Arsenic contamination is one of the serious concerns for public health aspect throughout the world. Sometimes arsenic affected people may not be severely impaired but society may point them as Dangerous or poisonous ones. Study on this topic was carried out at Nonaghata-uttarpara village of the Haringhata block of Nadia district in West Bengal taking 70 respondents randomly. Variables like age, cropping intensity, source of irrigation, communication variables are taken for collection of reliable data. The present study well identified some of the important factors (age, education, cropping intensity, communication exposures, homestead land) to study the perception of individuals regarding arsenic contamination. Special education/training programs are much needed for sufferers with lower income and education status in order to improve perception about consequences of chronic arsenic contamination; this will be an important element for abating the ever increasing social crisis.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a widely adapted crop. It is grown from temperate, irrigated to dry and high-rain-fall areas and from warm, humid to dry, cold environments. Seed produced under zero tillage condition leads to moisture stress in the field condition which might affect the vigour potential of seed. Generally, stress (moisture) has deleterious effect on germination and vigour of crop. In the present investigation, the single lot of wheat variety DBW 14 was sown under two different tillage conditions after treatments with different seed enhancement agents with the objective to assess their effect on seed vigour potential. Seed vigour potential of seed lot produced under zero tillage was comparatively inferior to that of normal tillage. Treatment with KNO3 (2%) significantly improved followed by combined treatment of KNO3 (2%) and Bavistin, (2g/kg of seed) of all the seed vigour potential parameters viz., 100 seed weight, standard germination, seedling dry weight, seedling length, vigour index-I and vigour index-II, mean emergence time and field emergence index show lower value in zero tillage condition in comparison to normal tillage.

Kagzi lime (Citrus aurantifolia) is one of the most important horticultural crops in India. It is most important fruit crop as the demand for its consumption is very high due to the nutritional and medicinal values as the fruits are rich source of vitamin “C” and acetic acid. The fruits are extensively used for squashes, pickles, syrups and cordials, manufacturing of citric acid and table purpose in daily life of Indians. In case of kagzi lime, the three blooming seasons are Mrig bahar (June-July bloom), Hasta bahar (September-October bloom) and Ambia bahar (January-February bloom). Out of which fruits of Hasta bahar fetch more prices. Using multistage sampling technique 60 farmers were selected from the three categories of the small, medium and large farmers. Here in this study, it was estimated cost and returns found that overall on an average the total cost per hectare for cultivation of kagzi lime orchard was estimated to be ₹ 110478.25. It has been observed that an overall level benefit cost ratio was worked out to 2.14. The post harvest physical and economical losses at farm level, found that the physical loss of 1.93 percent which varies from farm to farm. It can be concluded that larger is the of orchard size larger will be the output and lower will be the proportion of loss.

Thirty-six Holstein fresien dairy cows were selected based on the average milk yield of 10 to 12 lits and fat percent of 3.2 to 3.5 during early lactation and randomly allotted to three groups of twelve cows for each treatment. Group I as Control as deworming and without any supplementation and Group II was fed with mineral mixture alone and Group III was fed with protected fat containing mineral mixture @ 50 gms daily for one-month period. The increase in milk yield and milk quality in terms of milk fat and Solid non-fat were recorded and analysed. The Results revealed deworming of dairy cows alone will increases the milk yield by 600 ml, fat by 0.2 % and SNF by 0.8 % whereas feeding of TANUVAS mineral mixture will increase the milk yield 1.67 lits fat by 0.3 % and SNF by 1.2 % whereas feeding of protected fat increased the milk yield to 2.92 lits fat by 0.9 % and SNF by 1.7 %. Hence, the study concluded that the net profit after including the cost involved on feeding the supplements per month was Rs 682 /-, Rs 1050/- and Rs 1316/- in the three treatment groups respectively.

Droughts, heat and cold waves are common across the world due to climate change. Their adverse impact on livelihood of farmers is tremendous. The present study attempt was made to know the Socio-personal and Economic, Psychological, and Communicational aspect of beneficiary farmers of KVK and non-beneficiaries in terms of climate resilient activities conducted by KVKs. The study was conducted in twos; of Datia and Tikamgarh district of Madhya Pradesh. The information about characteristics of farmer was collected through personal interview schedule. This study be revealed that beneficiary respondents found superior than non-beneficiary respondent in case of level of education, occupation, attitudes, market orientation, perception, knowledge, participation and information seeking and sharing behaviour. Cropping pattern is continued to change over different intervention introduced by KVK and worked on introducing drought / temperature tolerant varieties in different crops and economic output of the technologies.

The study was conducted in Korea District, Chhattisgarh to determine the relationship between live weight and linear measurements in Sirohi goat under semi intensive system. Data on live body weight, linear body measurements were collected from selected 20 female goats over one year. The mean body length, height at wither, heart girth and bodyweight of adult Sirohi Doe were recorded to be 27.5±0.80inch, 24.91±0.88inch, 24.91±0.88inch and 25.25±0.0.75kg, respectively. Significant positive correlation coefficients between live weight and body measurement characteristics viz. body length (BL), height at withers (HT) and heart girth (HG), (0.618, 0.680 and 0.700 respectively) were observed. The relatively high value of correlation coefficient between live body weight and heart girth assumed it to be more significant indicators of live body weight in Sirohi goat.

Cluster front line demonstration on Bengal gram was conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ramagirikhilla, in four villages during the last two years (2016-17 to 2017-18). The results showed 28.5 to 46.15 percent yield increase in FLDs over farmers practice during2016-17 to 2017-2018. The extension gap and technology gap were 3.6 q/ha and 11.25q/ha respectively. Therefore, front line demonstration programme was an effective tool for increasing the productivity of Bengal gram and changing knowledge, attitude and skill of farmers. This created greater awareness and motivated the other farmers to adopt improved practices of Bengal gram.

India has been ranking among top seven producers of coffee in the world, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu being the major coffee producing states in the country. However, there has been a consistent fluctuation in the production in the recent years across the states due to changing climate conditions. The paper aims to examine the trends in planted area under coffee, bearing area under coffee, production and productivity of coffee in India by using compound growth rate analysis with the 18 years’ time series data. It also analyses the area and productivity effect as preliminary determinants of coffee production. The major issues and challenges relating to production and productivity of coffee have also been dealt with. Concluding remarks includes some of the initiatives taken by the Coffee Board (a nodal agency for coffee sector in India) for augmenting the overall coffee production and its consistency.

A field study was conducted for three consecutive years from 2012-13 to 2014-15 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle to study the effect of water and nutrient management practices with drip irrigation and fertigation on yield and quality of sugarcane. The study was conducted with three methods of irrigations viz., surface drip, sub surface drip and furrow irrigation and four nitrogen levels (100, 150, 200 and 250 Kg N/ha) in split plot design. The test variety 97A85 (Visakha) was planted in paired rows (60/120 cm) and the surface and subsurface drip laterals were installed in the rows of each pair. In sub surface irrigation system laterals are placed at the depth of 15 cm in the soil. Significant differences in cane yield were observed due to different methods of irrigation and application of different levels of nitrogen. Pooled mean data of three years indicated that sub surface (104.5 t/ha) and surface (100.5 t/ha) irrigation methods gave significantly highest cane yield as compared to furrow method of irrigation (86.6 t/ha). Among different nitrogen levels, application of 200 Kg N/ha recorded significantly higher cane yield of 101.2 t/ha. Further increase in nitrogen dose does not increased the cane yield significantly. Highest percent juice sucrose was recorded in drip irrigation treatments as compared to furrow irrigation. Among different nitrogen levels, application of 150 Kg N/ha recorded higher juice sucrose percent (17.2). There is saving of water to the extent of 35.2% in drip irrigation as compared to furrow irrigation. Among different methods of irrigation, sub surface (1210 Kg/ha-cm) and surface (1170 Kg/ha-cm) methods of irrigations registered higher water use efficiency as compared to furrow method of irrigation (680 Kg/ha-cm).

As per socio-economic status of the Odisha state, it can be divided into two broad regions, i.e. the coastal region and inland districts. The former is fertile with high yielding capacity of agriculture comprising high proportion upper-caste population. The hilly and barren districts covering with forest are in primitive stage of economic comprising with ST and SC population. It is needless to mention that socioeconomic backwardness of a region is the root cause of mass poverty. In the present study, all the districts of Odisha were ranked on the basis of their levels of development obtained with the help of 30 indicators related to agriculture, social and industrial sectors. The district wise data in respect of the indicators published by Odisha government for the year 2014-15 have been used for all the districts of the Odisha state. The statistical technique composite index method has been used in addition to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for ranking the districts. Cluster analysis has been used for classification or grouping the districts. The Composite Indices (C.I.) of development in respect of 30 developmental indicators for all the districts of Odisha has been computed for the year 2014-15. The districts of Ganjam, Mayurbhanj, Cuttack, Sundargarh and Koraput were found to be most developed districts while the district of Deogarh was found to be most backward followed by the districts of Jharsuguda, Boudh, Subarnapur and Nuapada in overall development.

A field study was conducted in rabi season of year 2014-15 and 2015-16 at experimental plot of RRTTS, Mahisapat, Dhenkanal to study the Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of onion (Allium cepa L.) cv. Bhima Super. The field was laid out in randomized block design with seven treatments and three replications. The treatment detail is as T1-Soil Test Based Fertilizer Recommendation (STBFR), T2-STBFR+FYM (10t/ha), T3-STBFR + Vermicompost(5t/ha), T4-STBFR +PSB (5 kg/ha), T5-STBFR+Azotobacter (5 kg/ha), T6-STBFR+Azospirillum (5 kg/ha), T7 - STBFR +Azotobacter (5 kg/ha) + Azospirillum (5 kg/ha) + PSB (5 kg/ha). It was observed that the treatment applied with STBFR along with Azotobacter (5 kg/ha) + Azospirillum (5 kg/ha) + PSB (5 kg/ha) showed the highest yield (231.3q/ha) followed by the treatment applied with STBFR+Vermicompost (226.57q/ha). It was also observed that the treatment applied with STBFR+ Azotobacter (5 kg/ha) + Azospirillum (5 kg/ha) + PSB (5 kg/ha) showed the highest bulb length of 5.47 cm, bulb diameter of 6.37 cm resulting the highest yield with B:C ratio of 2.78 and having 29.21 % more yield than that of the treatment applied with STBFR only. However, the treatment applied with STBFR along with FYM gives the lowest benefit-cost ratio (2.10).

Olfaction, the sense of smell, is the least understood of the five human senses. Humans are generally considered to have weaker sense of smell than other members of animal kingdom. But ample evidence suggests that olfactory social behaviours were heavily involved in communication among primates. An increasing number of studies make evident that human olfaction is much better than previously thought. This review aims at summarizing the utility of porcine species in using as a model for studying olfaction.

Kerala held highest share of area 69.16 %) followed by Tripura (9.44 %), Assam (6.51 %) and Karnataka (6.19 %). The study of domestic marketing arrangements for rubber helps to understand how rubber is being disposed of by the farmers and what benefits they are deriving from different marketing channels. For the study, primary data were collected from various market intermediaries from Kottayam and Ernakulam districts of Kerala state. The study revealed that 70 percent of the farmers preferred to sell rubber sheets to RPS (Type-2) and 64.32 percent of the produce of sample farmers were channelized through RPS (Type-2). In the total marketing cost, transportation was found to be the major cost component among all major channels. The producers’ share in consumers’ rupee was the highest in channel-1 at 98.61 percent followed by channel-2 (96.49 %) and channel- 3 (96.19 %).

The aim of this study is to examine comparative advantages of the agriculture commodities export during 2007 to 2016 from India. The study used Balassa index to measure comparative advantages of agricultural commodities of India. India enjoyed highly comparative advantages and specialization in export of guargum in all commodities. The maize, fresh onion, fresh fruits decidi, dried pea, cucumber and gherkins, dried lentil, dried chickpea, dried and preserved vegetables, groundnut, soy bean oil, edible treenut, cotton, natural honey and buffalo meat examined strong comparative advantage in world agriculture trade

Financial inclusion is the process of ensuring access to all financial products and services to vulnerable groups such as weaker sections and low-income groups at an affordable cost in a fair and transparent manner. The financial services include savings, loans, payments, remittance facilities and financial counselling or advisory services by the formal financial system. India ranks 54th position in FDI and had a two-fold increase in FDI during 1981 to 2017. From 2004 onwards, there was an appreciable growth in the number of branches of commercial banks, ATMs, deposit accounts, loan accounts, outstanding loans and deposits, credit and debit cards, POS terminals and transactions. Financial inclusion assumes greater importance in India as access to finance by the poor and vulnerable groups is a prerequisite for poverty reduction, social cohesion and inclusive growth.