirzapur and Varanasi which come under Vindhyan region, Mirzapur district was randomly selected as a representative district of the region. The farmer’s decision to adopt soil water conservation was analyzed with the help of Tobit Model. The Tobit model was estimated using the maximum likelihood procedure and only the most important explanatory variables were included in the model. The adoption of soil and water conservation shows that age (0.1760), family size (0.3639), farm size (0.9931), Source of Information about Market Information (0.1188), extension visit (.9031), training in natural resource management (0.903) and land tenure (0.3416) were significant. In Narayanpur block the level of diversification was higher in case of soil and water conservation adopters (0.33) as compared to non-adopters (0.25). Similar trend was observed in case of Pahari Block. Further production stability was also found higher in case of adopters of soil and water conservation measures as compared to non adopters in both the blocks.

In the present study, 500 sheep were screened for the presence of helminthic infestation. Out of 500 sheep 291 sheep were found positive for helminth infestation. A total of 330 faecal samples of rams, ewes, and lambs were collected form rectum. The degree of infestation was measured by egg counting and subsequent larval differentiation from faecal cultures. 170 post mortem samples for the study were collected from different local abattoirs of Banaskantha District. There was significant decrease (P<0.05) in haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), lymphocyte and monocyte while significant increase (P<0.05) in total leucocyte count (TLC), neutrophil and eosinophil in gastro-intestinal helminth infestation was found. In present study bio-chemical parameters like serum calcium, serum phosphorus, total protein and serum albumin were significantly low (P<0.05), while significant increase (P<0.05) in serum creatinine, serum globulin, serum cholesterol and BUN level in gastro-intestinal Helminth infestation was found which indicated the helminth infestation.

In the context of agriculture development, nothing is more important than the transfer of useful ideas from one person to another. Keeping in mind, this study was conducted in two blocks of Samba district of Jammu and Kashmir state namely; Vijaypur and Purmandal. A total of 120 wheat growers were randomly without replacement selected and were interviewed with the help of a well structured interview schedule. The findings revealed that the respondents had good awareness regarding personal localite sources and mostly utilize the sources such as relatives, friends, elders and neighbours for getting agricultural information. They also had good awareness about personal cosmopolite sources and maximum utilization of private input dealers and personnel of department of agriculture was found. The respondents although having good awareness regarding personal cosmopolite channels did not exhibit their complete utilization. The respondents also had good awareness about different mass media sources but the maximum utilization was of television and newspaper.

The experiment was conducted to study the individual and combined effect of organic manure and chemical fertilizers on growth and productivity of Chandrasur (Lepidium sativum L.) under Acacia mangium based Agroforestry system was carried out at Research Farm, Department of Forestry, IGAU, Raipur (C.G.). The design followed was randomized block design with three replications. The observations regarding morphological growth characters viz., plant height, number of leaves, collar diameter and number of branch. Yield attributes viz., seed yield plant-1, seed test weight and seed yield hectare-1 were tabulated and analyzed statistically using randomized block design. The results revealed that the morphological characters of Chandrasur viz., plant height (49.33 cm.), collar diameter (1.94 cm), number of leaves (30.33) and number of branch (14.33) were recorded maximum in treatment (T7) 3 ton vermicompost combination with 18, 46 kg NP ha-1. Farther the highest seed yield/plant (2.33 gram), Seed test weight (1.94 gram)and seed yield (7.23 q/ha) was recorded in (T7) treatment 3 ton vermicompost combination with 18, 46 kg NP ha-1 was applied which is superior value among other treatments. However, minimum plant growth and productivity was observed in treatment T8 (control) Chandrasur without intercropping as a sole crop.

Irrigation plays a most important role in crop production from beginning of civilization. The efficient irrigation water management can increase the crop productivity manifolds. A study had been conducted to evaluate the effect of irrigation on yield, water productivity and production which should be consistently evaluated across the area of the entire country in order to meet the needs of increasing population and achieving the food sustainability. The study evaluated the wheat yield and water productivity for different varieties, irrigation method and depth of irrigation in Khapa and Magardha command area, which is located in Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh (India). In this study, Different irrigation application methods i.e. (sprinkler irrigation system, Border irrigation and flood irrigation) and different sowing methods were applied on wheat crop. The study results involved measurement of different crop growth parameter, crop yield and eventually water productivity analysis had been performed on different selected parameters. The results indicated that water productivity is significantly impacted by changing crop varieties as well as depth of irrigation. The study suggested that efficient management of crop variety, depth of irrigation water and sowing date can significantly improve the farm income for water scares area.

Although Indian constitution ensures equal rights to women with men, Indian women very much suffer due to their powerlessness. They are prohibited to take part in decision making related to agriculture, household and external matters. This paper makes an attempt to assess the influence of women empowerment on participation of farm women in decision making in agriculture, allied activities and farm finance. In high agri-enterprise diversification region the women belonging to high women empowered rainfed situation realized maximum annual income by taking up several income generating activities. Thus, they used the resources efficiently and spread the risk across various enterprises instead of taking only one activity. The analyses revealed that in almost all the groups of decision making (related to crops, livestock, farm finance, household activities and household finance) women involvement in decision making was found to be high in case of high agri enterprise diversification region compared to less agri-enterprise diversification region and in both the regions, the number of women belonging high women empowered category participating in decision making was high compared to low women empowered category.

An experiment was carried out to study the efficacy and interaction effect of different factors on the infestation of rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzaelinn. (curculionidae, coleoptera) in stored milled rice under coastal climatic condition of Odisha, India during 2016-17 in the Dept. of Entomology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar in factorial design laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. By making combinations of different factors ( grain moisture content, proper sealing and use of grain protectants), the treatment moduleswere evaluated against rice weevil, S. oryzae for its management and the data revealed that at 150 DAT the module M1S2P1(11% moisture content, normal moisture content and black pepper @1.5%) could able to inhibit the S. oryzae population by 94.20%, grain damage by 91.51% and grain weight loss by 89.82% andthe interaction effects were significant and with increase in grain moisture content by 1% the grain damage by S. oryzae increases by 8.75% and grain weight loss increases by 6.38% irrespective of sealing type and grain protectant.

Prevalence of parasitic infection of small ruminants in & around of Hyderabad region was investigated for a period of six months from January 2017 to June 2017. A total of 684 fecal samples (sheep 483 and goat 201) were received at Teaching Veterinary complex of Hyderabad, these were analyzed to confirm the presence of gastrointestinal parasitic infection by copralogical examination. It comprising of 151 infected samples from sheep and 70 infected samples from goats and Out of 151 samples in sheep, Fasciola gigantic 12 (8%), Paramphistomum sp 15 (10%), Moniezia sp 12 (8%), Strongyles sp 43 (28 %), Strongyloideus sp 14 (9.3 %), Hemonchus controtus 26 (17 %), Trichuris sp 15 (10 %) and Eimeria oocysts 14 (9.2%). Out of 70 samples in goat, Fasciola gigantic 8 (11.42%), Paramphistomum sp 4 (5.71%), Strongyles sp 14 (20 %), Strongyloideus sp 6 (8.57 %), Hemonchus controtus 18 (25.71 %), Trichuris sp 08 (11.42 %) and Eimeria oocysts 12 (17.14.2%). The percent infection in sheep and goat is 35.40 & 34.82 respectively.

Papaya cultivation is globally affected by Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) disease. PRSV disease management using cross-protection and transgenic plants has been hindered due to variability observed in PRSV gene sequences. Therefore, the characterization of local PRSV isolates combined with the understanding of disease epidemiology could serve a crucial role in designing the region-specific management practices. In this perspective, the Coat protein gene sequences of three south Indian PRSV isolates were determined and compared with the sequences of other PRSV isolates from different geographical locations in the Indian states. The phylogenetic tree analysis reveals close clustering of PRSV isolates from the south Indian states. Monitoring of the vector population in the field revealed the occurrence of eight aphid species under south Indian field conditions. Three species namely, Aphis gossypii, A. craccivora and Myzus persicae were observed majorly throughout the year and were found as efficient transmitters of PRSV in fields. Among the integrated management practices examined, growing papaya as intercrop with African Tall maize (1:1) and Grand Naine banana (2:1) as live barriers was found effective, recording 60-90% disease control with a cost to benefit (C:B) ratio of 1:9.2 and 1:6.5 in Red lady and with 1:3 and 1:1 in Arka Surya respectively. Similarly, growing papaya with silver reflective mulch was recorded as profitable treatment with C:B ratio of 1:1.9 and1:6.2 by controlling 90 and 100% disease in Arka Surya and Red Lady respectively. Moreover, frequent foliar spray of red seaweed extract was found to delay PRSV symptom expression and reduce yield loss.

Water logging and salinity have become the major problem which contributed for irrigated areas in Aduthurai. The magnitude of the problem can be indicated by the millions of hectares of agricultural land have been facing this twin problem of waterlogging and salinity. Induced salinity is a common problem in many command areas of irrigation projects. Subsurface drainage is the next level of logical step towards improving water management and reducing the environmental impact on subsurface drainage flow. Pre-investigation of the experimental area was done in aspect of physio chemical properties of field soil and irrigation water. Steady state Hooghoudt equation was used for the design of subsurface drainage system. The experiment was carried out during 2016, with respect to sixteen treatment combinations consisting of four drain spacings of 7, 10, 13 and 16 m and two drain depths 60 and 80 cm and drain diameter installed at 63 and 75 mm to study the performance of subsurface drainage system based on changes in physio chemical characteristics. Considering the economics of different combinations of drain spacing and drain depths, the drain spacing of 7 m and drain depth of 80 cm were found optimal for economically feasible production of rice and optimum physio chemical properties of drained water concentration was increased in most of the waterlogged Vertisols of Aduthurai

A field experiment was conducted during 2014-15 at CARS, IGKV, Raigarh. Result revealed that the maximum N, P2O5 and K2O content, Height plant -1 (cm), test weight (g), grain and straw yield (q ha-1) in black gram were observed in the treatment NPK + B + Mo(T7) as compare to control, followed by NPK+1 Kg ammonium molybdate /ha(T6), andNPK+10 Kg borax/ha(T5). The minimum was found in control (T1).

Study of soil was based on various parameter like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), available phosphorus ((P), available potassium (K2O). This study leads us on conclusion of the nutrients quantity of soil of Porbandar taluka district Porbandar. Result showed that average all the villages of Porbandar taluka have various parameter like EC, pH, OC, P and K this information will help farmers to decide the problems related to soil nutrients and amount of fertilizers to be added to soil to make soil productive.

The characterization and identification of different genotypes of a plant is very necessary for its further studies and utilization of plant genetic resources. Physalis minima L. or ‘ban tipariya’ is an important medicinal and fruit plant of the Indian subcontinent which occurs in many forms in India including Bihar. But it is considered a weed and despite its immense importance, there is not enough knowledge about different genotypes of the plant in Bihar. The present article gives a list of characters, based on literature and careful survey of plant in Bihar, which can be used to identify different genotypes of ban tipariya plant, particularly in Bihar. Around 47 characters, 13 measurable and remaining observable, have been considered for scoring variations. The plant showed some variations in many of these characters which were significantly different from standard documented description of the plant. Two types of plants were identified based on height namely dwarf and tall type. Similarly, based on stem morphology two types of plants were identified - pubescent and glabrescent. The plants can also be categorized based on calyx, corolla and fruits into at least four types. The work will facilitate the development of a descriptor for this important plant for not only the plants growing in Bihar, but internationally.

A field trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of GA3 tablets (soluble in water) in grapes for improving the quality and yield. The trial was conducted during the season 2016-17 in grower’s vineyard located at Pandharpur (M.S.), India. The experiment was performed on Manik Chaman grape variety which was grafted on Dogridge rootstock. Different treatments of Gibberellic acid tablets (GA3 93%) and powders (GA3 90%) were applied at flowering, 3-4 mm berry stage and 6-8 mm stage of berry development. The observations of bunch weight, 100 berry weights, berry length, TSS, Acidity and yield parameters were taken at harvest. The data showed significant differences in mean bunch weight, berry size, quality and yield parameters. The mean bunch weight was recorded maximum in GA3 tablets when applied @ 40 ppm (372 g) treatments whereas it was found lowest in no application of GA3 (235.7 g). The berry sizes, skin thickness and yield per vine were also recorded significantly highest in GA3 applied plants. No symptoms of any abnormality, toxicity were found either on the leaves, canes, shoot or in grapes berries with the application of GA3 tablets up to 80 ppm concentration.

Role of ergonomics for sustainable development has become a hot subject in agriculture. To have higher agricultural yield it is essential to study not only basic requirements of agriculture but also human factors in design and in working environment. In this context, an effort has been done to study farmer’s postures who involve in growing maize in the traditional farming methods in their small holdings. In addition to scientific discipline, occupation theory, related principles, and novel method to design the sowing equipment in order to optimize human ergonomics, working efficiency and health has been investigated. Hence this present work is undertaken to study maize seed sowing posture of a farmer and ergonomics analysis in sowing process. In this present work, modern CAD techniques like digital human modeling (DHM) and virtual ergonomics (VE) were used to analyze the situation. It is concluded that newly designed proposed sowing equipment for farmers improves the working efficiency with reduced work related injuries.

Water is the most important resource of a country, and of the entire society as a whole, since no life is possible without water. Toxic heavy metal pollution of water is a major environmental problem, and most conventional remediation approaches do not provide acceptable solutions. This study demonstrates the background levels of Fe, Pb and Al in fish farm (Zadgaon, Shirgaon, Panvel and Pargaon creek). Heavy metals were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results indicated the highest concentration was found in sediment samples (0.98 mg/kg) for iron in Pargaon creek while minimum (0.0011 mg/kg) for aluminum in Shirgaon fish farm.

Three districts viz., Papumpare, East Siang and West Siang were purposively selected based on the highest number of filled up post of agricultural officer. There are all total 64 officials in these three districts. So, census method was followed for selecting the respondents the data were collected through interview schedule. The problems faced by the extension personnel are lack of appropriate tools/AV aids/ICTs (67.97), lack of transport facilities (67.00) and lack of location specific technologies (63.48).

Seven Trichoderma strains were isolated from chickpea rhizosphere and root endophytic region by using serial dilution technique and purified by single hyphal tip method. Isolated Trichoderma strains were evaluated by using dual culture method. Out of the ten isolates tested against Rhizoctonia bataticola, T-6 showed highest inhibition percentage (67.32 %) followed by T7 (63.61%), T-3 (59.72 %) and T-5 (57.50 %), while the least inhibition was shown by T-1 (45.56%).

This research was made to investigate the turmeric for immunomodulatory and therapeutic efficacy on endometritis in repeat breeding crossbred cows. Twenty four cows were selected on the basis of history, breeding records, transrectal examination and white side test and randomly divided into 3 groups (Group A: 30 ml normal saline; Group D: 30 ml hydro-alcoholic turmeric; Group E: 30 ml hydro-acetonic turmeric). Treatments were given intrauterine beginning on the day of estrus for seven days in each group. Blood samples were collected on the day of treatment and 24 hr after treatment and analyzed for glucose, Hb, PCV, TLC and DLC to know health status of the experimental animals. Uterine flushings were collected on the day of estrus before treatment and again on eight day of first collection i.e. 24 hr after last treatment. These flushings were used for the estimation of total protein, immunogloblobulin, TLC and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). Significant (p<0.05) decline in pH and bacterial load was observed in cervical mucus of the groups after treatment. Hemoglobin, neutrophils, lymphocytes and WBC were increased significantly (p<0.05) in both hydroalcoholic and hydroacetonic extract treated groups. Moreover, Hb and RBCs were increased in hydroacloholic extract treated group. Significant (p<0.05) rise was found in TLC, PMN and immunoglobulin concentration in both the treated groups. Although both the extracts led to improved clinical recovery and conception rates, the hydroalcoolic extract was more effective. Based on these results, it may be concluded that hydro-alcoholic extract of turmeric has a good antibacterial and immuno-modulation properties and can be used as a therapy for endometritis in repeat breeding crossbred cows.

Turmeric is an important horticultural crop of Dharmapuri district and the average productivity was lesser. Use of local varieties and micronutrient deficiency due to indiscriminate use of fertilizers affects the yield. Hence, front line demonstrations were taken up in five farmers’ field in the Pulikarai cluster of Dharmapuri district, to introduce the high yielding variety CO2 and the foliar application of IISR micronutrient mixture for turmeric during Kharif 2015. The demonstration plots recorded 18.50 percent in the micro nutrient deficiency as against 61.0 percent in the check plots. The demonstrations recorded 12.5 percent yield increase compared to that of the check plots (farmers’ practice – local variety without ICM practices). The highest yield recorded is 28.0 tonnes of fresh rhizomes per hectare where as the lowest is 22.5 tonnes per hectare. The net returns and BCR also recorded to be higher in the demonstrations (Rs. 3,48,250/- and 6.8 respectively) than the check plots (Rs. 2,89,250/- and 5.9 respectively).

In this section an attempt has been made to identify the problems faced by the cold storage owners of Jaipur district of Rajasthan. Technical constraints are the lack of technical knowledge or skill required for running this business. Lack of the technically trained persons for running cold storage and dripping of condensate ceiling was more acute problem (about 87.5 percent owners faced this problem) among the problems under study. About 75 percent owners reported that they faced problems of lack of technological knowledge of cold storages or icing of evaporative coils and 62.5 percent people faced the problem of lack of knowledge about specific temperature and humidity in respect to a specific product rearing in the cold storages. Increase of electricity consumption, rooting of walls and ceiling of walls due to lack of technical knowledge was reported by 37.5 percent of respondents. Problem of ceiling injury in product during storage was 25 per cent stores. Problem of shriveled, rooting and off flavor was reported by 50 per cent respondents. In the acquisition part of funds, it was observed that most of the respondents reported it as a problem. Cold storage owners were asked if there is any problem in the acquisition of loans or subsidies and 87.5 percent respondents replied in affirmative. The opinions about the costing of the project showed that 75 percent respondents told about high cost of construction, 62.5 percent said about high cost of electricity charges, 50 percent opinioned about high cost of machinery and 37.5 percent opinioned about high cost of gas and fuel and lack of transportation means. The average reporting under the heads technical problems and financial problems showed that both the heads had almost equal weight age. Technical problems were reported by 59.72 per cent respondents whereas financial problems were reported by 60.71 per cent.

The field experiments were carried out during Kharif season of 2009 and 2010 at experimental farm, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Chandangaon, Chhindwara (Madhya Pradesh) under rainfed conditions. The soil of the experimental field was clay loam. The predominant weed-flora of experimental field were Echinochloa colona (L.) link, Echinochloa crusgalli, Digetaria adsendence, Dinebra Arabica, Elusineindi cagaretn., Sateriagluaca, Cynodondectylon among grasses, Ageratum conyzoides (L.), Commelina benghalensis (L.), Euphorbia geniculata forsk, Euphorbiahirta, Aclyphaindica, Amarenthus viridis, Commelina communis, Corcorus spp., Phylenthus niruri among broad leaf weeds and Cyperusrotundus L. among sedges. The results revealed that dry weight of weeds (g) was significantly superior over all the treatments as compare to weedy check in both years of the investigation. Higher weed dry weight was recorded under weedy check. All the topramezone treatments were found superior over weedy check. Number of cob/plant were non significant in all treatments over weedy check. Cob length (cm) and cob girth (cm) over weedy check were significantly superior. All the weed control measures resulted in significantly higher grain yield than weedy check. Post emergence herbicide topramezone 20.1 & 25.2 g a.i./ha produce higher yield than lowest dose 13.4 g a.i./ha. Same trend was observed in topramezone with adjuvant.

Organising “Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs)” on various crops to generate production data and feedback information is one of the mandates of KVKs. The present study was conducted in four randomly selected villages of Narmada district from the list of KVK adopted villages. While four neighboring villages of the adopted one were selected purposively as the Non-adopted village. From each village's ten respondents, thus 80 respondents were randomly selected. It was observed that majority of the respondents were in middle age group, educated up to primary school level, participated in social activities, participated in more than one extension activity, annual income up to Rs.50,000/-, engaged in farming as main occupation, possessed 0.01 – 2.00 ha of land, found to have medium level of economic motivation and found to have medium level of knowledge and adoption of pigeon pea production technology in adopted villages whereas, majority of the respondents were in middle age group, educated up to primary school level, not participated in social activities, participated in more than one extension activity, annual income up to Rs. 50,000/-, engaged in farming as main occupation, possessed 0.01 – 1.00 ha of land and found to have medium level of economic motivation in non-adopted villages.

A study was undertaken to identify best rootstock and scion for tomato growth, development and yield under protected conditions at CSKHPKV, palampur. The experiment consisted of eight rootstocks viz. Pumpkin Jalag, 2123 A-1 (Tomato), Hawaii 7998 (Tomato), Palam Pink (Tomato), Hawaii 7996 (Tomato), Palam Pride (Tomato), Arka Nidhi (Brinjal) and Arka Keshav (Brinjal) and three tomato varieties as scions viz. Rakshita, Naveen 2000+ and GS-600.Results obtained indicated that treatment T-2(2123 A-1 + Rakshita) resulted in highest fruit yield per plant, longest harvest duration, highest TSS, maximum plant height and maximum number of fruits per plant. Treatment T-7 (Palam Pride + Naveen 2000+) took minimum days to first harvest whereas, treatment T-9 (Arka Keshav + Naveen 2000+) and T-8 (Arka Nidhi + Rakshita) recorded highest ascorbic acid and highest lycopene contents, respectively. Suitable rootstocks identified for tomato are 2123 A-1, Arka Nidhi, Arka Keshav, Palam Pride. These results showed that grafting could be an advantageous alternative in tomato production under protected conditions.