In the present investigation, a greenhouse pot culture experiment was carried out in maize to assess the soil physio-biochemical properties changes such as pH, EC, available N, available P, available K, soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), substrate induced respiration (SIR), metabolic quotient(MQ), dehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatase due to addition of mixture of commercial biofertilizers viz., Azospirillum brasilense (Sp7), Bacillus megaterium (Pb1) and Azotobacter chroococcum (Ac1) in the form of carrier based and liquid formulations, comparing it with uninoculated control at 15, 30, 45 days intervals after sowing. The analyzed parameters suggested that the application of biofertilizers recorded significantly higher available nutrients in the soil than the uninoculated control soil.

Indwelling medical devices are most vulnerable to microbial colonization. As a result, Device Related Infection has emerged as a new challenge in the medical research. In the present investigation total 414 multiple drug resistance gram negative bacilli were isolated in which 27.5% were associated with indwelling medical devices. 35% found to be K. pneumoniae isolates out of which 23 were detected as biofilm producing. Tracheostomy tips showed the presence of maximum number of K. pneumoniae. Highest sensitivity in biofilm producing strains was observed in Colistin followed by Tigecycline. Further, MrkD gene was also detected which is responsible for biofilm formation.

Raising interest for consumable marine items like fish, mollusks, algae etc. have scientists to discover progressively sustainable environmentally friendly, economically viable, and socially acceptable strategies for aquaculture production. Among all Recirculatory Aquaculture System best in any case, however RAS has its own disadvantages high chances of contamination with diseases which are microbial in origin, formation of super bugs, high cost intensive, continues monitoring etc. The motivation behind the investigation is to break down the complete microbial populace in a freshwater RAS and to discover any possible pathogens in RAS for Yellowtail catfish pangasius (Hamilton, 1822), for knowing the away from of the bacterial communities in the RAS framework traditional strategies are not sufficient because, there are no standard protocols to isolate all the microscopic organisms from sample so for community 16srRna examination is done by separating DNA legitimately from the sample. However, we were unable to discover expected pathogens in the drawn samples as the water used in RAS was not drawn from any water bodies, rather than drawing water from water table (ground water) and RAS established recently, maintained scientifically.

A laboratory experiment was conducted during November 2018 to April 2019 to evaluate the effects of rice stubble (RS) management practices on soil organic carbon fractions and microbial biomass carbon in a rice soil through a fifteen weeks incubation period under constant moisture regime. Untreated and glyphosate-yogurt treated rice stubble was either incorporated or left on the surface of soil-filled (15 cm depth on 5 cm sand at the bottom) poly vinyl chloride (PVC) pipe (25 cm long and 8.44 cm diameter), mounted on tray maintaining a constant water depth of 5 cm and incubated for 105 days. The evolution of CO2, organic carbon, easily oxidizable carbon and microbial biomass carbon were monitored periodically during the experiment. Incorporation of untreated rice stubble influenced organic carbon content of soil at ninth and twelfth week of incubation. The easily oxidizable organic carbon in soil was affected neither by incorporation nor glyphosate-yogurt treatment of rice stubble. Soil microbial biomass carbon was influenced only at ninth week of incubation due to incorporation of rice stubble, with or without glyphosate-yogurt treatment.

The fresh strawberries are highly prone to contamination by food borne pathogens and so this study was conducted to analyze the microbial quality parameters such as total aerobic mesophilic microbial count, fungal count, Enterobacteriaceae colony count, total coliforms count, fecal coliforms count, E. coli count and presence of Salmonella in fresh strawberries sold in supermarkets around the areas of west Coimbatore city. In addition, the two methods for coliforms detection namely Most Probable Number (MPN) and petrifilm methods were compared. The results showed that the total aerobic mesophilic count ranged from 5.53 to 6.61 log cfu/g and the fungal count ranged from 1.42 to 4.46 log cfu/g. The Enterobacteriaceae colony count ranged from 1.42 to 3.81 log cfu/g with supermarket 4 having the highest count. On comparing the two methods for coliforms detection, it was found that the petrifilm count was within the corresponding MPN range at 95% confidence limit for all the analysed samples. The total coliforms count showed huge difference among the strawberry samples in both MPN and petrifilm methods. Market 1 had the highest coliform count in both methods. The fecal coliforms were found in samples from supermarkets 1, 3 and 5. There was no E. coli and Salmonella in the fresh strawberry samples but the presence of fecal coliforms in some samples indicate the possibility of fecal contamination which reflects the need for Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) in primary production and Good Hygiene Practices (GHP) in pre-harvest and post-harvest operations.

The high-water content in fish makes prone to microbial-spoilage by growth and proliferation of food-spoilage bacteria, thus crosses the limit of acceptability for safe human consumption. Consumers, now-a-days, demand natural but effective preservation of food free of potential health risk. So, to satisfy the consumers’ preference of minimally-processed, fresh-alike, tasteful, nutritious and economic food free from antibiotic and/or harmful chemical preservative with longer shelf-life and necessary safety standards, traditional means of controlling microbial spoilage and safety hazards in foods are being replaced by the use of biological, natural and organic antimicrobial compounds derived from plants and other natural table spices, such as garlic, either alone or in combination with mild physicochemical treatments and low concentrations of traditional chemical preservatives. The use of such antimicrobial compounds inhibits the growth of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. This improves the shelf life of the product and ensures food safety. The main component responsible for the antimicrobial activity of garlic is allicin which also provides garlic its distinct flavour and aroma. Garlic inhibits the pathogenic disease-causing organisms, increases growth performance and disease resistance in fish. Garlic helps to improve the flesh quality and food calling effect when applied as a food additive; and extend the shelf-life of fish fillet. Thus, garlic extract, especially raw garlic juice, can be used as a natural antimicrobial agent: a potential natural fish preservative suitable for commercial application to extend the shelf-life of fish and fishery products as well as in modern aquaculture practices.

Rhizosphere is a region of soil in the vicinity of plant roots in which the chemistry and microbiology is influenced by their growth, respiration, and nutrient exchange. It is, therefore, an extremely important and active area in regulating nutrient bioavailability, plant communities, adaptation processes, and the growth environment. The chemical and biological processes occurring in the rhizosphere not only determine mobilization, acquisition of soil nutrients and microbial dynamics, but also control nutrient use efficiency by crops, and thus profoundly influence crop productivity and sustainability .The availability of nutrients in the rhizosphere is controlled by the integrated effects of soil properties, plant characteristics, and the interactions between plant roots and microorganisms .In the rhizosphere ecosystem, plants, via root exudation and release of specific signalling compounds, effect the composition and structure of the rhizosphere microbial community So, rhizosphere management strategies emphasize maximizing the efficiency of root and rhizosphere processes in nutrient acquisition and use by crops rather than solely depending on excessive application of chemical fertilizers. The strategies mainly include manipulating root system, rhizosphere acidification, carboxylate exudation, microbial associations with plants, rhizosphere interactions in terms of intercropping and rotation, localized application of nutrients, use of efficient crop genotypes, and synchronizing rhizosphere nutrient supply with crop demands. From study it has been observed that Probacteria and Bacteriodates are the most abundant bacterial community in maize rhizosphere. In recent study it has been shown that gross N mineralisation rate is higher in rhizosphere than bulk soil. It is also clear that Fe and Zn availability also increases by localized ammonium-N application .it has also been observed that rhizosphere priming can promote mobilisation of N-rich compounds from soil organic matter. Moreover, rhizosphere influences on soil solution composition and mineral stability. Still future research work is needed to identify the un-known organic compounds and their specific roles in nutrient mobilization in the rhizosphere. Knowledge on microbial population, their roles, dynamics in nutrient mobilisation for specific crop and soil needs further extension.

Total 171 trachea/ nasal swab and lungs samples of pigs collected from Mizoram (40 samples), Manipur(51 samples) and Assam (80 samples), 17 (9.94 %) were found to be positive for P. multocida. Fourteen of the 17 isolates subjected to PCR targeting species-specific KMT 1 gene revealed a distinct band of 460 bp, which was a confirmation of the isolates as P. multocida. Among the confirmed P. multocida isolates, nine were identified as capsular type A (1044 bp), while the remaining five were capsular type D (657 bp), based on multiplex cap-PCR results, targeting hyaD-hyaC and dcbF genes, respectively.

Background: Mycobacterium infection results in chronic granulomatous lesion requiring drug treatment for a prolonged period. We compared different methods for diagnosis of Mycobacterium infection in respiratory samples in this study and speciated the positive samples using MALDI-TOF MS. Aim: To evaluate different methods of smear microscopy, comparing Cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test with convention culture methods and speciation of the isolates by MALDI-TOF MS. Settings and Design: A cross sectional study was done in SRMC&RI. Methods & Material: Respiratory samples both before and after concentrations (Modified Petroff’s & Bleach method) were stained by Kinyoun’s modification. Fluorescent staining performed on unconcerated samples. The smears were interpreted as per National Tuberculosis Elimination Program. Smear positive samples were cultivated in Lowenstein-Jensen slope and incubated at 37oC for 8 weeks. LJ growths were subjected to MALD-TOF MS for speciation. Results: Of the 399 samples 7.3% was positive by Kinyoun’s modification without concentration. Modified Petroff’s and Bleach concentration methods enhanced the positivity to 8% and 8.3% respectively. Fluorescent staining showed 10.8% sample positivity. Of these 44 positive samples, 41 grew in conventional LJ medium. However, CB-NAAT identified them within 2 hours of inoculation. On speciation of these isolates by MALDI-TOF MS, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex were predominant followed by Mycobacterium avium spp., Mycobacterium arupense and Mycobacterium szulgai. Statistical analysis showed 100% specificity in all microscopy methods, however, sensitivity varied as follows: Unconcentrated Kinyoun’s-53.7%; Modified Petroff’s-61.1%; Bleach concentration-59.3%; Fluorescent staining -79.6%. Conclusion: Fluorescent microscopy is a good technique for initial screening as It is imperative to include CBNAAT for early detection and RIF resistance. Species identification is also essential for accurate treatment.