The field experiment was conducted to evaluate different genotypes of mustard against mustard sawfly (Athelia proxima) and Leaf webber (Crocidolomia binotalis) during Rabi season of 2015-2016 at College of Agriculture, Nagpur (Dr. PDKV, Akola). The Trail was laid out in randomized block design with fifteen treatments and three replications. The results were found to be statistically significant. The significantly lowest larval population of mustard sawfly was recorded in Geeta (2.32 per plant) and it was at par with Seeta, Laxmi, Varuna, Ashirvad and GM-2. Whereas maximum population of mustard sawfly was recorded on the genotype ACN-9 (11.32 per plant) which was at par with Sej-2, Pusa bold, Urvashi, Bio-902, Pusabahar, Kranti and Rohini, respectively. The mean larval population of leaf webber (at 30, 60 and 90 DAS) in all genotypes of mustard was observed in the range of 2.73 to 11.60 per plant. However, the minimum population of leaf webber larvae was recorded in ACN-9 (2.73 per plant) and found statistically at par with GM-2, Seeta, Kranti, Bio 902, Ashirvad, Rohini and Vardan, Whereas, maximum leaf webber larvae were recorded on the genotype Varuna (11.60 per plant) which was at par with Pusa bold, Laxmi, Geeta, Sej-2 and Urvashi

Organic farming provided higher net return as compared to inorganic farming. Gross return was 325163.00 and 245053.00 ?/ha, respectively in organic and inorganic turmeric in middle Gujarat. The cost C2 was 165178.67 and 168608.69 ?/ha, respectively in organic and inorganic turmeric cultivation. Overall, it was observed that that BCR was significantly higher in organic which were 1:97 as compared to inorganic 1:1.45. So, it indicated that organic farming was more profitable than inorganic farming

Understanding agricultural commodity price relationships is important as it helps producers to improve their awareness regarding production costs and ultimately aids in income determination. The present study empirically examines the dynamic interrelationships among the chilli wholesale prices in the Byadgi, Khammam, and Guntur markets. Johansen cointegration tests revealed that, no cointegrating relationships among the selected markets. All the markets studied exhibited unidirectional causality. The vector autoregression (VAR) model indicated that the chilli market prices are majorly influenced by their own past prices. The magnitude of the response shock on the selected market prices was captured by impulse response function analysis

The present experiment on F2 population of MCU 5 x KC 3, CO 14 x KC 3, CO 14 x KC 2 and TCH 1828 x KC 2 was investigated for the variability studies thereby identifying the phenotypic (PCV), genotypic variations (GCV), heritability (h2) and genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM) present in the population. These estimates provide the knowledge of genes that are additive or non-additive in nature. Predicting the nature of gene action would help in formulating the successful breeding programmes for the respective populations under study. For majority of the characteristics, PCV and GCV had a high level of agreement, indicating that the observed variance might be mostly genetic. High heritability along with high genetic advance as percent of mean might be viewed as positive qualities that indicate additive gene activity which was found in the trait seed cotton yield per plant in all the four crosses taken under study and as a result, simple selection method is effective for improvement of such trait. For seed cotton yield associated and fibre quality parameters, moderate to high GCV, PCV, heritability, and genetic advance percent of mean values were found, indicating that these qualities could be passed to the progeny when hybridization was undertaken and phenotypic based selection was effective

Stemphylium blight has become a very serious disease of onion causing considerable yield loss in onion production. In the absence of resistant cultivars, management of Stemphylium blight disease has relied principally on application of synthetic fungicides. The present study evaluated the effects of fungicides on Stemphylium blight disease of onion and investigated the efficacy on yield of onion. The field experiment was laid in a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications in subtropical climatic condition of West Bengal at Department of Plant Pathology, Regional Research Sub-Station (Red & Laterite Zone), Sekhampur, Birbhum, 731129 during Rabi, 2020-21 and Rabi, 2021-22. The highest disease control was in Boscalid 26.7%+Pyraclostrobin 13.3% WG @ 1.0 g/litre of water (64.30%) followed by Metiram 55% + Pyraclostrobin 5% WG @ 1.0 g/litre of water (58.62%) and Azoxystrobin 18.2% w/w + Difenoconazole 11.4% w/w SC @ 1.0 ml/litre of water (61.38 %) at 15 days after 2nd spray. Maximum increase of marketable onion bulbs yield (69.36%) was obtained by the spray of Boscalid 26.7%+Pyraclostrobin 13.3% WG @ 1.0 g/litre of water as compared to other treatments

The F2 population of the crosses MCU 5 × KC 3 and MCU 5 × NDLH 1755 were taken for the investigation of variability and heritability studies to understand the gene action contributing to each trait taken under study. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) in both the crosses were found to have environmental influence as it was greater than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits under study. The studies of heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean helps us to identify the trait is additive or epistatic in nature, therefore undergo suitable breeding programmes for the improvement of the population. Among all the characters taken under study, the seed cotton yield per plant alone was found to have additive gene action with high heritability and high genetic advance as percent of mean hence could be involved in direct selection as it is the major trait for improvement of the population of that trait in the cross MCU 5 × KC 3. The cross MCU 5 × NDLH 1755 the traits namely, number of sympodial branches per plant, number of bolls per plant and seed cotton yield per plant had high genetic advance as percent of mean and high heritability hence additive in nature hence could be taken for direct selection for the enhancement of the population. Other traits in both the crosses had non- additive or epistatic gene action with either high heritability with medium or low genetic advance as percent of mean which could be improved through heterosis breeding programmes. Since traits are contributed by complex gene action

The field experiments with ten cropping systems were evaluated at Pt. SKS College of Agriculture and Research Station, Surgi Rajnandgaon (Chhattisgarh) during consecutive kharif- rabi - zaid seasons of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 The cropping systems were evaluated for their productivity and assess their effect of different rice based cropping systems on the on land and employment generation efficiency in inceptisols (Matasi) under irrigated condition. The land was occupied for maximum duration of by rice - garlic - cowpea during both the years and on mean basis whereas the maximum labour engagement was recorded under rice - coriander (leaf) - sweet potato cropping system

All the stakeholders are now concern with the sustainable agricultural systems. But it has less production potential. The integration of livestock in the farming system would be main determinant for increasing the production capacity to meet up the huge demand of food and profitability of farming community by exploiting natural enterprises in a single unit.

The present investigation was conducted at Pulse & Castor Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari during kharif - 2020 with a view to study the heterosis and inbreeding depression in four crosses (each having P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 generations) of cow pea through a compact family block design with three replications. The analysis of variance between crosses revealed that the mean square due to crosses were significant for all the characters except for days to flowering in cross NCK-13-07 x NCK-15-09 and grain yield per plant in cross NCK-13-11 x GC-3. For grain yield and its attributes, positive and highly significant relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and inbreeding depression were found for all the crosses. Significant positive heterosis for grain yield per plant and its related traits followed by significant inbreeding depression indicated major role of non-additive gene actions in the inheritance of grain yield per plant and its attributes. For grain yield per plant only cross III (NCK-13-11 x NCK-15-09) exhibited positive and highly significant relative heterosis as well as heterobeltiosis, which also showed significant heterosis for days to flowering, plant height, pods per plant and pod length. So, these characters should be given due consideration while improving yield

Cucurbits suffer yield loss due to insect pest and diseases and the farmers incur more than 25 - 30% of the cultivation expenses towards the plant protection in Dharmapuri district. Front line demonstrations (FLD) were conducted in bitter gourd and ridge gourd to demonstrate the integrated pest management components viz., seed treatment, application of neem cake, installation of sticky and fruitfly traps, periodical removal of infested fruits and need application of insecticides. The percent incidence of fruitfly in demonstration was 8.90 in bitter gourd and 15.37 in ridge gourd whereas in farmers practice the percent incidence was 23.35and 32.12. The integrated management practices in bitter gourd recorded 26.4% yield increase during 2015 -16 and 17.17% yield increase in ridge gourd. The IPM module recorded benefit cost ratio of 3.40 in bitter gourd and 2.70 in ridge gourd and 2.09 and 2.2 in farmers practice. The lower yield, decreased returns and higher plant protection cost in farmers practice shows the non adoption of integrated pest management practices. The technology gap was 194q/ha for bitter gourd 106 q/ha in ridge gourd. The technology index for the present IPM demonstration for bitter gourd was 37.36 and for ridge gourd was 35.33. The lower technology index reveals the feasibility of demonstrated technology and sustained efforts required to disseminate among farmers

The field experiment was conducted to assess the performance of mid-late sugarcane clones for red rot resistance, cane yield, CCS yield, and their contributing traits. Observation on germination per cent, number of tillers (x1000/ha), number of shoots (x1000/ha), number of millable cane (x1000/ha), stalk length (cm), stalk diameter (cm), single cane weight (kg), cane yield (t/ha), brix per cent, sucrose (%), purity (%), extraction (%), fibre (%), CCS (%), and CCS yield (t/ha). From the results, it could be concluded that the mid-late maturing clone, CoC 15339, was found to be the best among the test clones for sucrose per cent and CCS yield with resistance to red rot disease. Another clone, CoC 15340, was the next-best entry, with higher cane yield, CCS yield, and sucrose percent compared to the better standards. As a result, clones CoC 15339 and CoC 15340 were identified as the best entries and could be forwarded for further yield evaluation trials before being released as a new sugarcane variety for India's East Coast Zone

The field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2021-2022 at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Chintapalle, Visakhaptnam, ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh to study the effect of different irrigation schedules and varieties on growth and yield of wheat under high altitude and tribal area zone conditions of Andhra Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with the three irrigation schedules i.e., irrigation at CRI, maximum tillering, jointing, flowering and milking stages (M1), irrigation at CRI, flowering and milking stages (M2) and irrigation at CRI and milking stages (M3) as main plots and four varieties i.e., DBW-252(V1), HI-1544 (V2), HI-8759 (V3) and HI-8713 (V4) as subplots. Number of days taken to 50% flowering was found significantly less (71.5 days) with five irrigations scheduled at CRI, maximum tillering, jointing, flowering and milking stages followed by three (82 days) and two (82.6 days) irrigation schedules and among the varieties there was no significant difference was observed. The highest Gross returns (91,072/-), Net returns (52,022/-) and B:C ratio (2.33) was found with five irrigations and among the varieties HI-8759 achieved highest Gross returns (86,494/-), Net returns (49,444/-) and B:C ratio (2.32). The challenges of the study is to find out the best variety among the tested for a suitable irrigation schedule and for the first time durum wheat varieties were tested in High Altitude and Tribal Area zone conditions of Andhra Pradesh

The study was undertaken in the North Bank Plains Zone and the Central Brahmaputra Valley Zone of Assam exclusively to identify the determinants influencing the information needs and information seeking behaviour of farmers in relation to organic vegetable farming. Although the state of Assam has immense potential to grow crops organically, organic farming is yet to taste success in the state. The study is attempted to explore the attributes that should be taken into consideration to fulfil farmers’ information needs and information seeking behaviour in relation to organic vegetable farming. For the study a multi-stage, purposive-cum- proportionate random sampling design was adopted in order to select 120 respondents. A set of 15 independent variables were selected for the study. The results of the study identified the educational level, area under organic vegetable production, economic motivation, management orientation, risk bearing ability and scientific orientation to be the major determinants that have significant and positive influence in the information needs and information seeking behaviour of farmers in relation to organic vegetable cultivation and age, social participation, experience as organic vegetable grower and exposure to training on organic vegetable production to have significant and negative relationship with the information needs and information seeking behaviour of farmers in relation to organic vegetable cultivation. Taking these determinants into account the policy makers can formulate a strategy to increase the extent of practice of organic vegetable farming by dissemination of relevant information to the farmers on various aspects of organic vegetable cultivation

The present investigation entitled was conducted in Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar during 2021-2022. Mandarin fruits cv. W. Murcott were harvested and treated with T1 (Rice bran oil), T2 (Sesame oil), T3 (Mustard oil), T4 (Citrashine wax), T5 (Sta fresh), T6 (Coconut oil), T7 (Butter paper wrapping), T8 (CaCl2 1%), T9 (CaCl2 2%) and T10 (Control). All the treated and control fruits packed in corrugated fiber board (CFB) boxes for 50 days under ambient storage conditions. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) replicated thrice. The fruits from each treatment were analyzed for physico-biochemical characteristics at an interval of ten days. Physiological loss in weight, spoilage loss of fruits increased with storage intervals whereas titratable acidity and juice content showed declining trend with the advancement of storage period. Other parameters like TSS, total sugars showed an increasing trend at earlier stages of storage and later on start declining. Citrashine wax (T4) coated fruits showed a significant reduction in weight loss, spoilage loss while maintained TSS, titratable acidity and sugars as compared to other treatments as well as untreated fruits. Sta fresh (T5) stood runners up by following the T4 treatment in maintaining all characters. The fruits treated with citrashine wax maintain their shelf life from 30-40 days. Hence, citrashine wax coated fruits proved to be effective in prolonging the shelf life and maintaining the quality of W. Murcott mandarin fruits

RNA- sequence is a revolutionized next generation sequencing technology. This analysis does not demand gene probes rather provide an accurate measure of gene expression as compared to other commonly available techniques. The transcription and gene profile data can be store in database and could be accessed by researcher. Transcriptome is the collective information of all the gene readouts present in a cell including coding and non-coding RNA transcript. Genes that are differentially expressed during different developmental stages can be identified by aspect of transcriptomics. The fact that RNA sequencing does not entails gene probes rather provides precise measures of gene expression over a much wider range, which has demonstrated its credibility over other common technique. Thus, RNA sequencing gives very crucial genetic information along with alternative splicing and isoforms of genes

The research trial was conducted at the laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar during 2021-2022. The entire experiment was carried out with twelve treatments T1 (LDPE- 100 guage), T2 (LDPE-200 guage), T3 (HDPE -10µm), T4 (HDPE-20 µm), T5 (butter paper wrapping), T6 (shredding paper), T7 (newspaper wrapping), T8 (citrashine wax), T9 (box wrapping with LDPE-100 guage), T10 (coconut oil), T11 (mustard oil) and T12 (control) had Completely Randomized Design (CRD) replicated thrice. After applying various treatments, the fruits were stored under ambient conditions (23 ± 2 °C; 80% RH). The fruits were analyzed periodically for various quality attributes. Results of the study revealed that the citrashine wax (T8) coated fruits had an immense effect on the reduction of physiological loss in weight (1.59 %), spoilage loss (2.94 %), better organoleptic rating (6.81 score), TSS (10.30°Brix), titratable acidity (0.73 %), total sugars (6.06 %) and ascorbic acid (22.12 mg/ 100ml juice) up to 21 days of storage. Treatments T10 (coconut oil) was found to be the second best treatment with regard to maintain the shelf life of Daisy tangerine fruits. Therefore, citrashine wax coated fruits proved to be quite effective in prolonging the shelf-life and maintaining the quality of Daisy tangerine fruits

The Field experiment was conducted during the year 2020-2021. The experiment was carried out in Randomized Block Design with ten treatments replicated three times. Bottle Gourd crop was planted by hand dibbling on 2nd Jan, 2021 at 2 x 1 m spacing. The results indicated that treatment of drip irrigation with 100 % recommended dose of fertilizer through fertigation as per growth stages (T1) recorded significantly higher growth and yield contributing characters of bottle gourd. The significantly higher yield of bottle gourd was recorded in the treatment of drip irrigation with 100 % recommended dose of fertilizer through fertigation as per growth stages (T1, 39.19 t ha-1). However, it was at par with the treatment of 100% RDF through fertigation in 18 equal splits (T4 38.20 t ha-1) and treatment of drip irrigation with 80% recommended dose of fertilizer through fertigation as per growth stages (T2 37.38 t ha-1). The drip irrigation method used lowest water use of 495 mm as compared with 875 mm in surface irrigation method thus recorded the 43.42% water saving. In terms of economics, the treatment T1 was profitable with higher net seasonal income of Rs. 284435 ha-1 followed by T4 (Rs. 274535 ha-1) and T2 (Rs. 268543 ha-1) with B:C ratio 3.65, 3.55, 3.52 respectively. On the basis of the results obtained, it can be concluded that drip irrigation with 80% recommended dose of fertilizer through fertigation as per growth stages is the best treatment for higher yield, and monetary returns from bottle gourd crop. (var. Samrat) cultivated in medium deep soils of Maharashtra with 20% fertilizer savings

Any unusable materials produced during the process of raising cattle, poultry, fruit crops, aquaculture, or other agricultural activities are considered agricultural wastes. Therefore, items produced as a result of various agricultural activities are referred to as "agricultural waste," such as manure and other waste from farms, livestock harvest waste, fertilizer runoff from fields, pesticides that end up in water, the atmosphere, or soils, and salt and silt drained from fields. Agricultural waste processing can cause enormous financial loss and pose a serious risk to human health through environmental pollution. Agricultural solid wastes are frequently discarded or burned in public in developing nations, which results in the production of air pollution, soil contamination, a poisonous gas, smoke, and muck, as well as the spread of disease. By contributing to the production of greenhouse gases (CO?, N?O, CH?), air pollutants (CO, NH?, NOx, SO?, NMHC, volatile organic compounds), particulates, and smoke, burning agricultural crop residue puts human health at risk. The main goal of the current review article is to give readers useful knowledge on agricultural wastes, their harmful effects on the environment, and strategies for reducing waste by using it for societal benefit

Agriculture is the principal source of Income for more than 50 per cent of population. Haryana is an agricultural developed state but the peasantry in Haryana is under tremendous burden of debt, falling profits, disintegration of land holdings, rising pressure of population on agriculture sector and saturation in productivity and production. The symptoms of agrarian distress have been seen in Haryana. Keeping this in view, the present paper attempts to analyse the overview of agrarian distress in Haryana. For this study, data have been taken from secondary sources such as Statistical Abstracts of Haryana, Agriculture Census of India and the NSSO data. Data have been taken for period of 1985-86 to 2021-22. For analysing the results descriptive statistical analytical tools were used and annual compound growth rate for agricultural production, productivity and agriculture expenditure was also used by fitting exponential function. The study found that the level of agrarian distress among farmers increased due to predominance of small number of farmers which have not reap the benefit of economies of scale. The growth rate of agriculture and allied activities remains unstable from last two decades. The burden of debts as well as stress of payments of debts was increased on farmers. The declining trends in the plan expenditure on agriculture and allied activities in Haryana may affect the overall long term development of agriculture sector in Haryana

The system of transfer of technology from research to the farmers through proper stakeholders is very essential to reach the desired standard. Agri-input dealers who are one of the prime stakeholders plays main role in ensuring that farmers should have access with important and major agricultural inputs required to improve agricultural productivity in their respective farms. Number of programmes have initiated to boost the capacity of these farm advisors. ‘Diploma in Agricultural Extension Services for Input Dealers (DAESI)’ is among one of them. Therefore, the following study was conducted in two disadvantaged districts of M.P to know the socio-personal, economic communicational and psychological profile of Diploma holders input dealers. It was reported that majority of the DAESI had middle age group, educated up to graduation level, experience up to 6-10 years, annual income lies above Rs. 2,00,000, found medium level of mass media utilization, extension contact and awareness about government policies. It was found medium level of mass media utilization, extension contact and awareness about government policies

The models of on farm cooling storage structure using cellulose pad was manufactured and used for the experimental trials. The model of the structure was developed using galvanized iron sheet of 1 mm thickness while the walls of the structure were made up of cellulose pads. The optimization of the structure parameters such as Cooling pad thickness, Air flow rate and Water application rate was carried out for better cooling efficiency and minimum storage losses. Preliminary trials were conducted in order to fix the levels of Cooling pad thickness, Air flow rate and Water application rate at which better cooling efficiency was obtained. The testing of laboratory/small scale model of on farm cooling structure shows that the tomatoes can be stored for 11 days which started rotting after 3 days under ambient and cucumber can be stored for 5 days compared to ambient condition which started shrinking after 3 days

A convenient Ready-to cook (RTC) patty was developed with 20 %substitution with okara, a by-product of the soybean processing industry. Different methods of cooking viz., deep frying, shallow frying and air frying were employed and studies were conducted to know their effect on the sensorial, nutritional and textural characteristics of RTC patties. It was found that that the deep fried patty has maximum acceptability and whereas the air fried sample was only moderately acceptable with good nutritional composition. The lowest L* values were achieved in the deep fried samples and the highest b* values in the air fried samples which influence the sensorial scores of the product. The texture analysis of deep fried sample showed maximum compression force as opposed to the air fried sample. The RTC okara supplemented patty will help in effective utilization of industrial by-product as well as increase the nutritional potential of this popular snack

The study was conducted at the experimental farm of Andhra Pradesh Rice Research Institute and Regional Agricultural Research Station (APRRI_RARS), Maruteru, Andhra Pradesh during 2010 and 2011 kharif seasons on the impact of long-term use of farmyard manure (FYM) and inorganic nutrient management practices on changes in physico-chemical, microbiological properties and ?-D-glucosidase activity of flooded rice soil. The treatments consisted of unfertilized (control), inorganic N fertilizer (180 kg ha-1), inorganic fertilizer (NPK @ 90-90-60 kg ha-1), FYM @ 10 Mg ha-1 and inorganic fertilizer NPK @ 90-90-60 kg ha-1 and FYM @ 5 Mg ha-1 in rice-rice cropping system. Among the treatments, the mean microbial biomass was higher in plots receiving both FYM and inorganic fertilizer NPK (173.06 mg g-1 soil) while the lower was recorded in control plots (108.24 mg g-1 soil). The treatments are in the order of NPK and FYM > FYM > inorganic fertilizer > inorganic N >control. A significantly higher values of MBC was recorded at panicle initiation stage by the FYM and inorganic NPK treatment (197.48 mg g-1 soil). Further, NPK fertilizer and FYM recorded significantly higher grain yield of 5455 kg ha-1 followed by FYM (4864 kg ha-1), inorganic NPK (4185 kg ha-1), inorganic N (3228 kg ha-1) and control (2325kg ha-1). Similar trend was also noticed in the activity of ?-D-glucosidase. However, a significant three- fold increased activity of ?-D-glucosidase activity was recorded at panicle initiation stage of crop growth and was significantly and positively correlated with MBC (0.766*) and TOC (0.836*) of the soil

Assessment of soil physical quality is essential for addressing issues of agro-ecosystem and optimizing soil productivity for sustainable land use. The Agricultural college farm, Naira has three different land forms viz., low lands, upland irrigated and upland rainfed. The different cropping systems followed are, Rice- rice, Rice- pulse, Rice- maize in upland irrigated system, Mesta- pulse, Mango, Sapota, Cashew, Coconut and Guava in upland rainfed system while in Low lands Rice- fallow system was followed. In each cropping system the soil physical investigations were made in three places and the mean values were interpreted. The results of the study revealed that soil depth was deep to very deep in low lands, moderate too deep in uplands. Soil texture was sandy clay to clay in lowlands, sandy clay loam in upland irrigated systems and sandy loam in upland rainfed systems. Clay content was relatively more in subsurface while sand content was relatively more in surface soil. In general surface soil recorded relatively low dry bulk density values (g/cm3) compared to subsurface and the values ranged from 1.46 to 1.63 g/cm3 in upland cropping systems and 1.44 to 1.53 in low land cropping system. The mean soil organic carbon content ranged from low to medium (2.57 to 7.31 g/kg soil). In general, higher soil organic carbon (SOC) was registered in surface soil and lower SOC in subsurface soil. Orchard cropping systems recorded higher SOC than agricultural systems. Coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) was high in lowland rice- fallow system (0.094- 0.128) and low in upland irrigated systems (0.011- 0.021) and negligible in upland rainfed orchard system. Highest final infiltration rate of 23.5 mm/hr was recorded in the surface of coconut orchard and lowest of 5.7 mm/hr was in subsurface of low land rice- fallow system. The surface soil infiltration rates were relatively higher than subsurface soil. Saturated hydraulic conductivity values have also followed similar trend of infiltration rate. Water retention at field capacity was highest (24.3%) in subsurface of lowland rice system compared to other systems. Aggregate stability (mean weight diameter) index of soil in the form of mean weight diameter of water stable aggregates was ranged from 0.51(subsurface of Mesta-pulse cropping system) to 1.24 (surface of wetland rice system). The variations in soil physical and hydrological properties among cropping systems and land forms indicate the need for site specific crop planning and employing need based tillage and irrigation methods in sustainable manner to optimize and maintain the favorable soil physical and hydrological properties of the soils

Human labour is one of the most important inputs in any manufacturing process. The labours are required in the nursery to perform various activity, such as filling of tray with coconut, sowing of seeds in tray, spraying, watering, transportation, of seedlings. Human labour is one of the important inputs in the production activity. The human labour used in the present study were of two type’s viz., male and female labour. In view of this, there is need to study the employment generation through nursery enterprise. The present investigation was conducted in view the objective of studying the employment generation through nursery enterprise in Solapur district of Maharashtra. The analysis was conducted with help of statistical analysis tools. The result revealed that, total employment generated from nursery activity at overall level, employment generated through nursery activity was about 78.15 days for males and 40.56 days for female

To address role of extension, it is critical to know the competencies of extension workers and how these competencies influence their performance. Discussion and debate about the need for process skills and core competencies among extension professionals is gaining wider currency. Hence, an attempt has been made to know the level of importance and need of core skills and competencies required for extension professionals to perform their job effectively. Considering the importance of contemporary extension roles, responsibilities a scale was developed having twelve broad areas of skills and competencies required for agricultural extension professionals for effective performance. Under each broad areas, individual skills and competencies were grouped. The professionals presently working in Government line departments and private firms are considered as respondents in order to check and analyze the level of importance and need of skills and competencies to be included in extension curriculum. Study revealed that majority of the respondents expressed the selected skills were in medium category of 38.31 per cent and 41.37 per cent of importance and need. Mean index scores were calculated to rank the skills and competencies and the results disclose that soft skills were ranked first followed by communication skills. It was also found that there is a significant relationship between level of importance and level of need for selected skills and competencies. This study recommends that in order to improve the performance of agricultural extension workers, the concerned authority should take into account the status of extension workers in terms of their competencies on skills and abilities in order to upgrade their commitment particularly towards rural communities and work, besides enhancing core extension services through upgraded education and training. This will ultimately help to bridge the gap between required skills to execute agricultural extension services and agricultural education and training

Pruning in fruits is a prerequisite for better yield and quality practiced with respect to their bearing habit. Phalsa bear fruits on current season growth, hence the present investigation was carried out to study the effect of pruning time and intensity on yield and quality of phalsa. The research study was conducted with two factors i.e., pruning time (1st Jan, 15th Jan, 1st Feb and 15th Feb) and pruning intensity (60, 80, 100, 120 cm above ground level). The results of the study revealed that pruning on 1st Feb proved to be the best in minimizing the days taken to sprouting and flowering. It was also superior in increasing the yield and quality parameters of phalsa fruits. Among pruning intensity, the plants pruned at 100 cm above ground level (AGL) was found to be the most effective than other treatments in terms of minimizing the time for sprouting, flowering and resulted in to good fruit quality attributes. Among interaction between pruning time and intensity, the treatment combination of 1 Feb and 100 cm AGL has been found most effective to increase the vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting and improving the quality of phalsa fruits regarding their quality attributes

Among major millet producing states in India, Tamil Nadu’s contribution for sorghum, pearl millet and finger millet are high but low in minor millets like foxtail millet, barnyard millet, kodo millet, proso millet and little millet. Therefore, it was felt to conduct a rapid rural appraisal on the needs and constraints of millet growers in Tiruvannamalai and Vellore District. The results revealed that, pests and diseases in finger millet, persistent drought, exhausted soils, shortage of labour for harvesting and weeding, and high weed infestation were found to be major constraints. Among prospects, it was found that, technologies that are labour saving, particularly during weeding and harvesting, and development of farmer friendly soil improvement package for millet are urgently needed to prosper millet production in the state

The present study was undertaken with the objective to study the constraints faced by members of Grape growers associations. GGA in Cumbum block of Theni district with a sample size of 60 farmers registered in GGA. The respondents were selected based on purposive random sampling method. The data were collected from each respondent through pre-tested interview schedule. The results of the study revealed that as the major constraint 77.66 per cent of respondents reported that non- inclusion of local leaders in GGA’s, 70.28 percent of respondent reported that lack of co-ordination for different group activities. Wide publicity should be given to the concept of GGA’s for increasing awareness amongst the farmers. The management team of GGA, should share information about GGA’s with member farmers. The success stories of GGA’s should be given wide media publicity

Beetroot is a biennial root vegetable grown all over the world and also known as Beta vulgaris L. Beetroot is a rich source of vitamin C (12.33 mg/100g) to human beings. Dried beetroot can be consumed in the form of chips, as a replacement for potato or corn flakes and also as an ingredient of instant food. Beetroot powder has a natural red colour and can be used as food colouring agent in salads, jams, jellies, deserts, ice creams, beverages and many nutraceutical products and substitute for artificial red colour. The beetroot slice was dried in tray dryer with five levels of drying temperature (55, 60, 65, 70 and 75 °C) and five levels of thickness (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mm). The observations on reduction in weight were taken regularly after interval of 30 minutes till the constant weight is achieved. Proximate analysis was carried out before and after drying of beetroot. The maximum ascorbic acid (14.10 mg/100g) and betaine (88.52 mg/100g) content was found during 60 °C drying temperature with 5 mm slice thickness of dried beetroot. The protein content, fat content and crude fiber content was decreasing with increase in drying temperature and slice thickness of dried beetroot

One of the most important pre sowing seed improvement techniques for managing biotic and abiotic challenges is seed bio-priming, which ensures uniform stand establishment under adverse conditions. "Bio-priming" seed treatment combines biological (inoculating seeds with protective organisms) and physiological (hydrating seeds) components of disease management. Recently, it has been employed as an alternate technique for eradicating numerous soil- and seed-borne diseases. In the current study, an On-Farm Trial with three biopriming treatments viz,.(i) 10% Tirchoderma viridae, (ii) 10% Pseudomonas flurescence, and (iii) in combination of 5% Tirchoderma viridae and 5% Pseudomonas flurescence for 6 hours was conducted in farmers' fields during Rabi, 2020. Untreated seeds served as the control. The findings showed that 10% Tirchoderma viridae outperformed other biopriming seed treatment in terms of yield (165.1 q/ha), net return (Rs. 93, 340/ha), and benefit-cost ratio (2.36), than the untreated control. The 10% Pseudomonas flurescence primed seeds, which was the next-best treatment, had high yields, net returns, and BCR values of 162.3 q/ha, Rs. 90,340/ha, and 2.28 respectively. So, it was concluded that biopriming of seeds with 10% Tirchoderma viridae for six hours increased the production of bhendi. Hence, through dissemination of extension activities like training and method demonstration revealed that the understanding of farmers about bioprming rose from 12.5 to 87.5 percent

Various regimes of shade have differentially modulated the physio-biochemical attributes and leaf spectral traits in one of the major pulse crop lentil (Lens esculenta) under semi-arid agroclimatic conditions of Central India. There were about 20%, 48% and 69% reductions in the Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) saturated rate of CO2 assimilation (Amax) under 33% shade, 50% shade and 75% shade respectively in comparison to the open grown lentil. Enzymatic antioxidant activities have differential responses depending upon the level of shades. Peroxidase activity was the highest in open sunlight and progressively declined with the increase of the level of shade being the lowest enzyme activity obtained under 75% shade. A trend was noted in catalase enzyme activity. Lentil crop has exhibited a progressively increasing trend in ascorbate oxidase activity with increasing levels of shade which has importance in acquiring shade-resilience. Among the leaf spectral traits, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of lentil showed a progressive declining trend with increasing level of shade from open to 75% shade, whereas, Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) progressively increased with increasing levels of shade. Interrelationships among the various physio-biochemical attributes and leaf spectral traits have revealed very significant associations and more importantly, the grain yield was positively correlated with NDVI, Amax, ETR, peroxidase and catalse enzyme activities. Physio-biochemical components in association with the leaf spectral traits have been emerged as the major contributing factors for shade resilience in lentil

A field experiment was conducted at the College Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand,Gujarat during kharif season of the year 2021. The soil in the experimental plot was loamy sand that was slightly alkaline (pH 8.18) with good drainage and moisture retention capacity. The experimental soil was low in organic carbon (0.24%), low in available nitrogen (211.02 kg/ha), medium in available phosphorous (29.63 kg/ha), medium in available potash (152.14 kg/ha), medium in available sulphur (10.04 mg/kg) and medium in available iron (5.56 mg/kg). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 10 treatments replicated four times and applied ethrel @ 100 ppm as a seed treatment for breaking seed dormancy. The treatments details areT1: RDF (12.5:25:00 NPK kg/ha), T2: RDF + 20 kg S/ha through gypsum, T3: RDF + 20 kg S/ha through gypsum + 250 ppm nano Fe foliar spray,T4: RDF + 40 kg S/ha through gypsum, T5:RDF + 40 kg S/ha through gypsum + 250 ppm nano Fe foliar spray, T6:RDF + 20 kg S/ha through bentonite sulphur , T7:RDF + 20 kg S/ha through bentonite sulphur + 250 ppm nano Fe foliar spray, T8: RDF + 40 kg S/ha through bentonite sulphur, T9:RDF + 40 kg S/ha through bentonite sulphur + 250 ppm nano Fe foliar spray, T10:RDF + 250 ppm nano Fe foliar spray. The effect of sulphur and nano Fe application registered significant impact on the quality parameters of groundnut viz., oil and protein content. Application of treatment T9: RDF + 40 kg S/ha through bentonite sulphur + 250 ppm nano Fe foliar spray was reported significantly higher oil (49.10%) and protein (24.79%) content. However, it did not differ significantly with treatment T3: RDF + 20 kg S/ha through gypsum + 250 ppm nano Fe foliar spray, T4: RDF + 40 kg S/ha through gypsum, T5: RDF + 40 kg S/ha through gypsum + 250 ppm nano Fe foliar spray, T7: RDF + 20 kg S/ha through bentonite sulphur + 250 ppm nano Fe foliar spray and T8: RDF + 40 kg S/ha through bentonite sulphur

The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of foliar application of ?-NAA on fruiting and yield of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) during 2021 and 2022 at Alwar, Rajasthan. Foliar application of plant growth regulator Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) @ 10 ppm at 45 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT) recorded maximum fruit retention (39.58/plant) and higher yield of green chilli (130 q/ha) as compared to fruit retention (36.31/Plant) and yield (117.5) recorded in control (farmer’s practice). There was 9.01% increase in fruit retention / plant and 10.64% increase in yield over control. The technology gap in productivity (20 q/ha) was computed. The Technology index value (13.33%) was recorded. By conducting on-farms testing of proven technology of foliar application of ? NAA, yield potential of chilli can be increased

The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of plastic low tunnel on yield and economics of summer bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl] by early production of seedlings during 2021 and 2022 at Alwar, Rajasthan. Seeds were sown in plug-trays on 15th January when minimum temperature and maximum temperature were 8°C and 21°C respectively under plastic low tunnel covered by transparent polythene sheet of 30micron thickness. Seedlings were shifted on 25th February when minimum temperature and maximum temperature were 15°C and 33°C, respectively. Seedlings produced under low plastic tunnel produced first picking earlier (30-35 days after transplanting) and higher yield 215 q/ha. with higher B:C ratio of 1:3.91 in comparison to farmer’s practice (control) of direct sowing of seeds on 25th February to 05th March in open field when temperature was suitable for growth which produced first picking later (65-70 days after sowing) and lower yield of 186.5 q/ha. with B:C ratio of 1:3.42. There was 15.28 % increase in yield over farmer’s practice. The technology gap in productivity of 35q/ha was computed. The technology index value of 14 was recorded. The results indicated that the gap existed in the potential yield and demonstration yield is due to soil fertility and weather conditions. By conducting on farm testing of proven technology of earlier seedlings production in off-season in plastic low tunnel yield potential of bottle gourd can be increased. This will substantially increase income as well as the livelihood of farming community

The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of foliar application of NAA on yield and economics of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) cv. Gola at Bharatpur, Rajasthan. Foliar application of plant growth regulator Nephthalene acetic acid (NAA of an auxin group) @ 10 ppm twice in second week of October and November recorded higher yield of fruits (136.5 q/ha) as compared the yield (121.68 q/ha) recorded in control (farmer’s practice). There was 12.18 % increase in yield over control. The technology gap in productivity (13.5 q/ha) was computed. The Technology index value (9.0 %) was recorded. By conducting on-farms testing of proven technology of foliar application of plant growth regulator NAA, yield potential of ber can be increased by reduction in flower and fruit drop

India has been a major cotton supplier in recent years, as the country’s ability to increase its exports reflects a long-term increase in output due to increased cultivation of Bt cotton and improved agricultural practices. Farmers were encouraged by two major factors to produce and supply more cotton. Firstly, cultivation of insect resistant transgenic crop, which has a potential to fetch some output even with normal traits. Secondly, the increase in the MSPs also lured farmers to bring more area under cultivation. The global cotton players are looking at India, with its record production and likely increased stock situations, to feed the world cotton market. The growth dynamics of area, production and productivity of cotton in Telangana has revealed a heartening picture, as they registered positive and significant growth rates (at 1% level) during pre-WTO, post-WTO and overall reference periods. During post-WTO regime, India enjoys net exporter status in the international trade. Major trade destinations for Indian cotton exports are China, mainland followed by other traditional buyers like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Vietnam and Indonesia during post-WTO regime. The trends in the NPCs indicated that Telangana enjoyed comparative advantage for exporting cotton across all the major importing countries during both pre and post-WTO regimes (except in Pakistan during pre-WTO regime). So, the farmers and other stakeholders in Telangana should specialize in the production and export of cotton. so as to earn the valuable foreign exchange. However, the higher growth rates of MSPs of cotton has escalated the Cost of Cultivation (COC) and Cost of Production (COP) and consequently, the growth in DMPs is higher compared to its IPs during both pre and post-WTO regimes. This will definitely have an adverse influence on the export performance of cotton in the near future. So, it is high time that the consumer preferences in newer markets, market intelligence and impediments for augmenting exports need to be researched. New buyers are expected from countries such as Iran, Vietnam and Bangladesh. The recent outbreak of coronavirus, which spread from China to over a dozen countries, is unlikely to pose a major threat to India’s cotton exports. Telangana enjoyed comparative advantage for exporting cotton across all the major importing countries during both pre and post-WTO regimes (except in Pakistan during pre-WTO regime), as the NPCs are less than unity. The farmers and other stakeholders in Telangana should specialize in the cost-effective and quality production and need based exports of cotton. However, the higher growth rates of MSPs of cotton has escalated the COC and COP and consequently, the growth in DMPs is higher compared to its IPs and this will definitely pose an adverse influence on the export performance of cotton in the near future. So, it is high time that the consumer preferences in newer markets, market intelligence and impediments for augmenting exports need to be researched. It is also essential to make available to exporters the new markets’ requirement of SPS restrictions. To boost the domestic production and supply chain mechanism, it is necessary to improve efficiency along the cotton value chain and provide crop and weather insurance products specially designed to address challenges faced by cotton farmers

Maize is one of the cheapest sources of energy and a gluten-free so best alternative to wheat. Maize flour contains high levels of the many important vitamins and minerals, large number of antioxidants, fibre and resistant starch. Therefore, the present study was carried out to optimize the levels of different ingredients required for development of Pasta from composite flour blends of maize and wheat and to study the effect of different ingredients on physical properties, chemical composition and sensory quality attributes of developed pasta. The reported mean value of moisture content, protein content, fat content and ash content was 9.16, 10.06, 8.44 and 1.33%, respectively. In the sensory evaluation, the average score for the appearance, colour, texture, crispness, taste and overall acceptability were 6.81, 7.02, 6.71, 6.79, 7.45 and 6.96, respectively. Among physical properties, chemical composition and sensory quality attributes of pasta developed from the blends of maize flour and refined wheat flour (20:80 maize RWF, oil 16, gum 8 and salt 7.5) was found to be best among all the combinations

An experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate the genetic relationships and develop selection indices between yield and significant yield-related variables using 30 genotypes of eggplant. Twenty-five accessions of S. melongena and five wild relatives of eggplant were evaluated in a field experiment in Randomized Block design with three replications during 2019-20. The study revealed significant and positive correlation of fruit yield with traits such as plant height, number of primary branches, leaf blade length, number of long styled flowers, fruit pedicel length, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight and number of seeds per fruit showed significant and positive correlation with fruit yield at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Path coefficient analysis revealed that days to first flowering, plant height, number of long-styled flowers, fruit weight and number of seeds per fruit had high positive direct effect on yield. Selection index involving discriminant functions based on the relative economic importance of various characters showed a combination of four characters (Fruit yield per plant + Number of long- styled flowers + Fruit diameter + Fruit weight) with maximum relative efficiency

Silkworms are poikilothermous influenced by temperature fluctuations. Failure in maintenance of optimum conditions during chawki can cause significant crop loss. An attempt was made to ascertain the impact of high temperature (30±2?C) during chawki stage on the different parameters of silkworm. An increase in larval weight, disease incidence, defective cocoon percent and decrease in larval duration, cocoon weight, shell weight and shell ratio were recorded when high temperature was induced during chawki. The present study confirms the necessity of maintenance of optimum temperature at chawki stage to obtain the successful cocoon crop

India is the major exporter of tobacco in the world. It exports different types of tobacco and tobacco products viz., stripped, wholly stemmed cigar cheroots, smoking tobacco, homogenized, flue-cured, sun-cured, extract and essence, FCV tobacco, unmanufactured tobacco and various tobacco products. So, the present study analyzed the growth, instability and comparative advantage in tobacco export from India during 2001-02 to 2019-20. Results of the study revealed that Belgium, UAE, Afghanistan, Russia, Egypt, Korea RP, Netherland Saudi Arab and Nepal are major exports destination for Indian tobacco. Among the major destination Korea RP registered highest growth of 30.70 per cent per annum during study period. The growth rate in tobacco exports to world was estimated as 10.43 per cent and significant at 1 per cent level. The highest instability was noticed for Saudi Arab (52.17 per cent) followed by Netherland (45.27 per cent), Korea RP (44.05 per cent), Afghanistan (39.83 per cent) and Egypt (36.48 per cent), remaining countries reported moderate instability. The study also calculated the comparative advantage in export of tobacco. The RCA estimate for the year 2001-02 was 0.70 and corresponding RSCA estimate was -0.18 which points toward an unfavorable condition for Indian tobacco exports in the global market. The situation was hardly improved over the years, with RSCA values still possessing a negative value of -0.28 in 2019-20

The study was designed to look into the effects of different designer egg on its economics of production and human health. A total of 188 laying hens, aged 30 weeks (Jabalpur colour bird), were chosen and randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments. T0: without enrichment, T1: 3% Linseed oil /kg diet, T2: Anti-oxidant premix, T3: immuno-modulator premix, T4: Mineral premix and T5: CDD- Combination of all. The results showed that supplementing with different designer diets improves the egg quality without much extra cost of production and these eggs are well able to supplement essential nutrients to the human. So it can be concluded that the designer eggs are best vehicle to deliver all health promoting components to the humans at low cost

The sugarcane industry is a vital agro-based industry in India, with sugarcane growers making up a significant portion of the rural workforce. However, the industry faces various processing and value addition constraints such as high labour costs, power supply issues, inappropriate weather conditions, and low jaggery recovery from sugarcane, among others. Furthermore, the marketing of jaggery and its products is hampered by fluctuations in market prices, lack of storage facilities, and the influence of middlemen and commission agents. This study conducted in Narsinghpur district of Madhya Pradesh aimed to identify the challenges faced by sugarcane growers and to suggest solutions to these challenges. Study findings suggest that the most significant challenges faced by sugarcane growers in jaggery processing and value addition are high labour costs and a shortage of labour, inappropriate weather conditions, and power supply issues. Meanwhile, the main marketing constraints are fluctuations in jaggery market prices, lack of storage facilities, and the influence of middlemen and commission agents. To overcome these challenges, various solutions such as subsidizing jaggery manufacturing machinery and equipment, providing credit to jaggery producers before the start of the season, ensuring a sufficient and regular supply of electricity and providing jaggery storage facilities. In addition, minimum support price for jaggery and jaggery products will help to reduce price volatility, reducing the influence of commission agents in the market

The Climate resilient Technologies in Agriculture were proved as the best adaptation strategies available which would enhance resilience in agriculture rather than focus on yield enhancement. The study was conducted in NICRA villages of Kurnool and Anantapur districts of Andhra Pradesh with 180 respondents with an objective to know the extent of Climate Resilient Technologies adopted in Agriculture and association of independent variables with the extent of adoption. Results revealed that seventy-four per cent was the level of full adoption of all crop production technologies. Intercropping ranked first in adoption of the technology followed by, adoption of drought tolerant varieties and going for alternate crops, use of weather based agro advisory services, cultivating short duration varieties and adopting drought mitigation sprayings. The profile characteristics like mass media exposure score, capacity building programmes attended, extension contact score, perception on climate change index, perception on climate resilient technologies and weather based agro advisory services had shown positive and significant relation with adoption of climate resilient technologies in crop production

Jute is adorably called as “Golden Fibre”. Two species namely Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius arecommercially cultivated in India. It is the second-largest natural bast fiber in the world after cotton. Because of climatic change, low and erratic nature of rainfall over space and time the crop is often subjected to phasic spell of drought during early growth stagewhich frequently leads to crop failure or poor fibre yield. 60 genotypes of olitorius jute were assess for the drought tolerant genotypes, raised in randomised block design in three replications in two regimes i.e., Control and Drought. All the characters were observed low to high reduction in dry matter. Based on the genetic distance, eight and seven clusters were formed in control and drought environment using agglomerative cluster analysis. In drought condition, cluster VII includes genotypes like OIN791, OIJ177 and OEX29 with the highest number of relative mean values of plant height, bark thickness and lower number of days to 50% flowering while in control conditions, five standard varieties were found highest mean values for plant height, base diameter and fibre weight. The principal component analysis studied showed first three component maximum variation i.e.,79.86%. The biplot analysis indicated nine genotypes were in maximum proximity with the plant height, base diameter, bark thickness and fibre weight. Various drought tolerant indices like Drought Susceptible Index(DSI), Stress tolerance (TOL), Stress tolerance index (STI), Yield index (YI) and Yield stability index (YSI) values showed superiority in OIN791, OIJ177, S19, OEX29, JRO2407 and OEX039

The evaluation was conducted to check the variabilityamong okra genotype total 14 okra genotypes viz. IIVR-11, BO-2, Pusa Makhmali, HRB-55, Parbhani Kranti, VRO-109, Panjab Padmini, Pusa Sawani, Lam-1, Kashi Kranti, Arka Abhay, Kashi Satdhari, EMS-8-1 and Punjab -8 were selected for evaluation. Most of the evaluated genotypes found better for the okra breeding improvement programme during the study.

A field experiment was conducted to study at the Agronomy farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner during Kharif season, 2021. The experiment laid out in randomized block design with 10 treatments of nutrient omission which was replicated thrice. The experimental findings revealed that growth attributes, yield and quality attributes of sesame significantly influenced due to omission of all the nutrients either alone or in combination. The optimum plane of nutrition (NPKSZnB) treatment recorded highest values for growth attributes, yield and quality attributes in sesame. On the other hand, among all the nutrient omissions, omission of nitrogen, either alone or in combination with phosphorus and potassium, recorded maximum reduction in plant height, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, leaf area index, chlorophyll content and seed yield of sesame in the comparison of optimum plane of nutrition (NPKSZnB). Further, the same treatment also registered significant reduction in protein content, oil content and oil yield of sesame. Omission of SZnB in combination and alone omission of P, K and S also registered significant reduction in all the above parameters

The field experiment was conducted during 2021 to study the effect of variety and row spacing on Growth, Yield and Economics of summer cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] under south Gujarat condition. Significantly the highest growth attributes viz., plant height and number of branches plant-1 was observed in variety GC-6 at 30, 45, 60 DAS and at harvest. Significantly the highest yield attributes, seed yield (1415 kg ha-1) and stover yield (2414 kg ha-1) were recorded with variety GC-6. The maximum gross return, net return and BCR were recorded under were recorded with variety GC-6. Significantly the highest plant height at 30, 45, 60 DAS and at harvest, respectively were recorded with 30 cm row spacing while, number of branches plant-1 of 30, 45, 60 DAS and at harvest, respectively was recorded with 45 cm row spacing. Significantly the highest number of pods plant-1, number of seeds plant-1, length of pod, seed yield (1421.89 kg ha-1) and stover yield (2405.94 kg ha-1) were recorded with 45 cm row spacing. The maximum gross return, net return and BCR were recorded under were recorded with 45 cm row spacing.