Hydrologic behavior of watershed is very important in designing hydraulic, water harvesting structures. This relates with the runoff potential and sedimentation form the catchments from different slope and vegetation cover. Konkan region is receiving heavy rainfall caused heavy sediment yield. In present study try to identify the different slop without any vegetation exaggerates the runoff and sediment. Three slopes such as 8 per cent, 12 per cent and 20 percent slope were used to measured runoff and sediment yield because such slope is common the Konkan region. The runoff and sediment yield were collected in Tank of size 5 m length 1 m wide and 0.6 m depth i.e., total volume of 3000 litre from plot sizes of 15m length 5 m width i.e., area of 75 sq m. The tank was covered to avoid the direct rainfall accumulated in the tank and error may occur in runoff measurement. Shape of plot make by smoothening surface. The runoff was recorded at morning 8.30 am IST and Sediment sampling done by collecting 1 litre bottle of well stir water sample and compute sediment by filter paper methods. The Texture analysis of collected sample was done to compute the particle distribution in the collected samples. It is observed that, the rainfall amount increase on daily basis runoff also increases and it is related with the AMC condition also. The total rainfall observed for years 2016 during July to September causing rainfall was 2424.5 mm. The percent runoff observed from 8 per cent, 12 per cent and 20 per cent plot was 44.10 (1069.27 mm) per cent, 42.96per cent (1041.63 m) and 42.43 per cent (649.22 mm) respectively during rainy months. The average sediment yield observed from three plots was 32.90t/ha/years, 34.52.t.ha.yr and 30.56 t/ha/yr for 8 per cent, 12 per cent and 20 per cent, respectively. The particle size collected in the sediment was sand more found compared to the other particles. It is observed that the per cent of slop not dominantly affect the runoff but the vegetation cover most predominately affect the runoff and sediment

A bullock of indigenous breed was brought to veterinary clinical complex with the history of anorexia, sever dullness, weakness and progressive loss of condition. On clinical examination the temperature was 102°F, mucus membrane was whitish indicating anemia. The case was found positive for theileriosis on blood smear examination. The case was successfully treated using combination of diminazine aceturate (single shot) and oxytetracycline along with supportive therapy

A non-descript male dog of 9 yrs age had been brought in the Veterinary Clinical Complex of Mhow Veterinary college, with history of inappetence for last 2 days, depression , lethargy and passing deep yellow color urine. On clinical examination temperature recorded was 104.6ºF with pale conjunctival mucosa. Presence of ticks was also observed on the skin. Haematological investigations confirmed the case to be positive for Anaplasma platys. Treatment was started with oxytetracycline along with hematinics and hepatoprotective and other supportive drugs. The case recovered successfully after 14 days of treatment.

Present study was conducted to compare the diarrhoeal incidence, faecal consistency score (FCS), general appearance score (GAS), mortality rate and causes of mortality of Large White Yorkshire young pigs (LWY) fed with diet containing skimmed milk and milk replacer during the pre and post weaning periods i.e., from 0 to 56 days of age. All the young pigs under the experiment were weaned on day 28 of age. The experiment was conducted in Livestock Farm Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, India. One hundred and twenty-nine (129) numbers of Large White Yorkshire young pigs from 12 litters having at least 6 young pigs/litter were utilized and sub-divided into three homogeneous groups- Control (C), treatment 1 (T1) and treatment 2 (T2) groups. Young pigs under C, T1 and T2 groups were fed starter ration containing 30% SMP, 15% SMP + 15% MRP and 30% MRP during 3rd to 5th week of age respectively, grower-I ration containing 15% SMP, 7.5% SMP+ 7.5% MRP, 15% MRP respectively during 6th and 7th week of age and grower-II ration without milk-based ingredients were fed on 8th week. Statistical analysis of diarrhoeal incidence, FCS and GAS revealed non-significant (P?0.05) differences between the three groups during pre-weaning, post-weaning and overall periods. Mortality rate (%) of LWY young pigs shows comparatively similar result. It may be concluded that skimmed milk powder (SMP) can be replaced by milk replacer powder (MRP) in the diet of weaned pigs without any clinical complications

Coffee as a beverage is grown in few states of India like in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and in north eastern states. Among them in Tamil Nadu, it is cultivated in a tradition pattern by following regular cultural practices. Soil fertility is crucial to know the nutrient requirement of the crops. Soil test based nutrient management will increase sustained crop productivity there by helping to save the environment. In order to know the fertility status of the soil this study was carried out and observed that soils cropped to coffee in the traditional coffee growing areas of Tamil Nadu indicate soil acidity, deficiency of phosphorus, magnesium, sulphur and boron as limiting factors to achieve sustainable yields of coffee. Eighty five percent of samples representing the coffee growing regions of Tamil Nadu were acidic in reaction and among seven coffee growing districts of Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri was found to have higher number of acidic soils. The phosphorus nutrient management also needs attention to improve the deficiency of the nutrient found in 27 percent of the samples representing the state. Deficiency of available magnesium is found to be widespread (55 %) in soils of all the seven districts. Available sulphur content of the soils collected from the traditional coffee growing districts indicated deficiency ranging from 2 to 69 percent of the samples. Deficiency of available boron varied from 10 to 49% among the districts. The soil fertility evaluation of the soils cropped to coffee in the traditional coffee growing areas of Tamil Nadu enabled to know the limiting factors and to draw site specific nutrient management packages to address the problems of each hobli, taluk and district

The pulse cultivation has been drastically reducing in recent years mainly due to less and irregular precipitation during monsoon and reduction in winter days as this crop does not suit well to warm climate, resulting in shortage of pulses in the market. The chickpea has been most preferred pulse in Samastipur to be grown in rabi season. The present study was conducted to revive the chickpea cultivation employing new cultivars by KVK, Samastipur and carried out during rabi season in different blocks of the district during the years 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18. The Cluster Front Line Demonstration on chickpea varieties, namely, BGM-547 and GNG-1581 were taken up during each year for 15, 33 and 18 clusters respectively. These demonstrations recorded higher average grain yield (13.75, 14.60 and 14.40 q/ha) of chickpea as compared to average yield obtained from farmers practice (12.5, 9.47 and 11.73 q/ha) computed to increase in yield by 9.09 %, 15.13% and 18.54 % during 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively. Similarly, the benefit: cost ratio was 1.78, 2.11 and 2.08 respectively. The technology gap (q/ha), extension gap (q/ha) and technology index (%) were 6.25, 1.25 and 31.25 during 2015-16, 5.40, 5.13 and 27.00 were during 2016-17 and 9.60, 2.67 and 40.00 were 2017-18. The significant increase in yield is attributed due to introduction of new varieties in cluster mode. This mode facilitates better crop management resulting in better quality production

Despite nitrogen fertilizers has long been a critical component in agriculture it is associated with low nitrogen use efficiency. The low nitrogen use efficiency is attributed to various nitrogen losses such as ammonia volatilization, denitrification, leaching, and runoff. Among the various ways of nitrogen losses, ammonia Volatilization is a major nitrogen loss from agricultural soil. Large amount of volatilizing NH3 contributes to high N load in the environment. N loss due to ammonia volatilization depends upon several factors such as environmental condition, type of N fertilizers used, soil chemical properties, microbiological activity and soil types. The information on ammonia volatilization with respect to soil types are very rare. This review, therefore presents the volatilization losses from various soil including the effect of soil properties and climate and the methods to reduce it. This may be more helpful on fertilizer management and to reduce nitrate pollution in soil

Government is promoting and supporting various start ups and investing in guiding, grooming and growth of youth’s ideas of entrepreneurial activities. Much of entrepreneurial activities need to be promoted in agriculture sector with agriculture and allied field students (youth) to take up such ventures. Youth often look for appropriate jobs and livelihood after their graduation for which good communication skills is the first step to communicate their ideas, thoughts and later need skills to execute the plan of action. All kinds of livelihood that requires interaction with every generation and the family is the unit that can provide the youth varied interaction opportunities to ability to communicate with different generations. Since communication begins from home, therefore, a study was conducted with female youth of a college to know their ability to communicate with different relations in the family. A questionnaire was developed and data collected was consolidated. It was revealed that youth had average to very high communication with their parents (father and mother) but with respect to siblings (older and younger) and grandparents, poor the communication ability was also reported. The 31.8% girls could communicate with strangers, 27% communicated only they were asked to but rest either did not communicate at all, or were choosy to communicate with strangers. Since communication skills are important for various walks of life, it is recommended that appropriate training at needed to build personality of the youth who are the futures of our country. Thus, goal of the paper is to draw the attention of the readers and the scientific community to consider the enhancement of the communication skills of female youth, for their day to day living and livelihood that requires interaction with every generation, as poor communication ability with family members indicates the need to build the capacity of youth for their future which could relate to agriculture and allied areas and calls for research and out-reach programmes and modules

A field experiment was conducted on medium black soil to study the screening of bunch groundnut varieties for physiological growth parameters and yield attributes under rainfed condition at Main Dry Farming Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Targhadia, Gujarat, during kharif- 2017-18 to 2020-21. The experiment comprising of fourteen bunch groundnut varietal screening., viz. T1 JL-501, T2 TG-26, T3 TLG-45, T4 TPG-41, T5.TAG-24 T6TG-37 A, T7 GJG-31, T8 GJG-9, T9, GG-2, T10 GG-4, T11 GG-5, T12GG-6,T13GG-7 and T14 GG-8with three replications laid out in randomized block design. In pooled results of these research study indicated that significantly higher pod yield was obtained in variety JL-501 (3304 kg ha-1) which was remained at par with TG-26, TPG-41, TAG-24 and TG-37 A, while significantly higher haulm yield (4375 kg ha-1) was obtained in GG-5 and which was remained at par with JL-501, TG-37 A, GJG-31, GJG-9, GG-2, GG-4, GG-6, GG-7, GG-8. In this study showed that JL-501 was gave higher pod yield as compare to other bunch groundnut varietal screening due to pod dry weight (15.6 g. plant-1), total dry weight (43.9 g. plant-1), leaf growth rate (2.85 gm-2 day-1) and crop growth rate (13.3 gm-2 day-1) is higher as compare to other bunch groundnut varieties. Similarly, maximum net return (138448 Rs. ha-1) and B: C ratio (3.14) were obtained in variety JL-501 as compared to other bunch groundnut varieties

The Konkan is hosted with abundant natural resources like vegetation, water and climatic conditions. The region received 40 percent of total rainfall of Maharashtra during monsoon season (average 3500mm) i.e., June to September month only. The heavy downpour rainfall during the growing season followed by sudden irregularity in rainfall reduced the yield of vegetable crops in the Kharif season. Considering the fact, the experiment was planned to study the effect of moisture variability on the yield of okra crops during Kharif season. Four different mulches viz., Black, Blue, Silver and White transparent of 25 Micron thicknesses were used. Okra seed were dibbled in paired row at the spacing of 45 cm x 45 cm. Each mulch was used 10 bed of length 18 m and of width 60 cm. The moisture retention period for black and silver mulches was recorded significantly higher compared to without mulches. The water retention increases by 10 to 15 days in all mulches compared to without mulches. The moisture depletion found to be faster in 0-15 cm depth followed by 15-30 and 35 to 45 cm. The moisture reached to wilting point within 5 days in without mulched plot whereas it retained for 10 days in black mulched plot, 9 days in silver mulched plot and 8 days in blue mulched plot as well as white mulched plot. The biometric observation for okra crops such height, stem diameter, leaves number, yield of the plant was significantly higher in blue mulched plot followed by black and silvered mulched plot. The yield of okra crops was 226.79 kg/ha, 207.83 kg/ha, 146.19 kg/ha and 100.9 kg/ ha and 132.05 kg/ha was recorded for blue, silver, black, white transparent and without mulched plot respectively

Hydroponics is a way of growing plants in water without the use of soil. This strategy can be tremendously beneficial to countries with poor land that cannot support agriculture. The goal of this lab is to show that hydroponics works. Arable area under cultivation will continue to decline as a result of increased urbanization and industrialization, as well as the melting of icebergs (an obvious effect of global warming). Again, soil fertility has reached a saturation point, and more fertilizer application does not result in greater productivity. In addition, inadequate soil fertility in some cultivable places, a reduced probability of natural soil fertility build-up by microbes due to continuous cultivation, frequent droughts, and the unpredictability of climate and weather patterns, Temperature rises, river pollution, poor water management and waste of large amounts of water, decline in ground water level, and other factors are threatening food production in traditional soil based agriculture. Under these conditions, feeding the entire world will become impossible in the near future. Plants are raised without soil in soil-less cultivation. Improved space and water-saving food production systems under soilless culture have demonstrated some promising outcomes around the world

Considering the importance of nitrogen, phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of irrigated wheat, the present experiment was conducted to analyze the effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and bio-fertilizer on yield of irrigated wheat under Bhal region during rabi season of the year 2016-17 and 2017-18 on medium black highly saline soil at Agricultural Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Arnej, Bhal and Coastal Zone-VIII at Gujarat, India. Eight treatment combinations comprising of four levels of Nitrogen (N1: 60 kg N/ha, N2: 60 kg N/ha + Bio NPK, N3: 90 kg N/ha and N4: 120 kg N/ha) and two levels of Phosphorus (P1: 30 kg P2O5/ha and P2: 60 kg P2O5/ha) were laid out in a Randomized Block Design (Factorial) with four replications. The application of 120 kg N/ha recorded the significantly highest grain yield compared to other treatments. The grain yield recorded were 2349, 2430 and 2389 kg/ha during the year 2016-17, 2017-18 and in pooled data, respectively. For phosphorus levels treatment application of 60 kg P2O5/ha recorded the significantly highest grain yield 2340, 2465 and 2402 kg/ha during both the year 2016-17, 2017-18 and in pooled data, respectively. It could be concluded that for securing maximum grain yield of wheat, application of 120 kg N/ha and 60 kg P2O5/ha from which 50 % at basal and 25% at 30 DAS and remaining 25% after 45 DAS from the source of Urea and DAP were effective

The field experiment was carried out during Kharif 2019, 2020 and 2021 at Regional Research Station, S. D. Agricultural University, Kothara, Gujarat. The treatments comprised of three levels of nitrogen (N1:10 kg N/ha, N2: 20 kg N/ha and N3: 30 kg N/ha) and three levels of phosphorus (P1: 0, P2: 20, P3: 40 kg P2O5/ha) was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. N3P1 i.e., 30 kg nitrogen/ha (N3) without phosphorus application has produced higher net return per hectare of Rs.305856 with BCR of 2.73. While application of 30 kg nitrogen/ha (N3) after each cut recorded higher net return per hectare of Rs. 101291 with BCR of 2.66 and single application of 20 kg P2O5/ha (P2) realized higher net return of Rs. 87020 with BCR of 2.47

The present experiment was conducted to observe the feeding behaviour of dairy cows. Ten dairy cows consisting of 5 Jersey crossbred (G1) and 5 Holstein Friesian crossbred (G2) were fed on TMR i.e., total mixed ration (F1) and another ten cows with similar genetic group and lactation number and stages were fed by separate (F2) feeding practice with standard ration. The average body weight of G1 and G2 was 298.85 and 385.84 kg, respectively with age ranging from 4-8 years and body condition score ranging from 3.25-3.5. All the experimental cows were fed twice daily adlibitum at 8:30 AM and 3:30 PM. There was highly significant effect (P<0.01) of all the factors on time spent for eating in crossbred cows. The eating time was significantly lower in F1 than F2 feeding practice, whereas G1 had significantly lower eating time (303.92±3.91 min) than G2 genetic group (326.46±3.71 min) and amongst the seasons, significantly highest eating time (334.01±5.40min) was observed during pre-monsoon season (S1). The ruminating time was significantly (P <0.01) higher in F1 (413.62±14.84min) than F2 (383.63±1.07min) feeding practice. There was highly significant effect (P<0.01) of feeding practice and season and significant (P<0.05) effect of genetic group on the resting time. Significantly higher resting time was found in TMR feeding practice. Overall 21.89%, 27.68% and 50.43% of time the dairy cows spent for eating, ruminating and resting, respectively. The cows got longer time for rumination and rest due to TMR feeding

An experiment was conducted to study the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield traits in yard long bean. Four parents and three hybrids of yard long bean were evaluated in a field experiment in randomized block design with three replications during Kharif 2020. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the parents and hybrids for most of the characters studied. PCV expressed higher value than corresponding GCV for all the traits. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation (PCV and GCV) was observed for pod length (52.86 and 52.79) and pod weight (32.07 and 31.82). High heritability (broad sense) was observed for pod length (99.76) and hundred seed weight (99.73) with high genetic advance as per cent of mean which suggests that simple selection breeding method would be effective in improving the traits

In the present research study, which was conducted during 2019-21, the genetic diversity, existing among the indigenous germpalsm of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) of northern Tripura state, was observed on the light Principal Component Analysis (PCA), depending on 32 (thirty-two) numbers of tree morphological and fruit physical as well as bio-chemical attributes. first Principal Component (PC 1) exhibited negative association with majority of these traits except, fruit stalk diameter, number of fruit per cluster, weight of fresh flakes with seed, weight of fresh flakes without seed and flake (bulb)/seed ratio, while second and third Components showed nearly equal negative as well as positive association with these quantitative traits of jackfruit under study. The combined scoring bi-plot of PCA revealed that majority of the important tree characteristics, yield attributes and fruit bio-chemical parameters were associated in the first quadrant with accessions of jackfruit, such as JF-12, JF-21, JF-30, JF-35, JF-11, JF-23 and JF-1

Deoni is a sturdy and valued dual purpose breed of Maharashtra, India. The breed demonstrates three strains viz., Balankya (pure white), Waghya also called Shewera (white and black Spots on the body) and Wannera (animals with complete white Body and black face). Social media and available non- scientific literature highlights Wannera strain as Deoni. With this hypothesis, present study was planned to know the inclination of farmers to the strains of Deoni. Data were collected from the breeding tract from a perid of 2016-2019. Results revealted that amongst the three varieties, Wanner and Shewera (46.29% and 49% respectively) were in approximately same number but Balankya strain animals were only 4.71% advocating urgent steps for conservation of strain. 54% farmers reported that the bull used for NS belonged to Wannera strain. It was also seen that 62% farmers showed specific inclination towards Wannera. With this trend of strain selective breeding of Deoni, there might be threat to genetic biodiversity

Karnataka state has given importance to dry land development research since last five and half decades. Due to concerted efforts put forth by the State Agricultural Universities, they were able release cultivars especially in minor cereals like ragi, predominantly grown in dry land areas which are high yielding and drought resistant. Finger millet commonly known as ragi widely grown in Africa and Asia and is originally native to the Ethopian highlands. Ragi has been found in an Indian excavation which is dated at 1800 BC. Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana are the major states where it is grown under semi-arid conditions. State accounts for nearly 60 percent of total area under the crop. The improvement of yields in ragi crop has not enabled farmers to realize higher returns due to high cost of cultivation. There is has been a drastic decline in area under ragi crop as farmers are opting for better substitutes. Farmers need support in the form of input subsides, remunerative price to their produce besides putting in place efficient procurement operation. Such comprehensive policy measures are crucial to arrest declining trend observed in the area under ragi crop as ragi being the staple food crop of half of the population of the State

Freshly cut fruits and vegetables are a new and rapidly growing component of the fresh food market. The purpose of this research was to learn about consumer preferences for fresh cut fruits and vegetables in current retail formats in Coimbatore. The data was collected from 120 customers using a pre-tested schedule and evaluated using percentage analysis and the Garrett’s ranking approach. Consumers liked jack fruits and greens over all other fresh cut fruits and vegetables, according to the survey. Conveniences, appearance and freshness, time savings, clean and beautiful packing, available in desired amount, taste, and pricing are all essential aspects that influence people to consume fresh cut fruits and vegetables. According to the findings, 44.2 percent of customers consume fresh cut fruits and vegetables once a week. Consumers' primary source of information for purchasing fresh cut fruits and vegetables was visiting retail outlets (57.5 percent). It may be deduced from this that fresh cut fruits and vegetables are increasing appeal in cities due to health concerns, immediate usage, and waste reduction. From the study Constraints of retailers also addressed that lack of cold shelf are major constraint faced by retail outlets

A field investigation on behaviour of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Chev.) cultivars viz., Hayward, Allison, Bruno and Monty were carried out during 2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21 in a randomized block design with six replications under hilly agro-climatic conditions of West Bengal. The results of all the yield and quality parameters showed highly significant differences in kiwifruit cultivars in all three years and also in pooled data. The maximum fruit length (5.88 cm) was recorded in Hayward which was closely followed by Allison (5.62 cm), while fruit diameter was maximum in Bruno (4.07 cm) followed by Monty (3.95 cm). The fruit length/diameter ratio was recorded maximum in Hayward (1.72) followed by Allison (1.66) cultivar. The highest average fruit weight (79.80 g) was measured in Hayward followed by Allison (69.07 g) and minimum in Monty (55.13 g). But the highest fruit yield per plant (6.58, 12.44, 20.08 & 13.03 kg in 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21 & pooled, respectively) was observed in Allison followed by Hayward (5.54, 11.74, 18.36 & 11.88 kg in 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21 & pooled, respectively), whereas, the lowest fruit yield per plant was registered in cultivar Monty (4.27, 5.36, 8.74 & 6.12 kg in 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21 & pooled, respectively). The average total soluble solid (TSS) was recorded maximum in Hayward (11.72 °Brix) followed by Allison (9.96 °Brix) and the least in Bruno (7.67 °Brix). While, average titratable acidity percentage was recorded maximum in Allison (0.92%) and minimum was in Monty (0.55%). Therefore, two kiwifruit cultivars, Allison and Hayward were found suitable for cultivation with respect to yield and quality characters in hill agro-climatic conditions of West Bengal

Organic product usage is less than customer usage, but it is starting to emerge. Inorganic products, many brands are available such as Uyir organics, Pronature, 24 matras, just organics etc. This study helps identify brand preference by using ordinal factors such as repurchase intention, brand image, brand experience, price perception, and appearance perception. Percentage analysis and ordinal logit regression were used to analyse the demographic characteristics of respondents and brand preference of uyir organic products, respectively. The findings of the study, repurchase intention and brand experience are significant and positively impact brand preference and also found that brand image, price perception and appearance perception are insignificant to the brand preference

The research was carried out in Banaskantha district of Gujarat state in 2019. The multistage sampling technique was used for selection of taluka, villages and potato growers. A Deesa, Palanpur and Dantiwada were purposively selected from Banaskantha district on the basis of largest potato crop cultivation area. Five villages were selected from each certain taluka on the basis of highest availability of potato growers. Thus, total 15 villages having highest number of potato growers were selected. A list of farmers who have adopted micro irrigation technology on their field was obtained from taluka panchayat office. Ten potato growers from each village were selected by using random sampling techniques making a sample of 150 potato growers. The result consisted of the changes that occurred after adoption of micro irrigation technology viz., change in self-sufficiency, change in social status, saving in water, saving fertilizer cost, saving plant protection cost, weed control expenses, saving in labour cost, saving energy cost, increase in crop production, improving quality of produce and early maturity of crop. It was found that more than half of the potato growers (60.00 per cent) were having medium level of overall impact, followed by 22.67 per cent and 17.33 per cent of them had high and low level of overall impact, respectively

Field experiments were conducted at Coconut Research Station, Aliyarnagar during kharif 2009, 2010 and 2011 to optimize the dose of potassium and calcium requirement. Soil was sandy clay loam with low organic carbon, low available nitrogen, high available phosphorus and low available potassium and neutral pH. Experiment was laid in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications, plot size was 20 m-2 (4 x 5 m-2). Three factors with Factor - A Gypsum application - as basal (100 %) and in splits (50 % basal and 50 % as top dressing on 45 DAS), Factor B - Potassium three levels 25, 50, 75 kg ha-1 and Factor C - Calcium 50, 100, 150 kg ha-1 applied as 100 % basal. Recommended doses of nitrogen and phosphorus (10:10 kg ha-1) applied as basal. Groundnut variety TMV 13 was used with spacing of 30 x 10 cm2. Results revealed potassium @ 75 and 50 kg ha-1 and calcium @ 150 and 100 kg ha-1 recorded significantly maximum pod yield. Among different methods of application of gypsum there were no significant difference, hence it can be applied either 100 % as basal or split application (50 % basal and 50 % top dressing on 45 DAS)

India has been agricultural country but the trend has been decreasing from 85% to present about 70% population depends on agriculture. India has a diversified topology that allows the farmers to grow a variety of traditional and contemporary crops and plantations. Farming in India has been a traditional occupation from times unknown where the older generation provides opportunities, trains and educates the younger generation and children the art and science of farming. Somehow this tradition is breaking in most of the rural areas. An ex-post facto study conducted with the Kharwar tribe of Kaimur district, Bihar to understand the ways of tribe’s relationship with their ecology. It was observed that Khawar families involved children in certain agricultural operations with the intention of keep children familiar of the operations of farming like winnowing, transferring paddy seedling to the fields for transplantation while older children learnt to plough their lands as being the third plougher in the row after the adult farmers. Children were encouraged to imitate and participate in agriculture and non-agricultural activities which manifested in their play. Parents took their children as early as seven years, to transfer traditional indigenous knowledge while their visit to the forest mainly to collect appropriate food and leaves and fruits that can fetch them cash. It is concluded that while learning family occupation skills is important for preservation of indigenous knowledge through intergenerational skill and knowledge transfer to children of the family, their rights should be protected. For attracting younger generation to the noble profession of agriculture, involvement of children through early intervention from young age through walks to agriculture fields, observing the various operations, supporting appropriate activities around agriculture by their caretakers and teachers is recommended as long-term goal. Educating parents of the importance of occupational socialization and agriculture and practical as part of school curriculum with farmer’s interface

This field experiment on effect of stage wise application of irrigation water on growth, yield and fruit quality in acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) was conducted at Rahuri, Maharashtra (pooled mean 2014-15 to 2018-19) and at Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh (pooled mean 2015-16 to 2019-20) with an objective to study the water requirement at different stages of growth in acid lime. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The irrigations were scheduled on percent of pan evaporation replenishment (ER) at various stages of growth and fruit development: Stage-I (Jan-Feb), Stage-II (Mar-April), Stage-III (May-June), Stage-IV (July-Aug), Stage-V (Sept-Oct) and Stage-VI (Nov-Dec). At Rahuri centre, the effect of different levels of irrigation at different stages on growth, yield and fruit quality of acid lime was found to be significant. The maximum plant height (3.13 m), canopy volume (23.66 m3), number of fruits/tree (805.54), fruit weight (47.60 g), fruit yield (38.71 kg/tree and 10.71 t/ha), juice (49.08 %), acidity (6.85 %), ascorbic acid (32.85 mg/100 ml juice) and B:C ratio (1.57) were recorded under the treatment T4 i.e., application of irrigation water at 80:80:80:80:80:80 ER (%) from Stage-I (Jan-Feb) to Stage-VI (Nov-Dec) and was at par with the treatment T3 i.e., application of irrigation water at 60:80:60:80:60:80 ER (%) from Stage-I (Jan-Feb) to Stage-VI (Nov-Dec) and recorded plant height (3.11 m), canopy volume (23.63 m3), number of fruits/tree (796.75), fruit weight (47.04 g), fruit yield (37.78 kg/tree and 10.46 t/ha), juice (47.55 %), ascorbic acid (31.79 mg/100 ml juice) and B:C ratio (1.54). Based on the results, for acid lime growing under Western Maharashtra, irrigation at 60:80:60:80:60:80 ER (%) during January to December is recommended for better growth, yield, fruit quality with efficient water use. At Tirupati centre, the maximum fruit yield (84.38 kg/tree and 23.37 t/ha), TSS (8.54 oB) and B: C ratio (1.47) were recorded under the treatment T4 i.e., application of irrigation water at 80:80:80:80:80:80 ER (%) from Stage-I (Jan-Feb) to Stage-VI (Nov-Dec). However, the maximum plant height (3.31 m) was recorded under the treatment T2 and was at par with the treatments T3 and T4. The treatment T3 i.e., application of irrigation water at 60:80:60:80:60:80 ER (%) from Stage-I (Jan-Feb) to Stage-VI (Nov-Dec) recorded the plant height (3.29 m), fruit yield (71.24 kg/tree and 19.74 t/ha), TSS (8.50 0B) and ascorbic acid (46.05 mg/100 ml juice). Based on the results, for acid lime growing under Andhra Pradesh, irrigation at 60:80:60:80:60:80 ER (%) during January to December is recommended for better growth, yield, fruit quality with efficient water use