The field study was conducted in Haryana and Punjab states of India and Herat and Nangarhar provinces of Afghanistan purposively. The research was conducted under GRAIN project sponsored by USA. Hisar (Haryana), Mansa (Punjab) districts from India, Injil (Herat) and Behsood (Nangarhar) districts from Afghanistan were selected purposively because these are the major wheat growing districts in both the countries. Keeping in view the number of wheat growers, a convenient sample size of 15 farmers from each village was selected randomly. So, a total number of 180 wheat growers were selected to constitute a sample of the study. In Afghanistan, the wheat growers, faced constraints of input and production constraints with the mean score 2.16, technical constraints with the mean score 2.20, marketing constraints with the mean score 1.79, regarding financial constraints, the mean score was 1.82 and overall constraints’ mean score was 1.99. The technical constraints obtained highest mark (weighted mean score 2.20 with rank I), followed by input and production ranked II, financial III and marketing constraints ranked IV. But in India, input and production constraints’ mean score was 1.07, technical constraint’s mean score was 1.04 and marketing constraint’s mean score was 1.04. For financial constraints, mean score was 1.29 and overall constraints’ mean score was 1.11. The financial constraints obtained highest score (weighted mean score 1.29 and ranked I), followed by input and production ranked II, marketing and financial constraints ranked III. This showed a high degree of constraints in Afghanistan than India, which were the major reasons for low wheat production in Afghanistan. Association between independent variables and constraints were found positive to negative and non-significant correlated in Afghanistan, while negative and highly significant at the 0.01 level of probability in India

The present study was carried out at Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh during rabi 2020-21. Front line demonstrations were conducted on tomato by the active participation of the farmers with the objective of improved technologies of tomato production potential. The improved technologies like hybrid varieties (Himsona and US-3383), balanced fertilizer application (soil test based) and need based integrated pest and disease management etc. were provided to the selected farmers. The data related to the cost of cultivation, production, productivity, gross return, and net return were collected as per schedule and analyzed. Results of the present study revealed that higher yield in the demonstrations was recorded (335 q/ha) in US 3383 and (295 q/ha) in Himsona variety as compared to farmers practice (275 q/ha) using local materials. The percentage increase in the yield over farmer’s practice 19.6 was recorded in US 3383 than 9.3 in Himsona variety. The extension gap, technology gap and technology index were computed 5.0 q/ha, 20.0 q/ha and 1.67% in Himsona and 15.0 q/ha, 60.0 q/ha and 5.6% in US 3383 variety respectively. The demonstrated field gave highest net return Rs.193000 and B:C ratio 1:3.57 in US 3383.The results of the study indicated that F1 hybrid US 3383 found suitable for the district Hardoi to meet out maximum gain. The gap existed in the potential yield and demonstration yield is due to soil fertility and variable biotic factors. Present results clearly showed that the gain in yield and return of tomato var. US 3383 can be boost up by adopting recommended package and practices

The present study was conducted during rabi season of the year 2021-2022 to quantify the performance and variability for growth, flowering, yield and yield contributing characters of finger millet against different dates of sowing (15th October, 15th November and 15th December) under irrigated dry conditions at Agricultural Research Station, Perumallapalle, Acharya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University, Andhra Pradesh. Experiment was carried out with three fingermillet varieties against three dates of sowing. Results revealed that finger millet yield and its attributes were significantly affected by different dates of sowing and different varieties. Crop growth, yield and yield attributing characters in terms of number of tillers/m2, number of panicles/m2, number of grains/panicle, grain yield of fingermillet crop were recorded significantly. Comparative study of different sowing dates of fingermillet revealed that the variety Tirumala recorded a highest grain yield of 2593 kg ha-1 when sown on November 15th while the lowest was 2195 kg ha-1 recorded by Srichaitnaya sown on December 15th. The reason for these good yields in November 15th sown crop may be attributed to the fact that flowering is initiated only after the plants have put up proper vegetative growth resulting in higher chlorophilic leaf area improving the photosynthetic efficiency of plants

The mathematical modelling in grain storage structures is very old. There are two types of modeling are suggested in grain storage structures- Numerical models and Analytical models with/without parametric assessment. The Analytical mathematical models in grain storage structures are very primitive and widely used approach in grain storage. Analytical models’ use of Rankine earth pressure theory in grain storage like bin or silo design, Airys stress determination in grain storage structures, use of Janssen's (1895) equation in silo design are widely used common approaches in bin design. Analytical design methods of Silo design use necessary material parameters such as bulk density, coefficient of friction on the wall and pressure ratio allows for calculation of wall and floor loads with acceptable accuracy. The Numerical methods approaches for grain storage structures includes Computational Fluid Dynamics for grain environment modeling in standardizing the grain health and minimization of post-harvest losses this includes the pest loss, rotting of grain due to excessive humidity and temperature. In Numerical Method approach is Finite Element Methods this helps in designing the structures and components design of grain storage structures

To describe the strength parameter in the loaded soil mass are the cohesion and internal frictional angle of the soil. The shear strength determination to study the shear strength after tillage a schematic study on Yamuna sand is conducted. Yamuna sand which is present in the banks of river Yamuna in around Delhi is taken for this study. The shear strength behaviour of Yamuna sand was tested through triaxial and direct shear. For this consolidated drained triaxial test (CD) was conducted on Yamuna sand and results are very different from direct shear test results. The angle of internal friction is more in CD triaxial test as compared to direct shear test. Also, some cohesive strength is also find in CD triaxial test which was not found in Direct Shear Test (DST). Direct shear test was conducted for dense and loose state of relative density and saturated state of Yamuna sand. The angle of internal friction was found to be highest in saturated state for Yamuna sand. Among dense and loose, dense state giving higher internal angle of friction

Planting time has a mark able effect on development of disease in crop. The crop sown early during rabi season generally have higher probability in escaping leaf spot infection in broccoli than late sown crops, which are often infected severely. This experiment was conducted on varied planting time of broccoli (D1: last week of October, D2: first week of November, D3: second week of November, D4: third week of November and D5: fourth week of November), at S. D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, during rabi, 2021-22 season. The minimum leaf spot intensity (26.50 %) was recorded in (D1) last week of October planting which was followed by (D2) first week of November planting. The maximum disease intensity (46.75 %) was recorded in (D5) fourth week of November planting. Effect of weather factors on progress of leaf spot disease was carried out. The first leaf spot intensity was recorded from initiation of the disease after five weeks of transplanting and gradually increased up to harvesting in all different dates of transplanting. In correlation study all the weather parameters showed different effect in relation with disease progress throughout the study

Sugarcane cultivation in Uttar Pradesh touched a new high with the average cane production reaching 815 quintals per hectare in 2020-21. In the last fiscal, the average cane production was to the tune of 811 quintals per hectare. Sugarcane significantly contributes to the socio-economic development of the Balrampur’s Farmers. The largest sugarcane growing states-Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Gujarat contribute more than 85% of the total sugar production in India. The present study was carried out, in the year 2021-22, with the objective to identify the challenges in the adoption of sugarcane production technology by interviewing 316 sugarcane growers from twenty-four different villages of the command area of Tulsipur and Gainsari, (Uttar Pradesh). The research variable constraint was operationalized as the difficulties faced by sugarcane growers in the adoption of sugarcane production technology. The constraints encountered by most of the respondents in the adoption of sugarcane production technology were low price is given by Government, Tedious procedure for getting a loan, Payment by the factory through instalments so it is not profitable, high cost of pesticides, the inadequacy of irrigation water at the required time, non-availability of labor for intercultural operations, high cost of fertilizers, non-availability of good quality manure and lack of knowledge about the spraying of insecticides. Non-availability of a contact office near the village and transportation of sugarcane sets were also the constraints faced by the sugarcane growers. A timely and regular supply of inputs at cheaper rates, with a regular supply of irrigation water, and ensuring remunerative price to sugarcane were some of the suggestions made by sugarcane growers

Entomopathogenic nematodes are one of the potential biocontrol agents against a wide range of insect pest. The entomopathogenic nematodes are mostly adapted to subterranean environments. After application to the above ground parts of plants, nematodes face the risk of desiccation and/or exposure to ultraviolet radiation. In order to enhance efficacy of EPNs following aboveground applications, addition of adjuvants to the spray suspension have been recommended. This review elaborated various adjuvants and their effects on entomopathogenic nematodes

The study, which lasted from November 2013 to January 2014, sought to learn more about the presence of snow leopards, the availability of prey in the area, and other carnivores/wildlife in the Bageshwar division. (Sunderdhunga Valley). The presence of snow leopards was confirmed through sign surveys using the Snow Leopard Information Management System (SLIMS) protocol. During the survey, 45 signs were discovered, including 20 signs of Snow leopard pugmarks between 3045 and 4618 meters. The number of snow leopards in the study area was estimated to be 1-2 animals based on the information obtained. The greatest sign concentration has been observed in the Sukram-Maiktoli region (3.10 sign/km), tried to follow by the Athalia-Sukram Cave area (2.62), Kathaliya-Sunderdhunga glacier (2.37), and Jatoli-Katoli region (2.37). (1.77). Based on camera trap results, direct sightings, and the fixpoint count method, a total of 67 Himalayan Tahr, 34 Blue sheep, 08 Musk deer, and 04 Serow were counted in the area

Sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) has become a major biotic threat which has established a key position in northern part of Madhya Pradesh and resulted limiting the crops production particularly Brassica juncea in several pockets such as Morena, Bhind, Gwalior, Sheopur and Datia in Madhya Pradesh besides several parts of the country. Forty-Seven Indian mustard accession validated under artificial inoculation to identify as highly resistant through 0-4 scale with computation of disease incidence percent. The evaluation 47 accession facilitated identification of superior genotypes with highly magnitude of genetic diversity for their use to develop resistant varieties and compared to check. The pressure of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was so high that none of the tested 47 genotypes could secure identified as highly resistant and resistant across the genotypes that indicates pathogenic variability. However, only one elite genotype (JD-6) showed the moderately resistant and five lines (SHRADDHA, Maya, B-85, RMWR-09-6, JTC-1) were found moderately susceptible, three lines (SEJ-2, RVM-1 and RMM-09-1) showed susceptible and rest of the thirty-eight lines showed highly susceptible reaction. A elite genotype (JD-6) showed promising moderately resistant with parameters viz., Stem girdled length (1.95cm), Sclerotia / stem (1.80), Sclerotia length (4.15mm) and Sclerotium weight (21.70mg) compared to rest accessions. The resistant coupled with resistant superiority may be useful genetic resources for improvement of Indian mustard. In addition, the resistant accession can serve as a rich gene pool for breeding progeny and Sclerotinia stem rot disease

Evaluation of twelve marigold genotypes for quality flower and seed production was done under Bihar conditions during the year 2021-22 to identify suitable variety for commercial and quality flower production. Twelve varieties namely Pusa Basanti Gainda, Hisar Beauty, Hisar Jafari-2, Sutton Orange, Brocade Mix, Sutton Yellow, Crackerjack, Bonita Bolero, Pusa Narangi Gainda, Orange Bunch, Inca Yellow and Inca Orange were grown for evaluation. This experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Significant differences were recorded among the evaluated marigold genotypes for growth, flowering and seed attributes. Genotype Crackerjack recorded maximum plant height (72.19 cm), whereas Brocade Mix was earliest to flower (44.78 days). Genotype Sutton Orange yielded flowers with maximum floral diameter (6.84 cm) and peduncle length(2.71cm), while genotype Hisar Jafari-2 recorded maximum number of secondary branches per plant (62.26) and flower yield per plant (676.87 g). Genotype Bonita Bolero recorded significantly minimum days taken to seed ripening(79.11 days), whereas Pusa Narangi Gainda produced maximum number of seed per peduncle (190.89), weight of seed per peduncle (0.71 g) and seed yield per plant (134.98 g)

The field experiment was conducted at Regional Research Station, S.D. Agricultural University, Bhachau, Kachchh to evaluate the effect of different levels of FYM, phosphorus and nitrogen on yield and economics of mothbean [Vigna aconitifolia L.] during Kharif season of 2017-18, 2019-20 and 2020-21. The experiment consists of eighteen treatment combinations comprised of two FYM levels [0 t/ha (F0) and 2.5 t/ha (F1) combined with three phosphorus levels [0 kg P2O5/ha (P0), 20 kg P2O5/ha (P1) and 40 kg P2O5/ha (P2)] along with three levels of nitrogen [0 kg N/ha (N0), 20 kg N/ha (N1) and 40 kg N/ha (N2)]. Phosphorus applied in the form of PROM and nitrogen in form of urea. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD with three replications. The results revealed that seed and stover yields of moth bean were significantly increased by the FYM, phosphorus and nitrogen treatments. The increased in seed yield due to F1 over F0 (698 kg/ha) increased in seed yield by 13.46 per cent. The treatment P2 and P1 over P0 (776 kg/ha) was 21.92 and 13.51 per cent, respectively and treatment N2 and N1 over N0 (783 kg/ha) was increased 23.35 and 10.93, respectively. Similar trend in stover yield was noted by FYM, phosphorus and nitrogen treatments. The interaction of P X N effect was significant on seed and stover yields indicate that nutrient use efficiency of P was higher when phosphorus was applied along with organic FYM @ 2.5 t/ha and nitrogen @ 20 kg N/ha. The application of FYM @ 2.5 t/ha with phosphorus @ 40 kg P2O5/ha and nitrogen @ 20 kg N/ha secured the higher net realization of 23853, 26076 and 23626 /ha, respectively

Onion (Allium cepa L) is one of the important condiments widely used year-round in all households. The present study attempted to analyze the trends and forecasts in area, production and productivity of onion (Allium cepa L) crop grown during the period 1978-79 to 2017-18 in Andhra Pradesh. Trends and forecasts in area, production and productivity were studied using different linear, non-linear and time series models. Based on model selection criteria such RMSE and MAE, cubic, ARIMA (2, 1, 1), and ARIMA (2, 0, 1) models were chosen to fit the trends and forecasts in area, production, and productivity. The forecasted values of area and production of onion had shown an increasing trend, while productivity had a slightly fluctuating trend

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the mean sum of squares due to genotypes were highly significant for all the traits. The magnitude of GCV and PCV was observed high for the characters viz., harvest index followed by 100 seeds weight, days to 50% maturity, biological yield/plant and seed yield/plant. It indicates that selection of desired germplasm for these traits may be worthwhile for improving seed yield in future breeding programme. Broad sense heritability was estimated for all the characters under study. High heritability was observed for most of the traits and it was noted highest for cob ear weight, biological yield per plant, seed yield per cob, number of seeds per cob, days to 50% maturity, 100 seeds weight, days to 50% tessling, shelling percent and seed yield per plant. Seed yield per plant shows significant positive correlation with seed yield per cob and harvest index. Seed yield per plant shows significant negative correlation with days to 50% tessling, days to 50% silking. The maximum direct positive genotypic path on grain yield per plant was observed in followed by seed yield per cob, shelling percent, 100 seeds weight, number of leaves per plant, number of seeds per cob, number of rows per cob, cob ear weight, number of cobs per plant, plant height and days to 50% tessling. Maximum direct negative effect on grain yield per plant was observed in followed by harvest index, biological yield per plant, cob length, days to 50% maturity, days to 50% silking and cob diameter

To explore plant growth promoting abilities of native rhizospheric potash mobilizing bacterial (KMB) consortium with/without graded doses of potash in maize. A liquid potash mobilizing PGPR consortium was developed and its efficacy on maize was ascertained through field experiments at Main Maize Research Station, Godhra, Panchmahals, India during two consecutive seasons kharif and rabi in Randomized Block Design (factorial) with three replications. Based on PGP traits and tolerance tests five selected Acinetobacter potash mobilizing PGPR strains were screened for compatibility with each other showing high viable cell count in GYC broth. Overall results obtained from the field experimentation, it is concluded that the highest yield and yield attributing parameters of maize were recorded in treatment receiving KMB consortium @ 5 ml/kg seed along with soil application of 100% recommended dose of potash fertilizer (RDFK). The treatment receiving KMB consortium @ 5 ml/kg seed along with 75% RDFK was found at par with 100% RDFK suggesting possible saving of 25% RDFK. An innovative potash mobilizing PGPR consortium based on Acinetobacter strains developed and when applied @ 5ml/kg seed along with potash fertilizers enhanced growth and yield of maize - a promising life sustaining food and fodder crop

Depth vise distribution of different forms of potassium and sulphur in soils of Chilkahar block of Ballia district was analysed by collection of depth-wise soil samples from two different villages (Kureji and Palta) by use of standard method. Soil samples from both villages expess that soil pH ranges from 6.2-7.4, EC 1.001-1.004 dSm-1, organic carbon 0.03-0.40 % and by use of different extractants for available K and S viz. NH4OAc extractable-K 169.2 - 347.2 kg ha-1, 0.01 M CaCl2.2H2O extractable-K 78.2 -152.6 kg ha-1, EDTA extractable-K 66.8 -116.6 kg ha-1, water soluble-K 160.2-214.0 kg ha-1, HNO3 extractable-K 186.0 - 288.0 kg ha-1, Mehlich III extractable-K 65.2 -128.0 kg ha-1, and 1 M NaCl extractable-K 95.0 -160.0 kg ha-1, and amount of CaCl2 extractable-S was 5.0-6.3 mg kg-1, NaHCO3 extractable-S 4.8-5.2 mg kg-1, KCl extractable-S 4.0 - 5.2 mg kg-1, HCl extractable-S 2.3- 3.0 mg kg-1, Morgan’s reagent extractable-S was 6.0- 6.8 mg kg-1 respectively

Sustainable agriculture goals, needs to incorporate Information and Communication Technology (ICT), in all endeavours related to agricultural development in Jammu and Kashmir. All organizations and departments concerned with agriculture and animal husbandry need to realize the potential of ICT for the speedy, reliable and timely dissemination of information modules to the farmers. The awareness among farmers and livestock rearers about the information and availability of ICT services is the first step to be taken to increase farmer’s participation in ICT and IoT initiatives

Polyhouse is a framed or inflated structure covered with transparent or translucent polythene papers, large enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled environmental conditions to get maximum productivity and quality produce. The experiment was conducted at Plasticulture Farm, College of Technology and Engineering, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan during May, 2018 to April, 2019 to monitor and control the polyhouse environment favourable to get maximum productivity of tomato crop. The proposed automation unit is an embedded system which constantly monitors climatic parameters by temperature and humidity sensors and checks if the sensor values of these climatic parameters are within the range of threshold value or more. Every time a SMS notification is sent to the farmer's mobile about temperature increases than predefined value so that he can take the action immediately. In this experiment, several measurement points were required to trace down the local climate parameters in different parts of the greenhouse to make the greenhouse automation system work properly. Accordingly, four pairs of temperature and humidity sensors were placed in the four corners of the polyhouse. The data of temperature and humidity was collected by manually for the verification of sensor data

Co-operative is an independent association of individuals coming together voluntarily and democratically managed to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations. Co-operatives are generally voluntarily formed, democratically operated and managed business organization for the purpose of mutual benefit of its members. Importance of co-operative is well documented for the cause of socio-economic uplift men of one the most downtrodden community in India, the fishermen. The present study was conducted in the Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh as this district was availed with many Fishermen’s Cooperative Societies and good connectivity with road. Block Behandra, Kachhauna, Sandila and Tadiyanwa were selected by simple random sampling without replacement technique.185 members were selected from six fisheries Cooperative Societies for this study. It was found that most of fishermen comes from age group 31-56 years (61.62%), caste of involved family in fisheries activities Kahar 151 Number (81.62%), is highest. Family Size >5 members (51.35%). About 52.43% fishermen’s illiterate, secondary passed members 9.73%and higher secondary passed 5.41% members of cooperatives. The average annual income of members was more than 25000.00 (62.71%) followed by 13000-25000 (29.72%)

Groundnut, popularly called peanut, which is one amongst the important kharif oilseed crop and its botanical name is Arachis hypogea. It ranks second next to China in terms of production. During 2019-20, groundnut was cultivated under 31.57 million hectares producing 53.64 million tonnes groundnuts within the world. India ranked first in term of area, with 15.30 per cent share to the world acreage followed by China (14.57 %) and Nigeria (12.89 %). Keeping of these things see able, the researcher has decided to conduct a study entitled to study marketing aspects of groundnut in Gujarat and objective of the study was to identify marketing channels and study marketing margin for groundnut. In regard to marketing, 14 APMC market were selected according to the highest arrival of groundnut, 28 wholesalers, 28 retailers and 28 village traders were selected for the study of marketing of groundnut. There were five marketing channels identified in the study area. Channel I was seen most efficient channel, where producers share in consumer rupee was 96.97 per cent. Channel III was less efficient as compared to other marketing channels. As, in this channel producers share in consumer rupee was 80.92 per cent. Lowest marketing efficiency in channel III due to higher number of intermediatory persons i.e., village merchant, wholesaler and retailer. Whereas, highest marketing efficiency in channel I because of the absence of middle man in this channel

Rainfall determines the potential of any region in terms of crops to be grown, farming system to be adopted and the nature and the sequence of farming operations to be done. In the present study analysis of 30 years’ rainfall data revealed that normal kharif rainfall of 740.2 mm in the study area appeared sufficient for normal water requirement of the regional crops of semi Dantiwada Taluka of Gujarat. Based on the forward calculation, probability analysis and average of weekly rainfall for the period from 1988-2017 it was found that 27th to 28th SMW appeared to be the onset of monsoon and appropriate period for the timely sowing of kharif crops. The average weekly rainfall (? 30 mm) was available at comparatively higher probability 67.20 % and 54.11% in 30th SMW and 31st SMW respectively, useful for all the crops at initial growth stages. For interculturing operation probability of occurrence of weekly rainfall <10 mm was found< 20% in 29th and 30th SMW week found suitable for pearl millet crop at tillering stage. Similarly, for plant protection measures probability of occurrence of weekly rainfall (<20 mm) was found to be 80 % found to be suitable during 38th SMW for pearl millet to protect from eargot, semi-looper in castor and pink ball warm in cotton. The weekly rainfall analysis and pattern revealed that kharif crops like pearl millet, green gram and castor were found most appropriate for the region

The present experiment was carried out to assess the genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance for different characters in 46 diverse genotypes of turmeric. The experiment was carried out in ABD (Augmented Block Design) during kharif 2017-18. The genetic parameters, viz., phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability in broad sense genetic advance and genetic advance as per cent mean were estimated for all the twenty-four characters in this study. The highest percentage of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation was observed for characters like PAL activity (in dry leaves), weight of primary rhizomes, curcumin yield, ferulic acid, PAL activity (in dry leaves) and number of primary rhizomes i.e., 58.51% and 58.96%, 49.99 %and 50.50%, 49.95% and 51.07%, 46.05% and 46.77%, 42.03% and 44.17%, 38.98% and 40.40% respectively. Selection in these characters may be effective as the environment influence on these characters is limited. High heritability was observed for all the characters have exhibited high heritability except leaf width and carbohydrate content which recorded moderate heritability. High GAM values were recorded in plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of leaves per plant, leaf length, weight of mother rhizome, number and weight of primary rhizomes, number and weight of secondary rhizomes, clump weight, protein content in leaves, PAL activity (fresh and dry), total phenolics in leaves, curcumin content in leaf at 150, 180 DAS, curcumin content and curcumin yield

Agriculture, horticulture, forest and pasture land use systems were selected being the most predominant in Nandurbar district of Maharashtra State. Two sampling sites were selected under each land use system at different locations of Nandurbar district. The soil samples were collected at a vertical interval of 20 cm from surface to the bedrock. The available phosphorus in the soils under different land use systems varied from 10.04 to 16.96 kgha-1, indicating that the soils were low to medium in available phosphorus content. The lowest value of 10.04 kgha-1 available phosphorus was observed at 80-100 cm depth under horticulture land use system and the highest value of 16.96 kgha-1 soil was noticed at 0-20 cm under pasture land use system. All land use systems showed a regular decreasing trend with depth. The amount of available phosphorus at the surface layers was large, and it decreases when depth increases. The increased phosphorus in surface soils was attributed to increased organic carbon, which was further substantiated by a positive relationship between available phosphorus and organic carbon

Agricultural sustainability has been a trending topic of discussion in recent years. This review paper puts a focus on alternative farming methods that maximize on-farm methods to increase output and meet nutrient requirements, as well as that serve more general ecological and societal aims. Various environmentally friendly sustainable farming practices are the answer to the problems facing Indian agriculture today. This type of farming preserves soil and water resources, guards against climate change, enhances agro-diversity, ensures biodiversity, satisfies food demand, and protects livelihoods. In brief, it makes sure that society has access to enough wholesome food, the environment flourishes, and the farm is productive. The demand for agricultural products is increasing rapidly as the world population increases. The deep connection of agriculture to the global economy, human society and biodiversity makes it one of the most important frontiers for conservation in the world

Field survey was undertaken during 2017 in the breeding tract of Purik sheep. The data was collected from 5 villages, deliberately selected owing to high concentration of Purik sheep. The data on key socio-economic indicators (land holding size, livestock holding, education, age, category, herd size, annual income of farmers and flock size and structure) of farmers along with the other important indicators of sheep farming like veterinary care, and housing feeding, breeding practices, management, reproductive performance and disease prevalence were recorded analyzed using statistical tools like frequency and percentage for logical conclusion. The data were pertaining to growth traits classified based on age and sex analyzed by SPSS statistical software. The breed is dual purpose breed much prized for flavor and delicacy of mutton and production of fine quality wool used for manufacturing shawls. Most of the breeders belong to the age group of 40-60 years and were literate having education level of primary to matric standard. All 74 (100 %) farmers belonged to Schedule Tribe and Muslims community. The overall average land holding/ farmer was 24.63±0.44 kanals with range of 19-55 kanals and irrigated size per farmers was 10.59±0.27 with range of 0-20 kanals whereas non-irrigated land was 14.04±0.32 with range of 0-22 kanals. The average birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), six months weight (6MW), yearling weight (12 W), 36 months weight (36 MW), 48 months (48MW) and above 48 (48 MW) were 1.01±0.01 (kg), 3.13±0.14 (kg), 6.31±0.34 (kg), 6.31±0.34 (kg), 15.04±0.29(kg), 18.42±0.33(kg), and 21.61±0.43(kg), respectively. The average annual wool yield of 1.04±0.05 kg was observed in purky sheep in the present study. It is concluded that the Purkey sheep is a dwarf, dual purpose breed, adopted to harsh climatic conditions of Kargil

The study was made to see whether the currency fluctuations had any effect on crude petroleum prices through the transfer function, variant of ARIMA. The lag structure was found to be one and hence lagged exchange rates were used as an exogenous variable in the ARIMA model. The results showed a significant effect of exchange rate on crude petroleum prices, which implies that an increase in the exchange rate of the dollar would increase the petroleum prices significantly. The forecasted values for Dec. 2019 about $ 55 and in May 2020 about $ 62