Raising CO2 leads to higher yielding; more vigorous crops an unexpected boon. Agricultural productivity depends on key inputs prevailing CO2, temperature and water that are the key inputs. Global warming increases temperature by 2-3°C, CO2 and other gases concentration. The present programme was an attempt to study the modifications brought in the developmental pattern of amaranthus by elevated CO2 concentration. Two weeks old potted plants were shifted to OTCs (CO2 concentration of 600ppm maintained). All the three sets of plants were maintained at field capacity (FC) initially. Soil moisture levels were brought down to 80% and 70%, in the second and third sets 30 days after planting and were maintained for a period of 30 days at these soil moisture regimes in OTCs. Plant responses in terms of growth parameters, leaf characters and dry matter accumulation were analyzed. Increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere can have a positive influence on the plant growth and development. The result indicated an improvement in growth performances of amaranthus under mild and severe moisture stress conditions (80% and 70% Field capacity).

Gamma rays are often used on plants in developing varieties that are agriculturally and economically important and have high productivity potential, Gamma irradiation can be useful for the alteration of one or a few physiological characters Mutagenesis by means of gamma rays has played an important role in the producing new mutants with improved properties which can produce higher amounts of commercially important metabolites. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L. Walp) is one of the world’s dicotyledonous leguminous food crops and a major food crop of millions of people in the developing countries. The present programme was an attempt to study the seed germination test and morpho- physiological traits of cowpea seed treated by gamma radiation and Biochemical observation on Cowpea varieties treated with gamma radiation. Plant responses in terms of growth parameters, leaf characters were analyzed. The result indicated an improvement in growth performances of cowpea varieties under gamma radiation.

Gamma irradiation can be useful for the alteration of one or a few physiological characters. The present programme was an attempt to study the carbon isotope discrimination and Biochemical observation on cowpea varieties treated with gamma radiation. Plant responses in terms of growth parameters, RWC were analyzed. The result indicated an improvement in growth performances of cowpea varieties under gamma radiation.

Field experiment was conducted during two consecutive Kharif seasons at Instructional Dairy Farm of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to evaluate the effect of intercropping and different sources of nitrogen on nutrient (NPK) content and uptake of sweet sorghum and phillipesara. The experimental results showed that the uptake of all nutrients and content of nitrogen of phillipesara due to intercropping reduced significantly over sole crop while content and uptake of all nutrients reported to be higher due to all the integrated sources of nitrogen compared to 100 percent nitrogen through inorganic fertilizer. In sweet sorghum inter cropping of phillipesara exhibited the superiority over sole sweet sorghum in terms of content and uptake of all nutrients (NPK), but this increase was significant only for the content and uptake of phosphorus. The sources of nitrogen significantly influenced the uptake of nitrogen and potassium. Total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by mixed fodder was significantly higher when 50 percent nitrogen through inorganic fertilizer + 50 percent through vermicompost (F3) was applied to intercropping system. However, application of 100 percent nitrogen through inorganic fertilizer (F1) caused significant reduction in content and uptake of all nutrients during both the years.

The study was conducted for training needs identification for Agricultural Officers of State Department of Agriculture in Southern Zone comprising of Chittoor, SPSR Nellore and YSR districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. The study identified the degree of importance of training needs under three categories viz., agricultural knowledge, extension and Human Resource Development. The results revealed among a total 23 training aspects needed under agricultural knowledge category, the top five ranked aspects include disease and pest identification and control, disaster management, farm machinery and Integrated Farming Systems. Whereas among 33 training needed aspects under extension needs category, top five ranked training aspects needed include, ICTs in Extension, training organization and its evaluation, IoT, Robotics and BigData technologies in Extension, technical documentation and reporting, Multimedia in extension and modern agricultural information sources. Among the 12 training aspects needed under Human Resource Development category include behavioral skills, event management, team working, time management, communication skills and stress management. Results of the perceived constraints for attending the training programmes include hectic departmental work load, more documentation and reporting work, a greater number of schemes to implement, trainings conducting at far off places, lack of minimum assured facilities at training centres, general training topics and no outside state exposure.

The present study was an attempt to study the florescence (%) and quantum yield in gamma radiated cowpea varieties. Plant responses in terms of growth parameters were analyzed. The result indicated an improvement in growth performances of cowpea varieties under gamma radiation. There was a significant difference in QY and FT in all the varieties of cowpea under different treatments.

The field trails were raised during Kharif 2017, Rabi 2017-18, Kharif 2018 and Rabi 2018-19 to evaluate the effect of seed priming and seed coating techniques on productivity of green gram under water stress condition. The seeds were given with various treatments viz., Seed priming with water by adopting seed to solution ratio of 1:1 (T2), Seed coating with TNAU seed coating polymer (4g / kg of seed) (T3) and Seed priming + Seed coating (T2 +T3 = T4 ) and sown along with control seeds at different irrigation levels i.e., irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 0.60 (M1), irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 0.48 (M2) and irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 0.36 (M3). The result revealed that seeds of greengram cv.CO 8 exposed to seed priming with water (seed to solution ratio of 1:1) + seed coating with TNAU Nutricoat Polymer (4g / kg of seed) (T4) recorded significantly higher seed yield per hectare of 1501 and 1570 kg/ha, respectively during Kharif and Rabi (pooled data of two years) by registering 20.3 and 21.6% increased yield over control irrespective of the irrigation level in addition higher yield attributing characters. Among the different irrigation levels, crop raised by using treated seeds under IW/CPE ratio of 0.48 (M2) recorded significantly higher seed yield 1409 kg/ha during Kharif and 1465 kg/ha during Rabi followed by IW/CPE ratio of 0.36 (M3) and IW/CPE ratio of 0.60 (M1) highlighting the suitability of said seed treatment under water stress condition.

The current study is a part of a large project work assessed in Bihar and Tamil Nadu. The first part was carried out in Bhagalpur district of Bihar to examine the knowledge gap of banana growers in Bhagalpur district of Bihar. In Bihar, banana is the second most important fruit crop after mango and is mostly grown in Vaishali and the north eastern Khoshi region. In the tract around the Ganga basin of Bhagalpur district, banana cultivation is commercially cultivated compared to cereals and other plantation crops. Agro climatic situation of Bhagalpur district is well suited for banana cultivation and possesses abundant scope for extension of area under this fruit. The study was conducted with 95 banana growers in Naugachia block of Bhagalpur. The results revealed that 74.84 percent of the respondent expressed knowledge gap in improved banana cultivation technology. Analysis of data related with knowledge gap in different sub – areas of main areas indicated a knowledge gap ranging from 40 percent to 73 percent.

Bhadra command area from middle region of the Karnataka state was selected for the purpose of analysing the changes in cropping pattern. The time series data on cropping pattern in the selected canal command area was collected for a period of 10 years (2009-10 to 2018-19) and analysed using First Order Markov Chain Approach. In Bhadra command, semi dry crops and kharif semi-dry crops like maize, finger millet, sorghum and cotton were stable crops. This indicates that the stability in the area under different crops in the study areas depends on availability of irrigation water, food and fodder requirement of the people and higher market price to the produce. In Bhadra Reservoir Project, area under paddy showed a positive growth of 3.41 percent per annum. The projected area of all the crops grown in Bhadra command area would remain constant for the projected period 2019 to 2021. In Cauvery command area the area under major crops was found out to be against the cropping patterns suggested by the CADA, thus the higher deviation from the suggested cropping pattern was found in Red gram (30%) fallowed by Finger millet (18.71%), Garden crops (12.75%) and Paddy (9.24%).

The area and production have been reported based on the study of Almatti left bank canal, Bhadra left bank canal and Vishwesvarayya left bank canal command areas of the Karnataka state. Multi stage random sampling method was used to select the farmers. The major crops grown in Almatti Canal Command area are sugarcane, rabi sorghum, red gram, ground nut, cotton and sunflower while paddy, sugarcane, finger millet, banana, arecanut and coconut are the major crops in Bhadra command area. Similarly, in Vishwesvarayya command area, paddy, sugarcane, finger millet and coconut crops occupy major area in the total irrigated area. It is observed from the study that, the farmers in the canal command areas have violated the recommended cropping pattern and hence, the productivity of crops like sorghum, finger millet, sunflower, groundnut, is less in the head region where water availability is more. Whereas the productivity of more water intensive crops like sugarcane, paddy, arecanut, etc. is more in head region than tail region.

The present study was conducted at AKS University, Satna, M.P. during Rabi 2019. Altogether 25 maize genotypes were grown under RBD design replication. In the present study various parameters of genetic variability, broad sense heritability and genetic advance estimates in inbreed line of maize. Analysis of variance revealed that the mean sum of square showed significant due to genotypes for all the 17 characters studied. High GCV and PCV were recorded for seed yield per plant, seed yield per cob, cob ear weight and shelling %. Traits seed yield per plant, seed yield per cob, total seeds per cob, cob year weight and shelling % were showed high heritability accompanied with high genetic advance which indicated that most likely the heritability due to additive gene effects and selection may be effective in early generation for these traits. Whereas high to moderate heritability along with low estimates of genetic advance which indicates that non additive gene effects. The genotypes which shows non additive gene effects will not be consider for further breeding programme.

In the present study, suitable geostatistical approach is used for mapping different water quality parameters and generate water quality map for Mansa district, Punjab. Georeferenced ground water samples were collected and analysed for different quality parameters i.e. pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Carbonate and Bicarbonate (CO32-, HCO3-), Chloride (Cl-), Calcium + Magnesium (Ca2++Mg2+) (Total Hardness), Sodium (Na+), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Potassium (K+) and SAR. Different geostatistical approaches such as ordinary kriging, simple kriging, Radial Basis Functions (RBF) and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) were compared on the basis of root mean square error to select the best technique for a particular parameter. EC and RSC variability maps were integrated to generate water quality map in GIS environment. Water quality maps were broadly categorized as Good, Marginal and Poor on the basis of EC and RSC values. Change detection was conducted using previous year water quality map and water quality generated in this study.

The present investigation was carried out with eighteen clones including four water logging tolerant checks. The experiment was conducted at the Sugarcane Breeding Experimental Block of Norman Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India. Genetic variability was studied for 14 different morphological and quality characters. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among all the clones for all characters studied. Highest PCV was exhibited by number of tillers (16.60%) followed by germination (15.63%). The lowest PCV (3.43%) was observed for juice sucrose. The analysis of heritability and genetic advance indicated that morphological characters viz. juice extraction percent, cane height, number of tillers, germination percent, NMC and cane thickness recorded moderate to high estimates, suggesting that selection of morphological traits would be effective for developing improved water logging tolerant clones.

The present experiments were conducted during three consecutive kharif seasons (2015-17) to study the effect of commercially available insecticides formulations, Emmamection Benzoate 0.5% SG (0.5 gm/ litre of water),Quinalphos 25% EC (2.0 ml/ lit.), Novaluron 10 % EC (1.0 ml/ lit.), Neem oil 2% (20 ml/lit.), Karanj oil 2% (20 ml/lit.) against the Spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata in Clusterbean. The descending order of most effective insecticide was: Emmamection Benzoate>Quinalphos > Novaluron. During 2015 year the maximum population reduction over control was found after 7 days of application of second spray at 15 days of interval viz., 77.21 and 66.83 percent due to Emmamection Benzoate, Quinalphos respectively. A similar trend was found in 2016 and 2017. Thus, Emmamection Benzoate was found most effective against the Spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata Geyer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Clusterbean.

Variability is a very important intrinsic characteristic of climate and it varies on all timescales, it can also be described as a combination of some preferred spatial patterns. Climate variability affects weather and climate on many spatial and temporal scales. The seasonal cycle is the most significant periodic climate variability mode. The opposite is true during La Niña. Daily rainfall data at district scale obtained from India Meteorological Department (IMD) for a period of 43 years (1971-2013) was categorized based on the ENSO episodes for assessing the impact of ENSO on seasonal rainfall variability and length of growing period (LGP) for rainfed cropping period (RCP, September-December). LGP was calculated in each district by estimating number of days between onset and cessation in addition to support from soil moisture for crop growth from the last spell of rainfall. The results revealed that the El Nino condition positively influenced the rainfed cropping period rainfall and vice-versa during La Niña years. Tamil Nadu experiences the LGP between 91 and 126 days (13-18weeks). The LGP was higher under El Nino followed by neutral and La Niña conditions.

The ravines of Chambal have been originated from tectonic movement and have till date shown no apparent relation to climate, but persistent deforestation exposes the nutrient deficient soil, which inflames ravine expansion. The study was conducted to identify effect of various management practices on soil erosion and was computed by using Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE). Study carried out at village Aisah of Morena district of Madhya Pradesh having six modules with various systems viz. M1- Diversified cropping system, M2- Agri- Horticulture, M3- Horti-Medicinal/pastoral, M4-Silvi-Medicinal, M5- Silvi- pastoral and M0- control for management of Chambal Ravine. The results indicate that maximum soil loss was recorded in the M0- controlled (28.7), whereas minimum soil loss was recorded in the M5- Silvi- Pastoral module (8.4), followed by M4-Silvi Medicinal (14.8), M1- Diversified cropping system (16.2), M3- Horti-medicinal (18.6) and M2- Agri-horti (24 ton/ha/year). Soil loss occurred mostly as sand (55-60%), followed by silt (35-40%) and minimum as clay (05-10%) which was almost in same ratio as texture of plough layer soil.

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of soil application of silkworm pupal residue biocompost (SPRB) on growth and yield parameters of V1 mulberry at Department of Sericulture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru. The experiment was conducted with seven treatments and four replications in randomized block design. The results of the study indicated that V1 mulberry raised with 50% N through Silkworm pupal residue bio compost (SPRB)+ 50% N through chemical fertilizer+ Recommended dose of P& K /ha/year through chemical fertilizer(T6) significantly increased the growth parameters viz., Plant height (70.60, 123.41 and 163.72 cm)and number of leaves per plant (123.33, 211.91 and 229.00)at 30th,45th and 60th days after pruning compared to control. Significant improvement in leaf area (185.25dm2), leaf yield per plant (1005.37g) and leaf yield per hectare (62.05 tonnes) was recorded in T6 compared to all the other treatments. Results of the present investigation indicated that, application of 50% N through SPRB+50% N through chemical fertilizer+ Recommended dose of P&K/ha/year through chemical fertilizer significantly increased both growth and yield parameters of V1 mulberry.

Attitude refers to the degree of positive or negative affect associated with psychological object. The psychological object may be any symbol, phrase, slogan, person, institution, idea or ideal towards which the people may differ with respect to positive or negative effect. The psychological objects for the present study have been conceptualized as loose flower cultivation. In general, loose flowers are used for adornment by women, offered in religious ceremonies and used for making garlands on religious and social occasions. The present study, analyze the attitude of loose flower growers towards loose flower cultivation in Tamil Nadu by developing an attitude scale to measure the same. The study was contemplated to develop and standardize the same. The method of equal appearing intervals was used to develop the attitude scale, which comprises of 10 statements (five positive and five negative). The scale thus developed was reliable with rtt> 0.60; rtt 0.68 and validity test value 4.00.

The present investigation was carried out to find out spatio-temporal changes in area, production and productivity of wheat in Rajasthan. We made an analysis of the changes in wheat crop production, area and yield of Rajasthan for the period from 1995 to 2014. The present study revealed that: (a) increase in area, production and productivity of wheat yield in the state. (b) Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Alwar, Baran, Bundi, Jaipur, Bharatpur, Kota and Bhilwara districts were identified as primary zone of wheat in Rajasthan. (c) Banswara, Pali, Jalore and Dungarpur districts are fall under Medium spread and Low productivity category and Rajsamand is under Low spread and Medium productivity category where it requires increasing area under wheat.

The present experiment was conducted in the laboratory of Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Gwalior (M.P.) during Kharif season in the year 2019-20. Five different insecticides and one control were selected for the experiment to test their efficacy against Bihar hairy caterpillar Spilosoma oblique Walker. The experiment was carried out in completely randomized block design (CRD). All the treatments were replicated four times. Observations were recorded 12, 24 and 48 hrs after insecticides application. The sample consisted of 24 caterpillars of S. obliqua per replication. Emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 0.44 gm/lit. showed the best results after 12, 24 and 48 hours after application. All the treatments were found superior over control.