In the present study, the probiotic characters of bacteria were determined which were isolated from shrimp cultured ponds. 10 bacterial strains were isolated and probiotic characters were determined. High cholesterol assimilation done by HL5 (27±1.2cfu/ml). V2-V3 region of 16srDNA was amplified for identification of Lactobacillus species. Then experiment was conducted having two phases to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic bacterium on shrimp physiology. In first phase shrimp fed with probiotic supplemented feed for 21 days, in second phase challenged with White spot syndrome virus (WSSV and their physiological responses were investigated. In the first phase probiotic treated shrimp had significant (P<0.01) growth, THC, percentage of phagocytosis and phenoloxidase enzyme activity, IgG, IgA,and IgM like substances and antioxidant enzymes . Higher levels were observed in 10% treated shrimp. All three concentrations of Lactobacillus sps probiotic bacterium was effective in improving the resistance of shrimp against WSSV as they had higher THC, higher percentage of phagocytosis, phenoloxidase enzyme and immunoglobin like substances level.

The present investigation aimed to develop a potential bioinoculant with Burkholderia isolates. Hence isolates were taken from the root, stem and leaf samples of four different crops viz., Rice, Maize, Sugarcane and Black gram. The isolates which have provided maximum growth in the N-free BAz medium were further characterized morphologically and biochemically, when compared with the standard strains the organisms were identified as Burkholderia isolates (RB1, MB2, SB3 and BB4). They were produced yellow colour colonies with round and convex in shape, motile in nature and also produced pale yellow surface pellicle, when grown on N-free BAz semi solid medium. All the isolates were gram negative and showed positive reaction for catalase activity, citrate utilization, lipase activity, methyl red, nitrate reduction and gelatin hydrolysis as that of reference strains. The different nutrient sources were used by the Burkholderia isolates, comparatively better growth in the carbon sources cellulose and glucose as well as nitrogen sources tryptamine and citrullin. The growth of reference strain B. vietnamiensis and the isolates MB2 and SB3 showed better growth at pH 5 and 6, whereas the isolates RB1 and BB4 showed higher growth that pH 7. The isolate BB4 recorded maximum titrable acidity and soluble phosphorus, which was closely followed by SB3 and other Burkholderia isolates. The isolate BB4 and B. tropicalis were able to solubilize the insoluble compounds viz., Zn3 (PO4)2, Zn O, Zn CO3, Ca3 (PO4)2, Mg3 (PO4)2 and rock phosphate. None of the isolates and reference strains solubilizes magnesium tri silicate, nickel phosphate and iron sulphate.

Pectin is a major constituent of primary cell wall of all land plants and surrounded a range of galacturonic acid rich polysaccharides. Pectinase or pectinolytic enzyme, hydrolyze specific substance, those enzymes have a share of 25% in the global sales of food enzymes. Production of this enzyme is influenced by the various aspects such as nature of solid substrate, level of moisture content, presence or absence of carbon, nitrogen, minerals and vitamin supplements. Maximum (optimum) enzyme production is attained when temperature is around 30°C, pH-8.0, pectin as a carbon source, yeast extract as a nitrogen source and incubation time is 72 h. In addition to this, Sweet potato (Ipomoea spp.) acts as a better agro substrate and for better production of pectinase. Purified pectinase showed a molecular weight of 45-50 kDa observed by means of SDS-PAGE. Paper chromatography results showed that the presence of isolated pectinolytic enzymes. Pectinolytic enzyme is of significant importance in the application of fruit juice industry in the current biotechnological era. The significance of pectinase enzyme is emerging as a rapid fire, since these enzymes act as a tool in the variety of industries like fruit processing industry, vegetables processing industry, paper industry etc., so owing to their vast and variety applications, newer microorganisms are to be screened for the production of pectinase enzyme with desirable properties.

An experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, CSKHPKV, Palampur by taking French bean crop during kharif, 2009. Biocompost and vermicompost were prepared by using cow dung and weeds and were inoculated with microbial inoculants and rock phosphate. Biocompost and vermicompost were analysed and the best one among nine composts prepared i.e., 50% each of cowdung and substrate+ 2% rock phosphate + inoculants and three vermicomposts i.e., the one prepared by using Eupatorium waste, on the basis of nutrient content, was selected and applied to the crop in combination with fertilizers depending upon the treatment. The yield attributes of the crop were recorded and an increase in emergence, number of pods per plant and height was observed in the treatments where vermicompost was applied @15 t ha-1. The highest seed yield was recorded in the treatment 100% P and K + biofertilizer + vermicompost followed by 100% NPK + vermicompost treatment which was significantly higher than the same treatment with replacement of biocompost.

Wet Bubble is a devastating disease in the crop production of mushrooms. Wet bubble disease causes extensive damage by bringing soft rot or decay of whole fruiting body. If not controlled well in time, the pathogen causes havoc damaging the entire crop. It causes serious crop losses in mushroom farms in India. The aim of the present study was to check the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of antagonists against Wet Bubble (Mycogone perniciosa) associated with the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus. Among bacterial antagonists evaluated in vitro, all the test antagonists, Pseudomonas flourescens, Bacillus subtilis and Azotobacter sp., exhibited stimulatory effects of varying degrees on A. bisporus mycelium. Pseudomonas flourescens-103, Bacillus subtilis-116 and Azotobacter sp.-106 gave the highest mycelial growth inhibition of 100.0, 98.88 and 98.51 percent of the pathogen fungus, respectively. The incorporation of bacterial antagonists such as P. fluorescens, B. subtilis or Azotobacter sp. at different concentrations in pathogen-infested casing also yielded appreciable disease control with corresponding yield gains.

Background & Objective: The antimicrobial resistance to most of the antimicrobial agent is very commonly seen among non-fermenters. Recently, New Delhi metallo beta-lactamase(NDM) has emerged as a novel carbapenemase8.Carbapenem resistance is a major public health concern. Emergence of MBL producing Non-fermenters is alarming and reflects excessive use of carbapenams. Results: Out of 1932 non-fermenter isolates from various clinical specimens. 1393(72%) were Pseudomonas spp. and 539(28%) were Acinetobacter spp. Interpretation & Conclusion: Antimicrobial resistance to most of the antimicrobial agent which includes MBL in non-fermenter is becoming a therapeutic challenge. Only few drugs such as Polymyxin-B, Colistin and Tigecycline are suggested as possible effective treatment choices which are expensive and most of the times unavailable. Therefore, rapid detection of mechanism of resistance necessary to modify therapy & to initiate effective infection control to prevent their dissemination.

Studies on biology of red spider mite, T. macfarlanei on soybean was carried out at Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Navile, Shivamogga. The total duration from egg to adult emergence or the total developmental period was less in male (10.62 ± 0.69 days) compared to female (11.92 ± 0.89 days). Adult longevity for male was 11.37 ± 0.69 days whereas, the adult female lived for 24.61 ± 0.57 days. Fecundity results indicated that mated females laid more eggs than unmated females. Mated and unmated females laid, on an average, 54.93 ± 8.08 and 31.87 ± 2.61 eggs, respectively. Correspondingly mated females laid 2.12 to 3.13 (2.69 ± 0.18) eggs per day and unmated females laid 1.36 to 1.59 (1.44 ± 0.12) eggs per day.