MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) IN PAPAYA UNDER SOUTHERN INDIAN CONDITIONS

R.N. PUSHPA¹, SHANTAMMA², ANIL PAPPACHAN³, B. MANJUNATH⁴, SUMIT BHOSE⁵, SAWAN KUMAR⁶, K.T. RANGASWAMY⁷, T.R. GIRISH⁸, N. NAGARAJU⁹*
¹Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
²Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
³Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
⁴Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Hadonahalli, 561205, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
⁵Sea6Energy Private Limited, C-CAMP, TIFR-NCBS Campus, Bellary road, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
⁶Sea6Energy Private Limited, C-CAMP, TIFR-NCBS Campus, Bellary road, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
⁷Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
⁸Sea6Energy Private Limited, C-CAMP, TIFR-NCBS Campus, Bellary road, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
⁹Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
* Corresponding Author : nagaraju63kgere@gmail.com

Received : 11-01-2018     Accepted : 19-01-2018     Published : 30-01-2018
Volume : 10     Issue : 2       Pages : 5029 - 5038
Int J Agr Sci 10.2 (2018):5029-5038

Keywords : Papaya ringspot virus, Coat Protein, Aphids, papaya management, Seaweed
Academic Editor : Dr Vikas Kumar
Conflict of Interest : None declared
Acknowledgements/Funding : The authors are grateful for the assistance of Dr. Sunil Joshi, Principle Scientist, National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects (NBAII), Bengaluru, in the characterization of the aphid species. The authors would like to thank Prof. Manjunath, Department of Agriculture Statistics, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru, for his help in statistical analysis of epidemiology data. Also, the authors express their gratitude for Prof. Krishna Reddy M., Principal Scientist & Head, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR-ICAR), Bengaluru, for his valuable suggestions in experimental design
Author Contribution : P.R.N., carried out epidemiology and integrated management studies, A.P carried out Coat Protein gene studies. Shantamma completed CP gene sequence analysis M.B. supervised the PRSV management studies using K. alvarezii extact. S.K. prepared the Seaweed e

Papaya cultivation is globally affected by Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) disease. PRSV disease management using cross-protection and transgenic plants has been hindered due to variability observed in PRSV gene sequences. Therefore, the characterization of local PRSV isolates combined with the understanding of disease epidemiology could serve a crucial role in designing the region-specific management practices. In this perspective, the Coat protein gene sequences of three south Indian PRSV isolates were determined and compared with the sequences of other PRSV isolates from different geographical locations in the Indian states. The phylogenetic tree analysis reveals close clustering of PRSV isolates from the south Indian states. Monitoring of the vector population in the field revealed the occurrence of eight aphid species under south Indian field conditions. Three species namely, Aphis gossypii, A. craccivora and Myzus persicae were observed majorly throughout the year and were found as efficient transmitters of PRSV in fields. Among the integrated management practices examined, growing papaya as intercrop with African Tall maize (1:1) and Grand Naine banana (2:1) as live barriers was found effective, recording 60-90% disease control with a cost to benefit (C:B) ratio of 1:9.2 and 1:6.5 in Red lady and with 1:3 and 1:1 in Arka Surya respectively. Similarly, growing papaya with silver reflective mulch was recorded as profitable treatment with C:B ratio of 1:1.9 and1:6.2 by controlling 90 and 100% disease in Arka Surya and Red Lady respectively. Moreover, frequent foliar spray of red seaweed extract was found to delay PRSV symptom expression and reduce yield loss.

1. FAOSTAT (2016) Crop Production. http://faostat.fao.org
2. Regenmortel M.H.V. van, Fauquet C.M., Bishop D.H.L., Carstens E.B., Estes M.K., Lemon S. M., Maniloff J., Mayo M.A., McGeoch D.J., Pringle, C.R., Wickner R.B. (2000) (ed.), Virus Taxonomy. Seventh report of the International committee on taxonomy of viruses. Academic press, New York, USA, Pp. 709.
3. Gonsalves D. and Ishii M. (1980) Phytopahology, 73, 1028-1032.
4. Yeh S.D. and Gonsalves D. (1985) Virology,143(1), 260-271.
5. Purcifull D.E., Edwardson J.R., Hiebert E. and Gonsalves D. (1984) Papaya ringspot virus. Descriptions of plant viruses. AAB. No. 292.
6. Bateson M.F., Henderson J., Chaleeprom W., Gibbs A.J., and Dale J.L. (1994) Journal of General Virology, 75(12), 3547-3553.
7. Jain R.K., Sharma J., Sivakumar A.S., Sharma P.K., Byadgi A.S., Verma A.K. and Varma A. (2004) Archives of Virolology, 149(12), 2435-2442.
8. Horovitz S. and Jimenez H. (1967) Agronomia Tropical (Maracay), 17, 323–343.
9. Fitch M. M. M., Manshardt R. M., Gonsalves D., Slightom J.L. and Sanford J.C. (1992) Nature Biotechnology 10(11), 1466–1472.
10. Ferreira S.A., Pitz K.Y., Manshardt R., Zee F., Fitch M., and Gonsalves D. (2002) Plant Disease, 86, 101-105.
11. Chen G., Ye C. M., Huang J. C., Yu M. and Li B.J. (2001) Plant Cell Reports 20(3), 272–277.
12. Savenkove E.I. and Valkonen J.P. (2001) Journal General Virology, 82, 2275-2278.
13. Capoor S.P and Varma P.M. (1958) Indian Journal of Agriculture Science, 29, 225-233.
14. Srinivasulu M. and Saigopal D.V.R. (2011) PhytopathologyMediterreranian, 50, 359-367.
15. Bag S., Agarwal S. and Jain R.K. (2007) Indian Phytopathology, 60, 244-250.
16. Kalleshwaraswamy C.M., Krishna Kumar N.K., Dinesh M.R., Verghese A., Ranganth H.R. and Venugopalan R. (2007) Acta Horticulture, 740, 251-258.
17. Basky Z. (1986) Acta PhytopathologicaetEntomologicaHungarica, 21, 29-33.
18. Mora-Aguilera G., Nieto Angel D., Teliz D. and Campbell C.L. (1992) Plant Disease, 77, 1205-1211.
19. Prasad S.M and Sarkar D.P. (1989) Indian Journal of Virology, 5, 118-122.
20. Krishna Kumar N.K., Singh H.S. and Kalleshwaraswamy C.M. (2010) Acta Horticulturae, 851, 431-442.
21. Hussain S. and Verma A.A. (1994) Indian Journal Phytopathology, 7, 77-78.
22. Difonzo C.D., Ragsdale D.W., Radcliffe E.B., Gudmestad N.C. and Secor G.A. (1996) Annals of Applied Biology, 129(2), 289-302.
23. Fereres A. (2000) Virus Research, 71, 221-231.
24. Prasad S.M. and Kudada N. (2005) Indian Journal of Virology, 16(1), 24-26.
25. Mederos D.C., Hernandez D.G., Gonzalez J.G and Orelvis Portal O. (2013) Review of Protection Vegetables, 28(2), 127-131.
26. Tzi Bun Ng. (2015) Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 99, 6997-7008.
27. Madhusudhan K.N., Vinayarani G., Deepak S.A., Niranjana S.R., Prakash H.S., Singh, G.P., Sinha A.K. and Prasad B.C. (2011) International Journal of Plant Pathology, 2, 35-42.
28. Abu-Ghannam N. and Rajauria G. (2013) In: Domínguez H., editor. Functional Ingredients from Algae for Foods and Nutraceuticals. Woodhead Publishing; Cambridge, UK, 287-306.
29. Gomaa H.A. and Elshoubaky G.A. (2015) International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research, 7(1), 34-42.
30. Shukla P.S., Borza T., Critchley A.T. and Prithiviraj B. (2016) Frontier Marine Science, 3, 81.
31. Donald C. R., Manuel A. J., Gregory J. H. and Timothy W. N. (2010) Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, doi:10.1101/pdb.prot5439
32. Pushpa R.N. (2014) Molecular characterization, epidemiology and integrated management of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) in papaya (Carica papaya L.).Ph.D. Thesis (Unpub.), Univ. Agric. Sci., Bengaluru, Pp.133
33. Parameswari B., Mangrauthia S.K., Praveen S. and Jain R.K. (2007) Archives of Virology, 152(4), 843-845.
34. Bateson M.F., Lines R.E., Revill P., Chaleeprom W., Ha C.V., Gibbs A.J. and Dale J.L. (2002) Journal of General Virology, 83, 2575-2585.
35. Hema M.V. and Prasad D.T. (2004) Journal of Plant Pathology, 86(1), 35-42.
36. Sharma U., Chowfla S.C., Thakur P.D., Handa A. and Gupta B. (2005) IndianJournal of Environment and Ecology, 7(2), 75-77.
37. Kung Y.J., Bau H.J., Wu Y.L., Huang C.H., Chen T.M. and Yeh S.D. (2009) Phytopathology, 99, 1312-1320.
38. Mangrauthia S.K., Singh P. and Praveen S. (2010) Molecular Biotechnology, 44, 22-29.
39. Yu T.A., Chiang C.H., Wu H.W., Li C.M., Yang C.F., Chen J.H., Chen Y.W. and Yeh S.D., (2011) Plant Cell Report, 30, 359-371.
40. Martinez D.R., De Sousa P., Duarte G., Olmedo J.G. and Figueira A.R. (2014) American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 2(5), 209-218.
41. Khurana S.M.P. and Bhargava K.S. (1971) Journal of Horticulture Sciences, 46, 209-211.
42. Mora-Aguilera G., Teliz D., Campbell C.L. and Avilla C. (1993) Journal of Phytopathology, 136, 27-36.
43. Verghese A., Anil Kumar H.R. and Kamala Jayanthi P.D. (2001) Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems, 7(2), 99-112.
44. Cortez-Madrigal H. and Mora-Aguilera G. (2007) ManejoIntegrado de PlagasyAgroecología, 79/80, 29-35.
45. Gray S.M. and Banerjee N. (1999) Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews,63(1), 128-148.
46. Hooks C.R.R. and Fereres A. (2006) Virus Research, 120, 1-16.
47. Sharma S.K., Zote K.K., Kadam U.M., Tomar S.P.S., Dhale M.G. and Sonawane A.U. (2010) Acta Hortulterae, 851, 473-480.
48. Oronzco-Santos M., Perez-Zamora O. and Lopez-Arriaga O. (1995) Florida Entmology, 78, 493-501.
49. Gonsalves D., Tripathi S., Carr J.B. and Suzuki, J.Y. (2010) The Plant Health Instructor, DOI: 10.1094/PHI-I-2010-1004-01
50. James E.B., James M.D., Floyd M.W. and Ken M.T. (1993) Horticulture Science, 28(9), 895-896.
51. Kring J.B. (1964) Front. Plant Science, 17, 6-7.
52. Pinese B., Lisle A.T., Ramsely M.D., Halfpapp K.H., Defaveri S. (1994) International Journal of Pest Management, 40, 81-87.
53. Stapleton J.J. and Summers C.G. (2002) Crop Protection, 21, 891-898.
54. Boller T. and Felix G.A. (2009) Annual Review of Plant Biology, 60, 379-406.
55. Macho A.P. and Zipfel C. (2014) Molecular Cell, 54, 263-72.
56. Keen N.T., Yoshikawa M., Wang M.C. (1983) Plant Physiology, 71, 466-471.
57. Bonhoff A. and Grisebach H. (1988) Plant Science, 54, 203-209.
58. Patier P., Yvin J.C., Kloareg B., Lienart Y. and Rochas C. (1993) Journal of Applied Phycology, 5, 343-349.
59. Vera J., Castro J., Gonzalez A., Barrientos H., Matsuhiro B., Arce P., Zuniga G. and Moenne A. (2011) Molecular Plant Pathology, 12(5), 437-447.
60. Tang D., Kang R., Coyne C.B., Zeh H.J., Lotze M.T. (2012) Immunological Reviews, 249, 158-75.
61. Choi H.W. and Klessig D.F. (2016) Plant Biology, 16, 232.
62. Chandra S., Stennis M. and Low P.S. (1997) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 28274-28280.
63. Denoux C., Galletti R., Mammarella N., Gopalan S., Werck D. and De Lorenzo G. (2008). Molecular Plant,1, 423–445.
64. Brutus A., Sicilia F., Macone A., Cervone F. and De Lorenzo G.A. (2010) Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, U S A, 107, 9452-9457.
65. Jayaraj J., Wan A., Rahman M. and Punja Z.K. (2008) Crop Protection, 27, 1360-1366.
66. Mousavi E.A., Fatemeh N., Kalantari K.M. and Oloumi H. (2017) Journal of Plant Interactions, 12(1), 286-294.