Bread is very popular bakery product, generally made from refined wheat flour which is limiting in nutrients. Therefore, in the present study, wheat flour was supplemented with Spirulina powder at 2, 4, 6 and 8% levels to improve its nutritional quality. Developed enriched breads were found organoleptically acceptable by the panelists up to 6% level. With regard to nutritional quality, among the fortified breads, 6% Spirulina fortified bread yielded higher contents of protein (15.43%), in vitro protein digestibility (69.17%), β-carotene (7.81 mg/100g), total carotenoids (28.97 mg/100g) and total lysine (2.24 g/16gN). Total and available calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron and zinc contents were also found higher in 6% Spirulina supplemented bread as compared to control bread. Antioxidant activity (16.61%) and total phenolic contents (1.89 mg GAE/g)were also found significantly higher in 6% Spirulina enriched bread.

The present study was carried out to know the effect of soil and foliar application of micro nutrients on bio physical, bio chemical parameters of sapota cv. Kalipatti. Zinc and iron sulphates are used for soil and foliar application, boron for soil application sodium tetraborate (Jai bore) and for the foliar application solubor were used. The results found that in T10 (0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.5% FeSO4 + 0.3% B foliar application) increased photosynthetic rate (14.57 mol CO2 m-1s-1), transpiration rate (9.24 mmol H2O m-2 S-1) sub stomatal CO2 (232.94 ppm) leaf temperature (42.77 ï‚°C), total chl (2.79 mg/g) and chl a/b (6.15). But in T11 [50 g ZnSO4 + 40g FeSO4 + 25g B soil and 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.5% FeSO4 + 0.3% B foliar application shown reduced photosynthetic rate (11.7 mol CO2 m-1s-1) , transpiration rate (4.32 mmol H2O m-2 S-1), sub stomatal CO2 (215 ppm), leaf temperature (36.46 ï‚°C), total chl (1.67 mg/g and chl a/b (3.77) due to excess micronutrients.

The Global warming is one of the most important issue worldwide. The primary cause of global warming is taken to be the burning of oil and gas. But according to IPCC reports, major amount of GHG released in the atmosphere each year is caused by deforestation and forest degradation in tropical regions. It is the second largest source of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Carbon Sequestration which is defined as the ability of the trees to capture carbon from the atmosphere, is a natural combat for these harmful emissions. So, forests play a very important role in carbon sequestration. The more forests we have, the more carbon we can capture, and the more carbon we capture, the fewer greenhouse gases we contribute to the atmosphere. Forestry projects are very popular in the voluntary carbon market largely due to their tangible nature and characteristics like ecosystem services, conservation, and biodiversity and community benefits. One such example is REDD+. It involves creating an incentive to reduce carbon emissions by avoiding deforestation and land degradation. In this paper, attempt is made to find the economic viability of implementing REDD+, a voluntary market mechanism which involves incentivizing developing countries to stop deforestation and forest degradation in exchange of payment by the developed countries, who wish to achieve their greenhouse gas concentration targets. Andhra Pradesh, the state with the highest deforestation rate in the country has been chosen for the study. The net revenues to the farmers from undertaking the REDD+ program and from the next best uses of forest land i.e. using the land for Rice plantation has been calculated. It was found that REDD+ comes out to be the most profitable option for the farmers of Andhra Pradesh. The effect of uncertainty was also taken into account by doing a sensitivity analysis of the results. The fact that REDD+ still came out to be highly profitable ensures that the model is efficient and robust even in case of uncertainty.

Pollen quality is important for growers and breeders. Information on pollen characters viz. pollen viability and pollen germination is a pre-requisite for carrying out a meaningful crop improvement programme. The present investigations were carried out in the Department of Fruit Science, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan (HP). Five cultivars namely Ganesh, G-137, Kandhari Kabuli, Bhagwa, Mridula and two wild pomegranate (Daru) germplasm accessions namely NT-1 and MH-1 were used for studying the pollen quality (viability and germination). Stain tests have advantages as indicators of pollen viability because they are faster and easier than pollen germination. But, in some cases, different results may be obtained in stain tests on some fruit species or cultivars. Therefore, to determine the actual amount of viable pollen, germination tests are necessary. Pollen viability was assessed by acetocarmine stain (2%), tetrazolium stain (1%) and erythrosin B stain (0.1%). The pollen viability in acetocarmine ranged from 86.38 to 97.81% whereas in tetrazolium and erythrosin B, pollen viability varied from 88.27 to 95.13% and 83.34 to 92.15% respectively. Maximum pollen germination was obtained in 10% sucrose solution after 72 hours with 42.34% germination and minimum (2.17%) was recorded in 20% sucrose solution at 72 hours. Some pomegranate cultivars and wild germplasm accessions showed no germination after 24, 48 and 72 hours in different concentrations of sucrose.

Cotton is grown chiefly for its fiber use in the manufacture of clothes and for the purpose like making threads for mixing in other fiber and extraction of oils from the cotton seeds. The present study was conducted in the purposely selected Bhilwara district of Rajasthan. There are total twelve tehsils in Bhilwara district of Rajasthan, out of which, two tehsil namely Mandalgarh and Asind have been selected on the basis of maximum area under cultivation of Btcotton. Four villages selected from each tehsil were taken on the basis of maximum area under Bt cotton cultivation. The list so prepared, 5 marginal, 5 small and 5 large Bt growers were selected randomly from each identified village. Thus, in all 120 farmers (40 marginal, 40 small and 40 large farmers) were included in the sample of the study. The study revealed that 48.33 per cent of the total respondents were in low constraints group, whereas 26.67 per cent in medium and remaining 25.00 per cent respondents were observed in the group of high constraints in the study area.

Postharvest Physiological Deterioration (PPD) is the major problem in cassava that renders the roots unmarketable, thereby reducing the economic value of the crop. The increased production of toxic oxygen derivatives is considered to be a universal feature during post harvest period. It is clear that the capacity and activity of anti oxidative defense system are important in destroying active oxygen species that are produced in excess of those normally required for metabolism. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of PPD and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) on antioxidant scavenging system of four cassava genotypes. Tubers from four different cassava genotypes were evaluated at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 days after harvest for PPD. PPD was observed along with HCN content accumulation and also analyzed enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants changes with postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD). The results revealed that, cassava genotypes CI-850 accumulated less HCN content and delayed PPD with increased non enzymatic antioxidants of carotenoids, flavonoids and phenolics. Also over production of peroxidase and catalase was found even at five days after harvest. This genotype can be used as novel donor for development of PPD tolerant cassava genotypes.

A field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2014 at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to study the management of summer sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) residue in kharif urdbean (Vigna mungo L. hepper) under rainfed condition. The treatments comprised of FYM at 5 t ha-1 applied 15 days before sowing, sunflower residue used as mulch at the time of sowing, sunflower residue with compost culture applied 15 days before sowing, incorporation of chopped sunflower residue before 15 days of sowing, sunflower residue decomposed for 75 days with compost culture and applied at the time of sowing, sunflower residue + FYM at 5 t ha-1 applied 15 days before sowing. The results revealed that among the sunflower residue treatments significantly higher grain yield was recorded with sunflower residue at 4 t ha-1 decomposed for 75 days with compost culture (1317 kg ha-1) over other treatments and was on par with FYM at 5 t ha-1 applied 15 days before sowing (1264 kg ha-1). Growth and yield parameters were also followed the similar trend.

Aloe vera is a drought resistant plant. It has glycoproteins, anthraquinones, polysaccharides and some low-molecular-weight product. It was plays very important role in adaptable to adverse condition. This experiment was conduct in RGSC Barkachha Mirzapur during winter and summer season 2014-15, for differentiation of their component and resistance in dry condition. Aloin, proline, glucose and fructose were analysis in winter and summer season. After analysis of dry weight determined that, aloe components were fluctuating in different summer and winter season. Drought stress increases the aloe secondary metabolites. Proline was a vital substance for aloe survible which resist to drought; it increases in leaves during summer season. But, aloe plants were damage near the soil attachment in presence of more moisture. In addition found that cold stress damaged cellular membrane of aloe more severely than drought stress. This indicated that aloe was better survible in drought condition than cold stress.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) germplasm for its growth and yield in Gangetic alluvial plains of West Bengal at Horticultural Research Station, Mondouri, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal during 2014-15 and 2015-16. The design adopted was Randomized Block Design having 3 replications with 16 treatments of ginger germplasm namely., T1-Athira, T2-Karthika, T3-Aswathy, T4-Acc-65, T5-Acc-219, T6-GCP-49, T7-Acc-91, T8-Acc-701, T9-Acc-723, T10-Acc-239, T11-Acc-87, T12-Acc-713, T13-Acc-278, T14-Acc-702, T15-Acc-247 and T16-Gorubathan (control.). The investigation revealed that the most promising germplasm was T5-Acc-219 which showed best results for growth and yield of ginger as it produced maximum in growth parameter like number of leaves per tiller (20.07) and as well as yield attributes like length of fingers (8.41 cm), girth of fingers (3.11 cm), number of fingers per clump (18.46), length of clump (20.65 cm), breadth of clump (9.88 cm), yield per plant (233.38 gm) and projected yield (18.32 t/ha). But,growth parameters like plant height (57.69 cm) and number of tillers per clump (15.87) was found maximum with T16-Gorubathan (control.). Therefore, the results led to a conclusion that the germplasm T5-Acc-219 was found to bethe most suitable variety performed better for its growth and rhizome yield attributing characters under gangetic alluvial plains of West Bengal.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) germplasm for its quality in Gangetic alluvial plains of West Bengal at Department of Spices and Plantation Crops, Faculty of Horticulture,Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal during 2015-16. The ginger germplasm taken for the experiment were namely., T1-Athira, T2-Karthika, T3-Aswathy, T4-Acc-65, T5-Acc-219, T6-GCP-49, T7-Acc-91, T8-Acc-701, T9-Acc-723, T10-Acc-239, T11-Acc-87, T12-Acc-713, T13-Acc-278, T14-Acc-702, T15-Acc-247 and T16-Gorubathan (control.). The investigation revealed that the highest essential oil percentage was recorded with T8-Acc-701 (1.71 %) followed by T5-Acc-219 (1.66 %), T16-Gorubathan (Control.) (1.59 %) and was lowest with T10-Acc-239 (0.92 %). The oleoresin percentage was recorded maximum with T4-Acc-65 (9.25%) followed by T2-Karthika (8.73 %) and the lowest with T13-Acc-278 (3.30%). Further, maximum dry recovery (33.28%) was recorded with T5-Acc-219 followed by T4-Acc-65 (32.57 %), T7-Acc-91 (32.22 %) and the lowest dry recovery was found in T3-Aswathy (25.91 %). Therefore, the results led to a conclusion that the germplasm having better quality parameters such as essential oil content with T8-Acc-701 (1.71%); Oleoresin content with T4-Acc-65 (9.25%) and Dry recovery with T5-Acc-219 (33.28%) were found to be the most suitable for its quality under Gangetic alluvial plains of West Bengal

The investigation was carried out to evaluate the quality parameters of the elite clones of Kari Ishada mango variety in major growing parts of Uttara Kannada district. Among the 31 Kari Ishada trees selected in the present investigation, ‘KIS-24’ had the highest values for TSS (22.83 oB), total sugars (21.21 %) and non reducing sugars (13.17 %). ‘KIS-25’ had highest reducing sugars (8.09 %) while the titrable acidity was highest in ‘KIS-8’ (0.56 %). The highest shelf life of 8.25 days was recorded in ‘KIS- 4’ and ‘KIS-7’.

The present study was conducted on the 90 farmers during 2013-14 in Shirol and Hatkanangale tahsils of Kolhapur district in Maharashtra state. The present study was examined marketing costs, margins and price spread of Green Chilli. The Producer-Wholesaler-Retailer- Consumer was the major marketing channel and the producer’s share in consumer’s rupee was found to be 64.83% in Channel-I, 67.43% in Channel-II and 80.32% in Channel-III. Per quintal cost of marketing of green chilli was highly incurred by retailer followed by wholesaler/commission agent and village trader. The major marketing problems were high commission charges (86.67%), high transport charges (86.67%), and price fluctuations (84.44%), in market. The study, suggested that government should fix support price as well as ceiling prices level fair to both producers and consumers and formation of co-operative marketing societies for better sale.

The experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to record the response of high density spacing on fruit quality and yield of guava during 2012-13 and 2013-14. The four spacing treatments [1.0 X 1.0 m (S1), 2.0 X 1.0 m (S2), 2.0 X 1.5 m (S3) & 1.5 X 1.5 m (S4)] were replicated six times in randomized block design. The treatment S3 showed significantly maximum total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, ascorbic acid and mean fruit weight, whereas, high density planting treatment S1 gave significantly lower mean fruit weight. Significantly higher yield per plant was obtained with the treatment S3, while, yield per hectare was recorded significantly higher with the spacing treatment S1 during both the experimental years.

The field experiment was conducted at Cotton Research Station, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani. Dist. Parbhani during Kharif season of 2015 to study the “Effect of split application of nitrogen on growth and yield of kharif maize (Zea mays L)”. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The treatment details of experiment factor comprised seven split application of nitrogen treatments viz., 100% Nitrogen at sowing (T1), 75%N at sowing +25%N at 30 DAS (T2), 50%N at sowing +50% N at 30 DAS( days after sowing )(T3) , 25% N at sowing +75%N at 30 DAS(T4), 25%N at sowing +50% N at 30 DAS + 25% at 60 DAS (T5), 33%N at sowing + 33%N at 30 DAS + 33% at 60 DAS (T6) and 25% N at sowing + 25%N at 30 DAS+25% at 60DAS +25% N at 60 DAS (T7). The results revealed that the growth attributes, yield contributing characters, grain yield, and fodder yield of maize are higher in treatment T6 (33%N at sowing + 33%N at 30 DAS + 33% at 60 DAS).

Line x tester analysis was carried out involving six newly converted cytoplasmic male sterile lines and five fertility restorer lines for gene action and fertility restoration in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.]. Synthesized hybrids were evaluated with check Gujarat Tur Hybrid 1, Gujarat Tur 101 and Vaishali at Sardarkrushinagar. Combining ability analysis revealed presence of both additive and non additive gene effects. The values of average degree of dominance were more than unity (>1) and predictability ratio was less than unity (<1) for all the traits except days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height and biological yield, which indicated preponderance of non-additive gene action. The CMS lines, restorer lines, standard checks and hybrids were tested for fertility restoration by observing the pollen fertility status. The male sterile lines (P1) exhibited 100 per cent pollen sterility. The pollen fertility in fertility restorer lines (P2) varied from 98 to 100 per cent. The F1 generation of all the crosses exhibited consummate fertility restoration with pollen fertility varying from 92 to 100 per cent. Thus it is evident that there were striking differences between the male sterile and male fertile lines for pollen fertility and that of resulting hybrids. Thus the success in development of pigeonpea hybrids largely depends on availability of effective pollen fertility restorer lines for evaluating fertile hybrids.