The field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2013-14 at Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur to study the impact of land configurations, irrigation scheduling and weed management on yield and economics of chickpea. The treatments comprised three land configurations (Flat bed, Broad bed furrow, Ridge-furrow); three irrigation schedules (Irrigation at branching, Irrigation at pod development, Irrigation at branching and pod development) as main plot treatments and three weed management (Weedy Check, Hand weeding twice at 25 and 50 DAS, Pendimethalin @1.0 kg ha-1 as pre emergence) as sub-plot treatments. These treatments were tested in split plot design with three replications. Ridge-furrow method resulted in significantly higher seed yield (1512.33 kg ha-1), gross monetary returns (₹74794 ha-1), net monetary returns (₹43991 ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (2.40) over flatbed and broad bed furrow. Irrigation at branching and pod development gave appreciably higher seed yield of 1483.33 kg ha-1, gross monetary returns (₹73366 ha-1), net monetary returns (₹42089 ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (2.31) over rest of the irrigation scheduling. Application of Pendimethal in @ 1.0 kg ha-1 PE resulted in 52.17 per cent more seed yield (1592.74 kg ha-1), gross monetary returns (₹79225 ha-1), net monetary returns (₹49504 ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (2.66) over weedy check. However, hand weeding twice registered in significantly higher seed yield 1719.56 kg ha-1 and gross monetary returns (₹84998 ha-1) but had lower B: C ratio.

The risk associated with climate and its variability over Raichur district is the major determining factor for agricultural productivity and has a major impact on food security in that region. The district most of the time reels under drought and have devastating effects on agricultural production and livelihood. Such has justified concerns of assisting with climate information converted into indices forming part of early warning tools to assist with multifactorial decisions of the sort agricultural producers need to make in relation to drought. Due to the hot semi-arid climate of Raichur district, the Reconnaissance Drought Index, which is sensitive to global warming, was employed to assess drought over 100-year time series. The tool was effective in drought assessment and predicts probability of drought occurrence, which is in a better position to inform stakeholders and decision makers on early warning measures with respect to mitigating drought in the district.

The present experiment entitled “Studies on integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of carrot (Daucus carota L.) cv. Pusa Rudhira” was conducted at Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Applied Plant Science (Horticulture), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow during year of 2013-14. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with twelve treatments and three replications. The treatment combinations were control, recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), 100% Azotobacter, 100% Azospirillum, 100% PSB, 50% RDF + 50% Azotobacter, 50% RDF + 50% Azospirillum, 50% RDF + 50% PSB, 50% Azotobacter + 50% Azospirillum, 50% Azotobacter + 50% PSB, 50% PSB + 50% Azospirillum and 25% RDF+25% FYM +25% vermin-compost +25% PSB. The observations were recorded on vegetative characters, yield and physico-chemical quality of roots. From the analysis of data, it can be concluded that the application of 25% PSB + 25% Azospirillum + 25% RDF+ 25% Azotobacter (T12) increased the growth, yield and nutritional quality of carrot grown under subtropical condition.

The present experiment was carried out at the Horticulture Research Farm of the Department of Applied Plant Science (Horticulture), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India during the year 2014-2015. The plant to plant and row to row spacing were maintained at 30 x10 cm respectively. The experiment was carried under Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The three varieties are Pusa Mridula, Pusa Chetki, Pusa Desi, and three different doses of Sulphur viz. 15, 30, 45 Kg were used for making treatment combination. The treatment combinations were Pusa Mridula + No sulphur, Pusa Mridula + 15 kg sulphur, Pusa Mridula + 30 kg sulphur, Pusa Mridula + 45 kg sulphur, Pusa Chetki + No sulphur, Pusa Chetki + 15 kg sulphur, Pusa Chetki + 30 kg sulphur, Pusa Chetki + 45 kg sulphur, Pusa Deshi + No sulphur, Pusa Deshi + 15 kg sulphur, Pusa Deshi + 30 kg sulphur, and Pusa Deshi + 45 kg sulphur. On the basis of overall performance under the present investigation, if may be concluded that the application of 4 kg sulphur in Pusa Desi (T12) increased the growth, yield and nutritional quality of Radish under Lucknow condition.

An experiment was conducted in the instructional farm of KVK, West Tripura during rabi season of 2014-15, with an objective to find a proper dose of NAA to control premature flower and fruit drops in chilli. The growth regulator (NAA) was sprayed two times once at 35th and second at 45th days after transplanting. The treatment comprises of T1: NAA @ 5 ppm, T2: NAA @ 10 ppm, T3: NAA @ 20 ppm, T4: control. The result of the experiment revealed that NAA application significantly influences the yield attribute of chilli. It was observed that maximum plant height (39.45 cm), maximum number of branch per plant (18 nos.), maximum numbers of chilli per plant (250 nos) and highest yield (11.2 t/ha) was recorded in T3 followed by T 2 and lowest was in case of control.

The study was carried out in the two district of Tripura, viz., West Tripura and South Tripura with randomly selected 200 rice farmers from purposively selected 4 blocks of the districts. The State of Tripura is located between 22o 56” and 24o 32” North latitude and between 90o 09” and 92o 20” East latitude. Tripura is a landlocked State. System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method of paddy cultivation is important because it needs less seed, less water, less fertilizer and less attack of pest & disease but per hectare yield gain is more than traditional method of paddy cultivation. Rice is the major food crop in Tripura with 75 per cent of its cropped area devoted to the production of rice. In terms of production, it ranks next to Assam in North East states. The adoption of the majority of the rice farmers varied from high to medium (41.0% to 39.0%) favourable category of adoption towards SRI practices. However, nearly 20.0% of them were in less favourable category.

An experiment was oversaw to determine genetic variability of yield and yield components in Rice at the Field Experimentation Site of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SHIATS, Allahabad during Kharif-2015 in Randomized Block Design having 30 genotypes grown in three replications. The data were recorded for 13 quantitative characters to study genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance. The highest grain yield per plant was observed in genotype KR 15-01. High estimates of GCV and PCV were observed for biological yield per plant followed by grain yield per plant and panicles per plant. High measure of heritability was observed for test weight and days to maturity. Genetic advance as per cent of mean was highest for test weight followed by biological yield per plant, number of panicles per plant, grain yield per plant. High heritability together with modest genetic advance was observed for days to maturity. High genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for test weight followed by biological yield per plant, panicles per plant, grain yield and tillers per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for test weight followed by panicles per plant and biological yield per plant. This shows that selection is effective for the improvement of these characters.

A study was conducted to check the impact of subsurface drainage system on salt affected soils in the UKP command, Karnataka. The mean pH of samples ranged from 8.21 to 8.71 before sowing to 8.58 to 8.95 after harvesting and before sowing the electrical conductivity ranged from 8.84 to 12.09 dS m-1 and 7.25 to 12.06 dS m-1 after harvesting. Similarly, the Ca2++Mg2+, Na+ and K+ values were in the range of 34.68 to 39.76, 7.80 to 10.92 and 0.12 to 0.16 Meq/100g before sowing of crops, after harvesting of the crops results obtained were in range of 34.44 to 37.62, 7.10 to 9.40 and 0.20 to 0.27 Meq/100g. The ESP values were in the range of 17.99 to 21.45 before sowing and 17.07 to 19.90 after harvesting of crop. A glance at an results reveals that pH and K+ was observed to be increased due to sodic nature of soil and excess application of the fertilizer. ESP was noticed to be reduced in smaller amount as compared to pre-sowing conditions, gypsum needed to be applied in required amount in order to turn the soil from sodicity to saline or non-saline soils. Finally, the yield was observed to be 62.00 q ha-1 as compare to pre drainage conditions of 42.01 q ha-1.

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2013-14 and 2014-15 on sandy clay loam soil to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management on nutrient uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at research farm, College of Agriculture, Gwalior. The experiment consisted of twelve integrated nutrient management treatments. The results revealed that the application of 100% RDF+ FYM 2.5t/ha + Azotobacter + PSB recorded maximum uptake of N, P and K by wheat grain, straw and total (seed + straw), which were significantly higher over control as well as other treatments except T6. The uptake of micronutrient (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) were also recorded significantly higher with the application of 100% RDF+ FYM 2.5t/ha + Azotobacter + PSB over other treatments except T6 and T9. The application of 100% recommended dose + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha + Azotobactor + PSB augmented highest B: C ratio up to 3.24 and 150% RDF (3.07) was the second best INM treatment.

An experiment was conducted during 2013 to find out the effect of phosphorus, zinc sulphate and their combined effect on growth and quality of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. G-27. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with thirteen number of treatments replicated thrice in well established 15 years old plant of guava. There were four levels of phosphorus i.e., 300 g, 400 g, 500 g and 600 g., three levels of spray of zinc sulphate i.e., 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75%, while the control plants received no fertilizer and no spray. The study revealed that 600 g phosphorus per plant, spray of 0.75% zinc sulphate(P4xZn3), followed by P3 X Zn3 (P2O5 500 g/ plant & ZnSO4 @ 0.75 %) were found to be the best treatments for almost all vegetative and physical parameters of guava plant, for getting maximum growth with quality fruits in northern Madhya Pradesh.

The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of nonseptic SIRS cases presented to Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital (MVCTH) during the research period (August 2013 to May 2014) to study the incidence, age, breed and sex related to non septic SIRS in dogs. The data obtained for 653 dogs (September 2012- May 2014) were from clinical database. In total, these dogs selected with at least two criteria for SIRS and 30 dogs screened and evaluated for nonseptic SIRS. Labrador breed was at the highest risk (27 %) of non-septic SIRS. Incidence of nonseptic SIRS males were at a higher risk than females (70:30) and higher incidence (37 %) was found in 1-3 years of age group.

The term utility perception about cattle by the owners has been a problem for a researcher in agriculture. Keeping in view the subjectivity, there was a need to evolve a methodology, which would introduce much needed objectivity in the assessment of utility perception of cattle. In this content, it is worth mentioning that the study of utility perception about Deoni cattle and other Non-descriptive cattle by the cattle owners is a means to making animal husbandry more useful. Development of a scale to measure utility perception of cattle by the cattle owners was attempted by using the normalized rank approach recommended by Guilford, 1978 [1]. The scale developed was found reliable and valid. This utility perception scale was administrated to 240 cattle owners in Latur district of Maharashtra state. The results revealed that majority (83.00 %) of deoni cattle owners belonged to medium category of utility perception and more than two third (66.50 %) of non-descriptive cattle owners were having medium utility perception about cattle.

During rabi season (2011-2012) a field trial was conducted at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Killikulam, Tamil Nadu as part of M.Sc., research programme. The experiment was consisted of 12 treatments laid out in randomized block design with replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of application of pre-emergence herbicides viz., butachlor 50 % EC @ 1.25 kg/ha, oxadiargyl 80 % WP @ 70 g/ha, bensulfuron methyl 0.6 % + pretilachlor 6 % GR @ 660 g/ha, metsulfuron methyl 10 % + chlorimuron ethyl 10 % WP @ 4 g/ha on 3 DAT along with post-emergence herbicide 2, 4-D Na salt @ 1.25 kg/ha or hand weeding on 35 DAT. In addition, the hand weeding twice, rotary weeding twice, weed free and weedy check treatments for comparison. The weed flora of Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa colona, Cyperus difformis, Cyperus iria, Cyperus rotundus, Marsilea quadrifolia, Ammania baccifera, Commelina benghalensis and Eclipta prostrata were observed. It has been learned through experiment results that pre-emergence application of bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor at 660 g/ha on 3 DAT with one hand weeding on 35 DAT recorded significantly higher grain yield (6710 kg/ha), lower weed population (31.33 No. /m2) and their dry weight (37.80 kg/ha), higher weed control efficiency (91.76%), weed control index (99.06%) and lower weed index (1.32).

Potato is grown as cash crop in North East Hill (NEH) region of India. The current study was planned in Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh to study the knowledge level, gap in knowledge of farmers and constraints in potato cultivation and marketing. A total of 120 farmers from five villages of Tawang were randomly selected as respondents for this study. Data was collected through survey method using a structured interview schedule. Suitable statistical tools like frequency, mean and percentage were used for analysis of data. Results revealed that a majority of farmers (80-90%) had good knowledge in areas like ‘land preparation’, ‘time and method of sowing & harvesting’, ‘spacing’ and ‘earthing up’ operations followed in potato. The highest gap in knowledge was observed in the field of ‘plant protection’ (52.5%) followed by ‘correct doses of fertilizer and chemical’ (46.6%), ‘method of fertilizer application’ (42.5%) and ‘water management’ (40%). Radio was found to be the most important source of agricultural information for farmers. This gap should be bridged through organization of trainings, demonstrations, awareness camp and mass media programmes on potato cultivation in the selected region. Among production constraints, ‘small size of land holding’, ‘unavailability of sufficient labour’, ‘unavailability of quality seed of improved variety’ and ‘lack of technical knowledge’ were identified as major constraints for farmers. Among marketing constraints, ‘Lack of regulated market’ and ‘lack of storage facility for potato’ were major constraints.

In the present investigations, an endeavor was been made to appraise the alachlor efficiency on biochemical behavior of maize seedlings. Biochemical parameters significantly influenced by different doses alachlor application. The total starch, catalase, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase content were significantly enhanced by ~ 53, 28, 85 34 and 31, 17, 26, 81% with 4, 8, 12 and 15 days old maize seedlings in both root shoot axis and endosperm respectively compared control ~ 44, 25, 37, 33 and 38, 33, 10, 77% in root shoot axis and endosperm respectively. Whereas, the reducing sugar and α-amylase content was decreased ~ 80, 91 and 61, 18% in both root shoot and endosperm from 4 to 15 days old maize seedlings, respectively compared to control. The results showed that the higher concentration of herbicide adversely affects the biochemical parameters, which are associated with seed germination and seedling growth of maize.

A study was carried out to find out the availability, utilization pattern and various constraints in on-line communication users as perceived by the farmers in two district of Bareilly and Rampur, Uttar Pradesh, India. About 200 on-line users farmers selected villages were randomly selected for the study. Farmers were interviewed and available information was collected. The study revealed that the maximum farmers gather information from Kissan Call Centre and the least number of farmers were receiving information from the telephone among the availability, utilization pattern of different on-line communication services found that the highest for the KCC users followed by SIS, ITC, ATIC, HKB, Telephone and CIC, respectively. The socio-economic constraints “size of small holding” as it has highest mean score (2.86), technical constraints “complexity of information” mean score (2.65), in case of administrative constraints “delay in communication of message at the right time has become barrier to the successful implementation services” mean score (2.73), political constraints “dominancy of local leadership” mean score (2.64). Most of the farmers observed that “less availability of technical information during transfer of agricultural technology” mean score (2.98) was become of availability constraints and majority of the farmers were expressed that “lack of communicative facilities between top officials and field staff” mean score (2.40) as supervision and guidance constraints.

The study was planned to purposively selected two types of organization, i.e., Public (ATIC, KCC & SIS) and Private (ITC, HKB & CIC), are running the on-line communication services in Uttar Pradesh. Both types of organization were identified and three centers each from both the types’ organizations were selected randomly. For the purpose, 200 on-line users and 200 non-on-line users’ farmers selected randomly. Thus, the total numbers of farmers were 400. To assess the impact of on-line communication services on knowledge and adoption level of the farmers in major crops i.e. Wheat, Rice, Sugarcane, Potato and Maize χ^2 test were applied. As regard the results impact of on-line communication services on knowledge and adoption level of major crops were found significant in wheat, rice, sugarcane, and potato and maize crops. Only in potato, crop technique of post harvest management was found non-significant. Similarly, in case of maize crop, technique of post harvest management and source of marketing were also found non-significant. Thus, overall results indicate that on-line communication services have an important place in transfer of new agricultural technologies for increasing the agricultural production and development of the farmers. The total on-line users’ farmers have better and superior level of knowledge and adoption than non-on-line users’ farmers.

A detailed soil fertility status of the Ranital Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) farm was investigated during 2014-15 and soil related crop production constraints were identified for proper utilization of farm land. Total 58 numbers of geo-referenced (GPS based) composite surface soil samples (0-15cm) were collected from 6 blocks of KVK farm located at Ranital in Bhadrak district of Odisha, India. Soils were analyzed for mechanical composition, pH, EC, OC, available N, P, K, S and micronutrients like B, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn. About 91% soils are found to be loamy sand in nature. Around 41 percent soils are neutral and 59 percent are slightly alkaline in reaction. However, electrical conductivity (EC) remains within safe range for crops (<0.48 dSm-1). SOC varies from 2.3 to 13.7 g kg-1 with a mean value of 5.2 g kg-1.The mean available soil N, P, K and S was found to be 106.6, 15.9, 42.69 kg ha-1 and 2.34 mg kg-1 respectively. The mean hot water extractable Boron, DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn was found to be 1.14, 29.8. 4.35, 0.93 and 0.16 mg kg-1 respectively. Fertilizer recommendation for different crops has been suggested on the basis of soil test values and suitability. Thematic maps were prepared for each soil parameter using ArcGIS package. The soil fertility maps provide the readymade source of information about soil fertility status and serve as the decision making tool for successful raising of field crops and development of orchards.

Mixed farming system is a combination of crop production and livestock. The present study was conducted in Anand taluka of Anand district of Central Gujarat to analyze constraints perceived and suggestions offered in the adoption of mixed farming. From the selected Anand taluka, a random sample of 50 mixed farming adopter farmers was selected. The study revealed that major input-supply related constraints faced by the farmers in the adoption of mixed farming were insufficient supply of high quality inputs based on farmers demand in mixed farming, shortage of laborers that can do both crop production and animal husbandry related activities. The major technological constraints were lack of knowledge on disease prevention practices in animals, lack of knowledge about livestock/crop insurance. The administrative constraints were lack of timely technical advice on livestock and crop management practices from VLWs, delay in approval of loan and subsidy. The market related constraints were absence of support price in case of glut in the market, fluctuations in market price of products. The personal and socio-psychological constraints were lack of knowledge about optimization of crop rotation practices in mixed farming. The suggestions offered by farmers were to promote supply of quality concentrate feeds for livestock for mixed farming, timely availability of loan/subsidy, to develop model for location, farm size and herd size specific mixed farming for small, medium and big farmers.

Conflict between livestock owners and wildlife are reported to be increasing over the time that leads to negative consequences on local communities in the vicinity of protected areas. The shift in conservation resulted in restriction of access to natural resources, interference in traditional culture and increased crops damage and livestock depredation vis-a-vis displacement of inhabitant. Understanding the factors influencing perception is essential for designing strategies to mitigate livestock owners–wildlife conflict. In this perspective, a Likert’s type scale was constructed to measure the livestock owners’ perception towards wildlife conflict. A list of 42 positive and negative (60:40) statements representing the perception of livestock owners was prepared and on the basis of fourteen criteria suggested, fourteen statements were deleted and remaining twenty eight statement sent to the 50 judges who are the experts in the field of livestock owners-wildlife conflict for rating on five point continuums. For finalization of scale value aggregate statement score were calculated based on individual judge’s score for each statement. The highest twenty five percent of aggregate statement value with highest score and lowest twenty-five percent of aggregate statement value with lowest score were considered for the scale. On the basis of calculated ‘t’ values, 12 statements (8 positive and 4 negative) were retained in the final scale and finally reliability and validity of the scale also checked which are important characteristics indicate the consistency of the results.

Rooting percentage (86.83), survival percentage (91.69), number of primary roots (14.12), length of primary roots (5.43 cm), numbers of secondary roots (40.68) of litchi air layering were found to be maximum under the treatment IBA 5000 ppm + sphagnum moss (T2) and were showed significantly superior over all the treatments [NAA 5000 ppm + sphagnum moss (T1), sphagnum moss (T3) and River bed soil as farmers practice (T4)]. However, days to come leaf after detachment found to be early in T2 (18.50) followed by T1 (21.10), T3 (22.28) and T4 (27.60). All the treatments were significantly superior over farmers practice (T4) in terms of rooting and survival percentage, number of primary and secondary roots, length of primary roots as well as days to come leaf after detachment. Higher economic efficiency (0.045) and sphagnum efficiency index (0.82.37) were found with the treatment IBA 5000 ppm + sphagnum moss (T2) Similar results were found in case of net monetary returns (915.10 Rs/50 layering), B:C ratio (1.98), and net profit per layering(Rs 19.96) .These were significantly superior than rest of the treatments. Thus sphagnum moss along with 5000 ppm IBA should be practiced as rooting media for enhancing survivability and profitability of air layering in litchi (var. Shahi) under agro climatic zone II of Bihar.

Hydrological modelling is a mostly used appliance to estimate the basin’s hydrological response to precipitation. HEC-HMS model is used to simulate rainfall-runoff modelling for catchment of Wan reservoir, Akola, Maharashtra. To compute runoff, Peak runoff rate, base flow and flow routing methods SCS curve number, Clark unit hydrograph, Recession and Muskingum-Cunge routing methods were chosen, respectively. Rainfall runoff simulation is conducted using 33 rainfall event data. Out of these, 12 events were selected for model calibration, 09 for model validation and remaining 12 for prediction. To judge the performance of model, statistical tests of error functions like Root mean square error (RMSE), Nash Sutcliffe coefficient ( ) and coefficient of residual mass (CRM) were selected. Curve number (CN), Initial abstraction (Ia), Time of concentration (Tc), Initial base flow (Qo), Recession constant (Rc), and Threshold flow (Qt) were the model parameters which were fixed as 61.47, 32.20, 10.50, 5.07, 6.38, 1.0 and 0.25, respectively, for catchment of Wan reservoir. The model performed well in terms of RMSE, , CRM (1.40 mm day-1, 0.89 and - 0.11). Considering the performance of model in simulating the runoff, it is suggested that the calibrated HEC-HMS model could be used to predict runoff for the rainfall events over catchment of Wan reservoir.

The experiment was conducted to test the 30 mungbean genotypes along with one check (Samrat) to study their genetic variability, correlation and path analysis. The experiment was conducted at Field Experimentation Center, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology and Science, Allahabad during kharif, 2015 in Randomize Block Design with 3 replications. Significant differences were found among 30 genotypes for 12 quantitative characters in analysis of variance. Maximum genotypic coefficient and phenotypic coefficient of variation was recorded for seed yield per plant, primary branches per plant and seed index. Maximum heritability was recorded for biological yield, while maximum genetic advance (as percent of mean) was recorded for seed yield. Among all the characters studied, pod length, Pods/plant, seeds per pod, showed positive significant correlation and positive significant direct effect on seed yield per plant, suggesting due priority should be given to, pod length, Pods/plant, seeds per pod, for yield improvement.

Field experiment was conducted at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Anand Agricultural University, Dahod during kharif 2011 and 2012 to study the “Effect of organic manures, fertilizers and bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of soybean (Glycine max)”. The experimental field had an even topography with a gentle slope having good drainage and sandy loam in texture. Sixteen treatment combinations in kharif soybean comprised of four treatments of organic manures and four treatments of fertilizers/bio-fertilizers were tested in a Factorial Randomize Block Design (FRBD) with four replications. The various growth and yield attributing characters of soybean were significantly higher under the treatment of FYM @ 10.0 t ha-1 and the lowest under control (RD) i.e. no organic manure treatment. No significant response of organic manure, fertilizers and bio-fertilizers treatments was observed on plant population at 20 DAS and at harvest during both the years of study and also in pooled results. The highest seed yield (2283, 2338 and 2311 kg ha-1 during the years 2011, 2012 and pooled data, respectively) and highest stover yield (3479, 3866 and 3673 kg ha-1 during 2011, 2012 and in pooled, respectively) of soybean was recorded with treatment M3 (10.0 t FYM) over rest of the treatments. Similarly, the highest seed yield (2224 kg ha-1) and stover yield (3637 kg ha-1) were recorded under the treatment B3 (20 kg S ha-1 + 10 kg Zn ha-1 + Bio- fertilizer) than other treatments.

Forty five hybrids which were developed through half diallel mating design (ten inbred lines) were evaluated along with their parents to study heterosis for seed yield and its related traits in castor. The analysis of variance revealed that the mean square values due to genotypes, parents and crosses were significant, which suggested differences among themselves for all the characters under study. Among parental genotypes, inbreds namely ANDCI 8, ANDCI 10-04, ANDCI 10-1, ANDCI 9 and JI 360 yielded superior heterotic crosses for seed yield and its component characters. The cross combinations viz., ANDCI 8 x ANDCI 10-04,ANDCI 8 x ANDCI 10-3 and ANDCI 8 x ANDCI 10-12exhibited significant and positive heteros is over the standard check for seed yield per plant. Among the crosses, cross combinations, JI 360 x ANDCI 10-1 and ANDCI 8 x ANDCI 10-04 also exhibited significant and desirable heterotic effects (RH and HB) for number of effective branches per plant and number of secondary spikes per plant. The heterosis for seed yield per plant appeared because of high manifestation of heterosis for component traits, viz., primary raceme length, effective raceme length, number of capsules per primary raceme, kernel, length and volume weight. In consideration to dominance effect, all the characters except number of nodes up to primary raceme and kernel width revealed that increasing alleles had dominant effects; thereby more number of parents contributed dominant genes causing increasing effect. For days to 50% flowering as well as maturity of primary raceme exhibited that genes responsible for lateness were dominant; while, the characters plant height up to primary raceme and oil content suggested that both increasing and decreasing genes showed dominance effect and different parents contributed accordingly. Hence, selection of crosses on the basis of per se performance with observed heterosis for important seed yield contributing traits would be more desirable to exploit heterosis on commercial scale in castor.

Thirty varieties of pigeon pea were evaluated and a wide range of variation was found for almost all the traits under study. The phenotypic and genotypic variances, correlation and path coefficient, heritability and genetic advances were estimated for grain yield and yield traits in 30 pigeon pea genotypes. The highest GCV was recorded for number of secondary branches/plant followed by pods/plant. Heritability in broad sense ranged from 60.31 (seeds/pod) to 96.28 (days to 50% flowering). High genetic advance were observed for number of primary branches/plant indicating the prevalence of additive gene action for inheritance of these traits. Correlation and Path coefficient analysis (genotypic and phenotypic) revealed that pods/plant, 100 -seed weight, days to 50% flowering, primary branches and secondary branches had maximum direct effect resulted significantly positive correlation with grain yield/plant. These traits can be used to improve the grain yield of pigeon pea.

The study was carried out to know the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with occurrence of brucellosis in goats. Total 515 serum samples were randomly collected from goats having above 6 months of age during March, 2013 to March, 2014 and screened by Rose Bengal Plate Test, Standard Tube Agglutination Test and Indirect – Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Out of total 515 sera samples, 42 (8.15%) were positive by RBPT, 41 (7.96%) by STAT and 31 (6.02%) by I- ELISA. Seroprevalence significantly (P ˂ 0.05) higher found in sirohi followed by marwadi, surati, zalawadi and mehasani breed by RBPT and STAT but insignificant (P ˃ 0.05) by I-ELISA. Seroprevalence insignificantly (P ˃ 0.05) higher in female than male by all three test. Seroprevalence significantly (P ˂ 0.05) higher found in adult age group than young age group; mixed flock than single flock; unorganized rearing practice (Migratory and Panjarapol) than organized; with abortion history than without abortion history and with carpal hygroma than without carpal hygroma by all three serological test. Seroprevalence significantly (P ˂ 0.05) higher found with orchitis than without orchitis by RBPT and STAT but insignificant (P ˃ 0.05) by I-ELISA.

A Field experiment was conducted to access the effect of different combinations of bio-fertilizer along with inorganic fertilizers and organic manures on growth, yield and quality of onion during kharif season. The experiments consisted of fifteen treatments of bio-fertilizers and organic manures with or without chemical fertilizers. The results revealed that the number of leaves per plant, plant height and leaf area was maximum with the application of Azotobacter along with recommended dose of fertilizers. Minimum neck thickness was recorded in treatment where Azospirillium was applied along with recommended dose of fertilizers. Likewise, the Azospirilum produced the maximum bulb weight 138.3g and total yield 299.6 q/ha when it was applied with recommended dose of fertilizer. But bulb diameter were maximum of Azotobacter along with recommended dose of fertilizers (T1) followed by Azospirillium along with recommended dose of fertilizers. Maximum TSS (13.90 brix) and ascorbic acid (14.1 mg/100g fresh weight) was found also Azospirilum with recommended dose of fertilizer. It is concluded that Azotobacter along with 100% NPK improves vegetative growth, while Azospirillium along with 100% NPK improves yield and yield attributes of onion as far as the sustainability and environmental consideration are concerned.

The field experiment was conducted on the farm of Krishi Vighyan Kendra, near the College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology Jalgoan (Ja) for “Measurement of Infiltration on Different Land Covers”. The measure of infiltration of water into the soil is an important indication concerning: the efficiency of irrigation and drainage optimizing the availability of the water for plant improving the yield of the crop and minimizing the erosion. Infiltration is an important parameter in irrigation planning. Study was undertaken to measure the infiltration on different land covers. Infiltration was measured by double ring infiltrometer and developed the infiltration equations, also determined the different properties of soil on cultivated land cover and bared land covers. It was found that for cultivated land cover, the average infiltration rate was 6.06 cm/hr and 4.34 cm/hr for bared land cover. The average moisture content, bulk density and field capacity was found to be 16.49%, 1.71 gm/cc and 26.23% respectively for cultivated land cover. Also the average moisture content, bulk density and field capacity was found to be 11.7%, 1.59 gm/cc and 29.55% respectively for bared land cover.

In the present investigation, it was revealed that treatment with paclobutrazol (PBZ) @ 2.5, 5.0, 10 and 20 µg mL–1 resulted in shoot length and shoot dry weight to decrease significantly under normal condition, but increased significantly in salinity (4 dS m-1 and 8 dS m-1) with respect to control. Treatment with PBZ resulted in a significant increase in root length and root dry weight as compared to control under both normal (PBZ) and saline conditions. Total chlorophyll was recorded to increase significantly at vegetative and flowering stages as compared to control. Hydrogen peroxide decreased significantly at vegetative and flowering stages. Treatment with PBZ resulted in a significant increase in protein and total sugar content at vegetative stage. Proline content decreased significantly at vegetative and flowering stages as compared to control under both normal (PBZ) and saline conditions. Peroxidase, catalase and nitrate reductase activity increased significantly at vegetative and flowering stages as compared to control under both normal (PBZ) and saline conditions.

Tribal seems to be most exploited, neglected and highly vulnerable to diseases with high degree of malnutrition, morbidity and mortality. Nutrition and health are the most important contributory factors for human resource development in the India. In 2006, the Ministry of Government of India named Sabarkantha is one of the 250 most backward districts. Hence, a need was felt to assess nutritional status of tribal school going children by anthropometric measurements. Total 120 children were randomly selected from two tribal taluka of Sabarkantha district. Various anthropometric measurements were taken and were compared with ICMR and WHO standards. It was observed that children were coming from lower socio-economic condition. Mean height and weight of the children were significantly lower as compared to ICMR standards. As per water low's classification, more than half of the children were suffering from varying degree of malnutrition especially marginal and moderate malnutrition. Very low weight for height was found in the children, which indicated high level of thinness (wasting) amongst the children.

The majority of farmers reported moderate level of adoption, out of total, 38 (50.67 per cent) insured loanee farmers of Vallabhnagar and 42 (56.00 per cent) insured loanee farmers of Salumber were fell under this category. Likewise, 29 (38.66 per cent) insured loanee farmers of Vallabhnagar and 14 (18.67 per cent) of Salumber possessed low level of adoption. Similarly, 19 (25.33 per cent) insured loanee farmers of Salumber fell under the category of high level of adoption than those of Vallabhnagar only 8 (10.67 per cent).

Field experiment was taken up at Krishi Vigyan Kendra- Senapati, Manipur, India for conversion of bio-degradable waste materials of KVK-Senapati farm into usable organic compost through vermicomposting during the years 2012-13, 2013-14 and 2014-2015 respectively by using earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia foetida. Vermipit of size (10x3x 2) ft of 10 numbers were constructed with concrete cement and silpauline sheet at the KVK-Senapati farm. About 12 tons of vermicompost and 450 litres of vermi wash were obtained from 50 tons of waste materials during the year 2012-13, 13 tons of vermicompost and 500 litres of vermiwash were obtained from 55 tons of waste material during the year 2013-14 and 14.50 tons of vermicompost and 600 litres of vermiwash were obtained from 60 tons of waste materials during the year 2014-15. A sum of Rs 188,250 (One lakh eighty eight thousand two hundred and fifty), 208,500 (Two lakh eight thousand and five hundred) and 239,000 (Two lakh thirty nine thousand) only were generated from 50, 55 and 60 tons of waste materials respectively. Thus the technology provides good self-employment opportunity and sound economy of the tribal farming community.

The present study was carried out on Aromatic short grain rice genotypes tested under Advance Varietal Trial-Two (AVT-2) consisting of total 11 entries along with three checks. The trial was conducted at Thakur Chhedilal Barrister College of Agriculture and Research Station, Sarkanda (IGKV Raipur), Bilaspur, and Chhattisgarh during kharif 2013. Thirty days old seedlings were transplanted by maintaining 20 cm plant-to-plant and row-to-row spacing. Analysis of variance reflected significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits studied. Association analysis suggested that days to 50% flowering and days to maturity exhibited highly significant negative genetic association with number of productive tillers per plant, 1000 grain weight and grain yield per plant. Plant height and panicle length exhibited highly significant positive genetic association with tillers per plant and 1000 grain weight but grain yield shown negative association with plant height. Plant height exhibited highly significant positive genetic association for panicle length and flag leaf length. Flag leaf length correlates negatively with tillers per plant suggest that few tillers increases flag leaf length. Tillers per plant and 1000 grain weight height exhibited highly significant positive genetic association for grain yield. Path analysis had portioned the direct and indirect effects and concludes that flag leaf length has high direct effect followed by days to maturity, tillers per plant and panicle length. Association and path analysis suggested that productive tillers per hill, days to maturity, panicle length and 1000 grain weight may be considered important for the improvement of grain yield in the aromatic rice.

Extrusion Cooking Technology is used to produce snacks from various raw materials, including by-products. In this study extruded snacks were prepared through Okara, a by-product of soya milk, blending with broken rice, a by-product of rice milling industry, using a single-screw extruder to assess their suitability as snack food. Response surfaces generated by CCRD were used to evaluate the significance and effects of extrusion process variables on various physical properties of extruded product. The combined effect of moisture content (14-22%), feed blend ratio of broken rice: okara (70:30-90:10), barrel temperature (120-1600C), and screw speed (50-90 rpm) of extruder on physical parameters of extrudate (bulk density, specific length and sectional expansion index) were studied. The product properties were found to be dependent on feed moisture, blend ratio and barrel temperature. The presence of okara content in blend ratio contributed to decrease the sectional expansion index, specific length and to increase in bulk density.

The global organic food market is growing rapidly, with the growth rate of about 19% in 2007. Organic farming is being developed rapidly and is now practiced in more than 140 countries of the world. Globally 32.4 million ha of the agricultural land, are currently managed organically. Demand for organic food is concentrated in North America and Europe, these two regions contributed around 96% of global revenues in 2007. There are 481 certification bodies across the world (16 in India). Organic farmers thought that problems in post harvest management (57% responses) are the major problem in marketing; 38% responses were related to purchasing by sponsor and 5% responses were related to transportation.

A laboratory experiment was conducted in factorial completely randomized design with four repetition in the laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh from 8th June to 21st February, 2015-16 to study the effect of different, seed pelleting on seed quality in chilli [ Capsicum annum L.] during four storage periods (2, 4, 6, 8 month of storage). With regards to different seed pelleting treatments, (Thiram (3 g/kg) + Imidacloprid (600 g/lit) helped to maintain higher germination, speed of germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight, strong, seed vigour index (length) and seed vigour index (mass) at the end of eight month of storage period.

The present study was conducted at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Regional Research Station, Bawal, Haryana (India) during the Kharif season of 2013-14. The average duration of eggs stage lasts for 2.32± 0.20 days. The larvae passed through five instars stages and mean duration of five instars stages were 1.5 ± 0.19, 1.7 ± 0.15, 2.1 ± 0.20, 2.3 ± 0.17 and 4.3 ± 0.21 days, respectively. Average larval and pupal period lasts 11.9 ± 0.54 and 8.95 ± 0.43 days. The average moth emergence was 95 per cent with the preponderance of males and their ratio was 1:0.85 (male: female). The pre-oviposition, oviposition, and post-oviposition periods ranged from 1-3, 4-7 and 3-6 days, respectively. The female lived slightly longer (11.2 days) than as compared to males (9.3 days). On an average, a female laid 351.2 ± 26.84 eggs during its life span.

Grain yield and plant nutrient accumulation in above ground part were estimated at physiological maturity stage of rice genotypes to study the influence of sowing time and systems of cultivation in coastal alluvial soil of Odisha, India during kharif 2009 and 2010. The field experiments were conducted in split split-plot design with three dates of sowing i.e. 20 June, 5 and 20 July in the main plots, three systems of cultivation i.e. Best Management Practice (BMP), System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Modified SRI (MSRI) in sub-plots and two genotypes of rice i.e. hybrid Ajay and cv. Tapaswini in the sub-plots, giving rise to 18 treatment combinations that were replicated thrice. 20 June sowing of rice produced significantly the highest grain and straw yields followed by 5 and 20 July sowings. Early sown rice due to its superior yield ability could uptake the highest quantity of primary plant nutrients in spite of their marginal content in grain and straw. Sowing rice by 20 June could enhance the uptake of N, P and K by 20.7%, 29.43% and 27.17% over 20 July sown rice. Internal nitrogen (INE) and phosphorous use efficiency (IPE) were higher in rice sown by 20 July than in 20 June. However, internal potassium use efficiency (IKE) did not differ statistically either due to difference in sowing time or systems of cultivation. The HYV Tapaswini had significantly higher INE, IPE and IKE than hybrid Ajay due to accumulation of relatively more nutrients in grains compared to the straw. The water requirement (WR) by 20 June sown rice was 5.13% and 15.33% higher than in 5 and 20 July sown crop. BMP compared to the other two systems and Ajay compared to Tapaswini had significantly higher WR. Water productivity index (WPI) was significantly the highest in MSRI followed by SRI and BMP. Dates of sowing had no such effect on WPI of rice.

The inheritance investigation uncovered that blast resistance in R 1013-2307-1-1, R 1124-91-2-73, R 1518-762-3-564-1, R 1558-2423-3-1445-1 and R 1559-2425-2-1449-1 was controlled by a single dominant gene, while two independent dominant genes governed resistance in R 1519-781-5-598-1 and R 1540-1888-1278-1. The allelic studies revealed that genes for resistance present in R 1013-2307-1-1, R 1518-762-3-564-1 and R 1558-2423-3-1445-1 was allelic to Pi-z5 (IRBL 10 and 5173). Among the blast differential genes (monogenic lines) tested, only ‘Pi-z5’ gene consistently imparted complete resistance against the blast population in the Northern Hilly Region of Chhattisgarh, Pi-z, Pi-9 and Pi-kh provided variable level of resistance. On the other hand four genes Pi-z5, Pi-z, Pi-9 and Pi-kh functional in Bastar Plateau (Jagdalpur). The severity of blast disease was considerably higher at Ambikapur station than at Jagdalpur so only one center (Ambikapur) could be reliably used to conduct screening trials. The race of the fungus at these two sites seems to be different. Eight strains viz., R 1518-762-3-564-1, R 1519-781-5-598-1, R 1540-1888-1278-1, R 1558-2423-3-1445-1, B 6441-FMR-6-0-0, F 7-10, IR42221-145-2-3-2 and 5173 showed consistently stable resistant reaction over the years. The gene present in B 6441-FMR-6-0-0 {Pi 48(t)} is a new blast resistance gene. Its relative position in rice chromosome is not known but the primers used for molecular study were found monomorphic.

Madhya Pradesh being the leading soybean producing state of India and is also called the Soybean bowl in India. The aim of this paper is to assess the extent and integration among soybean markets i.e. Astha, Dewas, Indore, Mandsaur and Shajapur and to study price movement of soybean in Madhya Pradesh. The results of the Co-integration analysis showed that the prices of soybean were non-stationary and observed higher in the months from May to August in all the selected markets. Most of the selected markets showed bidirectional influence on soybean prices of each other and function as a satellite market and assimilate information. It is high time that all the agencies concerned with the sector to formulate strategies to bring back the prestigious position Madhya Pradesh had in India’s Soybean economy.

A field experiment was conducted on Department of Food Science and Nutrition, ASPEE College of Home Science and Nutrition, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar to study the, effect of different blanching treatments on micronutrient retention in green leafy vegetables. Blanching is a prerequisite for preservation of green leafy vegetables. However, it may cause partial destruction of some nutrients like ascorbic acid, which is highly oxidizable with time in the post-harvest period on atmospheric exposure. The objective of the present study was to identify a suitable blanching treatment and conditions (temperature, time and media) for commonly consumed green leafy vegetables that ensures enzyme inactivation and maximum ascorbic acid retention. Twelve treatment combinations consisting of four commonly consumed leafy vegetables, viz. spinach leaves (Spinacia oleracea), Fenugreek Leaves (Trigonella), Drumstick Leaves (Moringa oleifera) and Amaranth Leaves (Amaranthus gangeticus Linn.)were blanched for 1, 2, and 4min at 80 ÌŠC and 90 ÌŠC in water and chemical media, steamed for 5 and 10 min with and without chemical treatment and microwaved for 1 and 1.5 min, unblanched greens served as control. Retention of ascorbic acid was reduced as the blanching time and temperature increased in all greens. It was comparatively higher in chemically treated samples both in conventional and steam blanched samples. Steam blanched samples (5 min) had a higher level of ascorbic acid than conventional blanched samples irrespective of blanching media. Ascorbic acid content of microwave-blanched samples was better in some greens compared to conventionally blanched greens. Blanching at 80 ËšC for 1 min, steaming for 5 min and microwaving for 1 min was sufficient to inactivate peroxidase in all except two green leafy vegetables irrespective of the blanching media. From the nutrition point of view, chemical blanching proved to be advantageous both in steam and conventional blanching for short period and it also ensured enzyme inactivation.

A study was undertaken to investigate the effect of supplementing different doses of yeast cultures (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on milk production, milk composition and feed conversion efficiency. The experiment was conducted by using Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three treatments T0 -Without Saccharomyces cerevisae, T1 - (Saccharomyces cerevisae) @ 0g / day. T2 -Saccharomyces cerevisae @ 20g / day. The dietary supplementation of yeast cultures significantly (P<0.05) increased DMI when presented in kg/100 kg body weight and kg/whole milk. The average roughage intake was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 group as compared to T0 group. The average milk yield and fat yield were significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 groups, as compared to T0 and T1 group. However, average fat per cent in milk did not differ significantly from each other. The feed conversion efficiency for dry matter (kg/kg whole milk) was 1.076±0.140, 1.118±0.153 and 1.172±0.175 in T0, T1 and T2 groups, respectively, which significantly (P<0.05) differed from each other. The average daily DCP intake and TDN intake in T0, T1 and T2 groups were similar. The daily feed cost was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 groups, as compared to T0 and T1 group. When the economics of milk production on supplementing yeast culture was calculated, it was observed that supplementing yeast cultures to crossbred cows resulted in increase in net daily income of Rs. 14.26 per cow, in T2 groups, as compared to control group (T0).

A field experiment was conducted to study the “Effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on growth, yield and quality of acid lime cv. Kagzi” during the year 2012-13 at Horticultural Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with nine treatments. The growth parameters of acid lime viz., tree height, East-West canopy spread (m), North- South canopy spread (m), days to fruit set and days to fruit maturity gave non-significant responses. Whereas, yield attributing characters like fruit volume (53.87 cc), fruit weight (53.20 g), fruit diameter (4.52 cm) and fruit yield per tree (46.92 kg) as well as quality attributing characters like total soluble solids (8.85 °Brix.) and ascorbic acid content (29.63 mg/100g juice) and minimum acidity (7.32 %) were recorded significantly highest value with the application of 75% RDF + Vermicompost 9 kg/tree + AAU PGPR Consortium 3.5 ml/tree in treatment T7.

Welfare and health of dairy animals is very important for long-term productivity and longevity. Milk and milk products demands from dairy sector are increasing dramatically. To intensify the productivity, animal production systems are becoming highly mechanized. Housing system and resting surface have influence on milk yield and reproductive performance as much as feeding and keeping methods in dairy herd. Different types of bedding materials are used by livestock owners according to their availability, waste management, ease to use and cost. Good quality bedding materials contributes to better health and cow comfort. In recent years, many efforts have been undertaken to improve health and performance of dairy animals by modifying the housing environment. This review will be helpful for selecting bedding materials for better health and performance.

Assessment of integrated pest management (IPM) modules against yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Walker) in paddy cv. Rajendra Bhagawati was carried out at ten farmer’s field in Manjhi block, Saran district, Bihar in Kharif 2014 and 2015. Two IPM modules (M1 and M2) were conducted and compared with farmer practice. Components of module-1 were summer ploughing, timely transplanting, recommended dose of fertilizer (100N:60P:40K), spacing (20 cm x 10 cm), use of pheromone traps @ 20 traps/ha and module-2 summer ploughing, timely transplanting, recommended dose of fertilizer (100N:60P:40K) and spacing (20 cm x 10 cm), pheromone traps @ 20 traps /ha and single dose of cartap hydrochloride 4G (750g a.i./ha ) at economic threshold level showed their superiority over farmer practices. The Mean IPM modules-1 and 2 resulted increased grain yield 34.05 q/ha and 36.37 q/ha respectively over farmers practices i.e. 23.48 q/ha. The result also proved that benefit cost ratio of tested M1 and M2 over farmer’s practice i.e., 1.04, 1.06 and 0.98, respectively.

The field experiment was carried out as a on farm trial among 30 farmers with 1 ha areas of brinjal in the year 2015-16. Farmers are not getting good fruit yield of brinjal. The productivity of brinjal crop continues to be quite low due to infestation of disease & insect pest & not proper selection of cultivar of brinjal. The fruit yield of brinjal crop can be increased by the demonstrating the suitable cultivars at the farmers field under the supervision of scientists working in the operational area of KVK. It is observed after trial that farmers were planting brinjal crop as per the recommended practices with suitable cultivar recorded the higher fruit yield as comparison to the farmers practices. The results of the front line demonstration brings out that technology demonstrated is feasible and economic for the farmers and viable over the farmer’s practices. Percentage increase in the average fruit yield is quite high in the low input cost, so the demonstrated technology i.e. cultivar Pant Rituraj is suitable for the vegetable growers of the Banka district of Bihar.

Vegetables play an important role in the soil fertility buildup, human nutrition and economy of the marginal and sub-marginal farmers due to less investment, shorter duration of crops and low inputs requirement. In most of the areas of the state cabbage farmers, face severe insect infestation due to its slow growth in the initial stage and lack of insect control measures. A field experiment was carried out during 2012-13 and 2013-14 at Breeders Seed Production farm (BSP), JNKVV, Jabalpur and two spray of insecticide were applied on 30 days after transplanting on 10 days interval. Ten plants were selected randomly per treatment per replication and number of Diamond back moth (DBM) larvae head-1 was counted before sprays as well as on third, fifth, seventh and tenth day after each spraying. Based on two years of study it was clear that Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG @ all doses gave good control of DBM in Cabbage along with significant increase in yield. It also did not produce any phyto-toxic symptoms on cabbage. Therefore, results revealed that the Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG @ 10 g a.i. ha-1 (200 g formulation ha-1) can be recommended for sufficient protection against DBM along with increase in head yield without any adverse effect on the crop.

A perceptible change in the quantity consumption and expenditure pattern on tea and coffee was evident across income groups and location of households in India. Low-income households consumed less quantity of these beverages as compared to middle and high-income households. Relatively, the proportion of expenditure on tea and coffee of low-income households was lower than the middle and high-income households in 2004-05, which decreased in all income groups in 2011-12. Similarly, rural households consumed lower levels of coffee and tea than the urban households, which decreased considerably over a period of time. Whereas, compared to tea, per capita consumption expenditure on coffee is very low and has shown a sharp decline across income groups over a period of time. The Heckman Sample Selection Model indicated house hold characters such as per capita income, education and urbanization as the major factors affecting both the preference for and expenditure on tea and coffee in India. These results are useful for developing the policy design and marketing strategies for the promotion of these two beverages in India.

The present study was conducted in Madhubani district of Bihar. To find out the performance of farmers in term of efficiency, effectiveness and reach of selected farmers using mobile in farming. Madhubani districts were selected purposively from the Bihar due to the following reason, the district has very rich & fertile land, they have been boon for the farmers. Total of 100 farmers were randomly selected from Block Lakhnaur in Madhubani district of Bihar. Lakhnaur block consists of 44 villages, out of which 2 villages were selected randomly for this study. Data was collected by interviewing the respondents through a structured interview schedule. Result shows that majority of respondents had contact local farmers for advice on how to deal affected crops, contact someone far away without incurring transportation cost and gain information much more quickly.