A field experiment was conducted at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh during the year 2008-09 in kharif and rabi season to see the effect of PGPR and FYM on growth with different doses of organic fertilizers on soil fertility status, soil health and enzymatic activity of rice-wheat cropping sequence. Significantly Effect the maximum and superior after one year of rice –wheat cropping sequence bulk density(1.25 Mg-3),water holding capacity(58 %),available nitrogen(246.69 kg/ha ), available potash (239.86 kg/ha ), and dehydrogenase activities (152.651), phoshphase activities (30.293) urease activities (4.491) use on kharif rice on treatment of 36 t FYM ha1 + and PGPM (Azotobactor + Azospirullum + Aspergillus + Tricoderma + PSB. and rabi wheat on treatment of 36 t /ha FYM with PGPR (Azotobactor + tricoderma) +PSB (P.flurescence + P.putida + B.megatera + B.polymyxa). The application of different treatment did not affect the pH, Ec, and bulk density decreased CEC significantly improved after rice- wheat sequence. Positive impact of soil fertility and enzymatic activity status recorded.

Turmeric is a sacred spices of India is seriously affected by foliar diseases caused by Taphrina maculans and Colletotrichum capsici. Although the diseases can be kept under check with repeated chemical sprays, but excessive use of fungicides pose a threat due to pollution and health hazards, which thereby attempt have been made to evaluate 15 accession of turmeric against foliar diseases. Among them NDH-128 have been found tolerant against Colletotrichum leaf spot (14.2 PDI) and Taphrina leaf blotch (25.6 PDI) diseases with good rhizome yield. However NDH-123 was tolerant against Taphrina leaf blotch and NDH-130 for Colletotrichum leaf spot. NDH-135 gave higher fresh rhizome yield (40.66 t/ha).

The Mobile phones are the most powerful and dominant information and communication technology platform. With the world’s population at over 7.691 billion, wherein smartphone numbers show approximately 20 percent of all people got a new smartphone last year. With the increase in the usage of internet enormously these mobile phones used not only for communicating through normal calls and messages, it has been now equipped with many more options which plays most vital role in everyday human life where in the students/ younger generations are no exception. It has become a part and parcel and an important accessory that can be easily carried out and in addition to that it is available with too many features that help to keep in touch with people easily anywhere anytime and various advantages like internet service. Present study aims at the mobile usage pattern among Agri graduates, conducted among 100 Agri- Graduates and studied the pattern of usage of mobile phones and impact on learning by using a questionnaire. In the present study 29 percent of the students said that mobile phones usage never interferes in their learning. Whereas 15 percent said that they always do use phones during their study as an assisting tool in their learning. It is to conclude that, in student’s life the use of mobile phones has a good impact in their learning, when used in desirable manner, and in any way that should not lead to the dependency of students on mobiles due to excessive use of these phones. Hence, some interventions are required to motivate the youth for productive use of ICT gadgets.

The study was conducted to estimate mean performance and general combining ability effects of parents with an objective to develop highly heterotic heat tolerant rice hybrids. The investigation was carried out by using four diverse CGMS lines and 50 tester parents in the hybridization process and 200 hybrids were developed by following line x tester mating design. Analysis of variance for combining ability revealed significant differences among lines and testers. Among the CGMS lines, TNAU CMS 2A showed significant desirable gca effects for earliness, plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, panicle length, spikelet fertility and 100 grain weight and another CGMS line IR 68897A revealed significant desirable gca effects for earliness, number of spikelets per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle and gain yield per plant. Eight testers viz., CB00-13-84, CB00-13-55, CB00-13-39, CB00-13-171, CB00-14-65, CB00-13-106, CB00-14-81 and CB00-13-133 were good general combiners for earliness. The genotypes COMS 23A, TNAU CMS 2A, IR 8, CB00-13-113, IR 36, HTL 31, HTL 25, HTL 32 and BALILLA were good general combiners for plant height indicating the presence of favourable alleles for desirable plant height. The CGMS line COMS 24A was found to be a good general combiner for number of productive tillers per plant, number of spikelets per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle, 100 grain weight, grain yield per plant. The tester CB00-14-56 was a good general combiner for number of spikelets per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle, spikelet fertility. The other testers CB00-14-82 and CB00-13-97 were good general combiners for panicle length, spikelet fertility, 100 grain weight. The genotypes COMS 24A, CB00-13-55 and CB00-13-126 were found to be the good general combiners for grain yield. The lines and testers showing significant and desirable combining ability effects were associated with better per se performance for the respective traits.

The study on impact of fiscal deficit on economic growth in India with an objective of estimating the relationship between economic growth variables. The period of study is from 1980-81 to 2016-17, the data collected from various secondary sources on gross domestic product, per capita gross national product, fiscal deficit etc. The collected data was analysed using percentage regression analysis, Johansen Cointegration test and Vector Error Correction model. This study has adopted two functions to analyse the impact of fiscal deficit on economic growth. Johansen Cointegration test and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) were employed to check cointegration relationships among the variables. The results of the error correction model indicated the absence of any short run relationship between the variables for models. This study is support with Keynesian view that there is a positive relationship with fiscal deficit and economic growth.

Three hundred and ninety-five cross legume species/ genera SSR markers (65 from soyabean, 12 from medicago, 9 from chickpea, 105 from adzukibran, 70 from cowpea and 134 from mungbean) were used to identify those polymorphic to parents of F2 mapping population viz., TAU-1 and LBG-17 in blackgram, a genomic resource limited crop. Of these 395 SSR markers, 315 SSR markers (79.50%) amplified and 71 of them (22.62%) were polymorphic between the parents of F2 population. Among the 71 cross legume polymorphic SSR markers, those based on, di-nucleotide repeat motifs exhibited highest polymorphism (67.60 %), followed by tri- (18.30 %), complex-(9.85 %) and tetra- nucleotide repeat motifs (4.22 %). The identified polymorphism cross legume SSR markers is suggested for use in various applications in blackgram breeding research. The present study showed possibility of using cross legume species/ genera SSR markers in blackgram for genotyping the F2 mapping population for gene mapping and subsequently for marker assisted selection

This investigation are done in all five districts of Northern Hills Zone of Chhattisgarh to suggest which particular farming system viz. cereal based, pulse based, sugarcane based and dairy based farming system is most productive or beneficial for farmers. The findings revealed that majority (69.33%) of the respondents were obtained information from RAEOs, followed by friends/relatives (64%) and about 27 percent of them obtained from Kisanmitras. In case of credibility, the progressive farmers were found most credible amongst the all sources of information. Regarding contact with extension personnel, about 37 percent of the respondents made contact with Rural Agricultural Extension officer (RAEOs) and half of the respondents used 1 to 2 sources of mass media, followed by 47 percent used 1 source of mass media. The majority of the respondents (59%) had contacted to city/town monthly and more.

The present investigations carried out during 2017-2018 in nine selected districts of all three agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh state, under NASF funded research project. The data was collected from 500 beneficiaries of the ATMA. This investigation aims at to assess the impact of different interventions drawn by the ATMA in these selected districts on different production & productivity of different crop ventures. The finding shows that all the respondents are aware of ATMA project and have monthly contact with ATMA officials. The majority of them agreed that demonstration, training and exposure visits are conducted under this project. Majority (79.80%) of the respondents have not aware and not participated (83.60%) in formation of SREP, maize is the only crop shows acceleration in coverage area in both kharif and rabi season in case of productivity the kodo millet and maize share maximum acceleration in productivity in study area.

In India, energy continues to be precious with continues hiking of oil prices unlike in the west, anaerobic digestion has far greater relevance then it has to many other regions of the world. The cassava starch production in India is mainly concentrated in small to medium scale factories, which generates 30,000 to 40,000 litres of effluent per tonne of sago produced. The effluent from these industries is acidic and highly organic in nature having COD of 5000 to 7000 mg/l during the season and 1000 to 5000 during the off-season. These effluents pose a serious threat to the environment and quality of life in the both rural and cities. Since the treatment of sago factory effluent through the normal biogas plant with 30 to 55 days retention period is very costly, attempts have been made to treat them through high rate biomethanation reactor with several hours of retention period. In the batch digestion of 4-5 week period there was no gas production at all from the sago waste water, when it was not neutralized and not added with inoculum without any addition of media. The maximum gas production of 34.5 Litres at 4.35m3/Kg TS reduced with biogas production of 1.01/l of feed in the digestion with the weekly addition of 25,10 and 5 percent of inoculum respectively over the first three weeks without any addition of media. The performance of hybrid biomethanation reactor with the packing media of PVC pall rings was designed and performance was studied under different retention period. The specific gas production was 723l/Kg TS and 909l/Kg VS in PVC pall rings media reactor.

An experiment was conducted to know the storage potential of different fenugreek cultivars. The seeds which were produced during rabi, 2005 and summer, 2006 at Agricultural Research Station, Balajigapade, Chikkaballapura district, Karnataka were packed in cloth bag and stored under ambient conditions of Bengaluru. Samples were drawn at three months intervals (0, 3, 6 and 9) initially and subsequently at monthly intervals (up to the end of 12 months of storage) for seed quality analysis. The results revealed the significant increase in seed moisture over storage under ambient conditions irrespective of season of production. Variety Bangalore-local recorded significantly higher germination (96.71 % and 91.21 %), seedling vigour index-I (1501 and 1651) and lower electrical conductivity (243 and 212 dSm-1) which was produced in both rabi, 2005and summer, 2006 respectively. The seeds produced during summer 2006 have better storage potential as compared seeds produced during rabi 2005 wherein the percentage reduction in germination was significantly higher.

Field and laboratory experiments were performed to study the influence of varieties and stage of maturity on seed quality in fenugreek. The field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Research Station Balagigapade, Chikkabalapur district, Karnataka. The laboratory studies on seed quality parameters were carried out in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru. The experiment consisted of five varieties viz., Bangalore local, Pusa Early Bunching, LS-1, CO-1 and CO-2, harvested at five stages viz., seeds harvested at physiological maturity, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after physiological maturity. Among the varieties, Bangalore local recorded maximum fresh seed weight (0.755 g and 0.610 g), dry seed weight (0.364 g and 0.327 g) and germination (98.30 % and 95.70 %) while, the electrical conductivity was low (143 dSm-1 and 138 dSm-1) in both rabi, 2005 and summer, 2006, respectively as compared to other varieties. Both fresh weight of seeds and pods drastically decreased with the advance in maturity. The dry weight of pods declined with stages of maturity, while the dry weight of seeds increased up to M3 (0.343 g and 0.342 g) in both rabi, 2005 and summer, 2006, thereafter it started to decline. However, M3 recorded higher germination. Harvesting of fenugreek 10 days after physiological maturity is feasible for nucleus, breeder and foundation seeds whereas, for certified stage seeds, the seed crop can be harvested even 20 days after physiological maturity.

The world population approaching 9 billion by 5050 and the changing climate along with conflict ridden countries, the future of food supply isn’t favourable. There is a need to explore unconventional sources of food. Insects are a sustainable option to this challenge as they have good nutritional content and can convert food side-streams into edible food. They can be potential solution to current world hunger and malnutrition issue and address the problem of organic waste. More than 3500 species of insects are known to be consumed by more than 2 billion people in the world today, but they are still considered non-traditional due to low acceptability. Insects are rich in protein, energy, essential fatty acids and amino acids in comparable quantities to traditional meat and plant based foods. They can grow in almost every climate and their nutrient composition depends on their diet, climate and stage of metamorphic. They are eaten as whole, can be dried and stored or processed into foods or used as ingredients in traditional foods.

Rearing of phytophagous insects such as H. armigera on artificial media rather than on their host plants is advantageous in a variety of investigations. But the laboratory cultures are often infected by the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HaNPV), bacteria and microsporidia, which leads to discontinuity in insect populations/strains, and or inability to maintain insect strains with different attributes to carry out scientific research. Whereas, inclusion of antibiotics in enough doses in artificial diet can control mortality in laboratory reared insect populations. The highest larval survival (90.0%) was recorded in insects reared on diets containing all the antibiotics, followed by those reared on the diets containing rifampicin and penicillin (87.8%). The adult emergence was also greater in insects reared on diets with all the antibiotics, and in diets with rifampicin (67.78%). Formalin had a significant effect on the larval survival, pupal weight, and fecundity of H. armigera. Highest fecundity (722.4 eggs/female) was recorded in insects reared on diets with 2.0% formalin. Sodium hypochlorite did not exhibit any significant effect on adult emergence of H. armigera. Sodium hypochlorite at 2.5-3.0% was found to be effective in reducing pathogen infection and the proportion of healthy adults was 84.0, 85.5, 89.3% in first, second, third generations, respectively.

The present study was conducted at Regional Sericultural Research Station, Central Silk Board, Miran Sahib, Jammu during Spring, 2019 to evaluate the effect of different mulberry plantation systems on rearing performance of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) under sub-tropical conditions. The rearing performance of double hybrid (FC1×FC2) i.e. (CSR6 × CSR26) × (CSR2 × CSR27) silkworm was assessed by feeding the silkworm larvae with leaves from different plantation systems of mulberry variety S-146. The larval and cocoon parameters viz., mature larval weight (64.35 g), effective rate of rearing per 10000 larvae [by number (8973.01) and by weight (20.24 kg)], single cocoon weight (2.40 g), single shell weight (0.50 g) and shell ratio (22.45 %) were found to be higher in cocoons produced by silkworms fed with leaves of 3×3 ft. plantation system when compared to 8x8 ft. and 10x10 ft. plantation systems. The post-cocoon parameters viz., average filament length (1205.14 m), average non-breakable filament length (1150.29 m), reelability percentage (84.72 %) and raw silk percentage (40.32 %) were also found to be superior in cocoons produced by silkworms fed with leaves of 3×3 ft. plantation system as compared to wider spacing plantations. It has been observed that narrow spacing bush mulberry (3×3 ft. plantation system) has a positive impact on the cocoon and silk quality parameters when compared to wider spacing (8x8 ft. and 10x10 ft.) tree plantation systems.

Objectives of study is analysis of growth in area, production and productivity of selected horticultural crops from India and World

A Field experiment was undertaken at Agricultural Research Station, Sriganganagar, SKRAU, Bikaner (during Kharif, 2014 and 2015) to evaluate the efficacy of newer insecticides against the important sucking pests of cotton viz., jassid and whitefly on cotton. The insecticides viz., Solomon 300 OD (betacyfluthrin 9% + imidacloprid 21% w/v OD) @ 150,175 & 200 ml ha-1, Confidor 200 SL (imidacloprid 17.8 % SL) @ 125 & 210 ml ha-1, betcyfluthrin 2.45 % SC @ 750 ml ha-1, Indoxacarb 14.5 % + Acetamiprid 7.7 % SC @ 750 ml ha-1 and Deltamethrin 1% + Triazophos 35 % EC @ 1250 ml ha-1 were applied two times during both the seasons. The results revealed that, application of Solomon 300 OD @ 200 ml/ha was found more effective followed by Solomon 300 OD @ 175 ml/ha and 150 ml/ha in terms of percent population reduction of jassid and whitefly. Maximum seed cotton yield was obtained by the application of Solomon 300 OD @ 200 ml/ha followed by Solomon 300 OD @ 200 ml/ha while it was obtained minimum in the application of Betacyfluthrin 2.45% SC @750 ml/ha.

Time series analysis of the distribution of certified seed in India for cereals and pulses studied using autoregressive model, moving average model and ARIMA model with different parameters are analyzed and the model with the lowest AIC is considered for evaluation. The autoregressive model with an order of 3 is found to efficient than the lower order and its percent deviation is 9.36 and 8.01 for cereal and pulses respectively. ARIMA with an order of (0,1,0) is found to be significant compared to other order based on lowest AIC with a prediction deviation for cereals and pulses are 8.10 and 3.65 respectively.

The present study was formulated to exploit the promising traits for yield improvement in 52 mungbean germplasm using path and principal component analysis (PCA). The genotypes were evaluated during kharif 2019 at Agricultural Research Station, Bhavanisagar. Eight yield contributing traits viz., plant height, days to first flowering, days to fifty percent flowering, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, hundred seed weight and grain yield were recorded in this study. Path analysis portrayed that the trait number of pods per plant (1.025) exhibited highest positive direct effect on grain yield succeeded by hundred seed weight (0.498). PCA contributed to a maximum of 70.31 percent of the variability from first three components with Eigen values more than one (PC1-2.52; PC2-1.84; PC3-1.27). The first component furnished 31.49 percent of the total variation and the traits attributing to maximum variation in PC1 included plant height (0.710), number of pods per plant (0.695), single plant yield (0.685), days to first flowering (0.682), days to fifty percent flowering (0.675), and number of seeds per pod (0.182). Highest variation and maximum direct effect on grain yield was displayed by number of pods per plant. Hence selection based on number of pods per plant will be of great value for future mungbean improvement programme.

Climatological records assume a paramount role in the studies of variation of the atmospheric conditions. They provide vital information about climate variability, trends and cycles. To identify such in the current study using non-parametric test such as Van Neumann ratio test, Pettitt test, standard normal homogeneity test and Buishand range test. Study concludes that there is a break in annual rainfall data of Yadgir district from SNHT and it was found to 1983 i.e., maximum annual rainfall received year.

Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) is flowering plant with varied cosmetic uses and has high in-vitro pharmacological activity. It is cultivated as a plantation crop in semi-arid and arid zones to yield henna leaves. The leaves are harvested and dried to reduce their moisture content for further processing and reduce microbial spoilage. The dried leaves are cleaned to remove foreign matter, cut to reduce leaf size for grinding, ground to form powder and screened to prepare homogenous henna powder. Crop can be harvested multiple times in a year and presents a scope of agriculture in regions with less rainfall and has potential as medicinal crop.