A field experiment was conducted to find out the suitable sowing date and optimum dose of sulphur to obtain good quality yield in garlic (Allium sativum L.). Sixteen treatment combinations with four dates of sowing viz., 10th October (D1), 25th October (D2), 10th November (D3) and 25th November (D4) and four levels of sulphur (control, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ ha) were taken. Sowing of garlic crop on 25th October along with application of sulphur @ 60 kg/ ha significantly increased polar diameter of bulb, average weight of bulb and yield. It may be concluded that most suitable time for sowing of garlic crop is 25th October and a dose of 60 kg/ ha sulphur found better to harvest a good crop with good yield and net returns under semi-arid region of Rajasthan.

Early attainment of sexual maturity and subsequent lambing improve the overall productivity of sheep farming. Reproduction traits records of 287 Munjal ewes sired by 27 sires were used to evaluate the sire by estimating the breeding value using Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) method. The average breeding value of Munjal sires for Age at first service (AFS), Weight at first service (WFS), Age at first lambing (AFL), Weight at first lambing (WFL) and First lambing interval (FLI) were estimated as 555.43 days, 29.09 kg, 706.10 days, 31.30 kg and 352.44 days, respectively. After estimation of breeding values, the sires were ranked as per their genetic merit. Top ranking alive sires were recommended for breeding. The product moment correlations between sire’s estimated breeding values among reproduction trait were low to high ranging from 0.01 to 0.99. The rank correlations of AFS with AFL and WFS with WFL were found to be high, positive and significant. It indicated that there is high degree of similarity between ranking of AFS with AFL and WFS with WFL. Genetic trend for AFS, WFS, AFL, WFL and FLI estimated by regressing breeding values of traits on year of the birth of the animals were obtained as 11.83 days/year, -0.45 kg/year, 12.53 days/ year, -0.46 kg/year and 3.57 days/year, respectively. Phenotypic trend for AFS, WFS, AFL, WFL and FLI were obtained as 10.93 days/year, -0.42 kg/ year, 11.04 days/year, -0.43 kg/year and 3.93 days/year, respectively. Genetic and phenotypic trends obtained in the present study were in undesirable direction which might be due to inbreeding because of small flock size.

The present study was conducted in Udham Singh Nagar District of Uttarakhand, with the objective of, factors affecting training needs of rural young girls in selected vocations. For this, one hundred twenty rural young girls were selected and information was collected with the help of observation and pre-structured interview schedule and data was analysed with the appropriate statistical tools as; frequency, percentage and mean and results were drawn from it. The findings of the study revealed that majority of respondents were of young age (22-26 years), unmarried, had education qualification up to intermediate level and belonged to medium size nuclear family. They had medium level of achievement motivation, occupational aspiration.

A field experiment was carried out during winter (rabi) seasons 2005-06 and 2006-07 at Agricultural Research Station, Ummedganj, Kota to study the effect of seed priming and foliar urea spray at different growth stages on productivity and profitability of rainfed lentil. Seed priming (i.e., soaking the seeds in water for 6 hrs) significantly improved higher plant stand/m2 at harvest was recorded to the tune of 3.5 percent over no seed primed. Maximum taller plant (40.9 cm), branches/plant (5.3), pods/plant (111.3) and seeds/pod (1.8) over no seed primed. It had improved grain yield to the tune of 13.6 per cent and higher net return (₹2352/ha) and B: C ratio (0.22) over no seed primed. Foliar spray of 2 % urea at branching + pod initiation significantly improved plant height (42.2 cm), branches/plant (5.6), pods/plant (123.6) and seeds/pod (1.9) over no spray. Similarly, foliar spray of 2 % urea at branching + pod initiation significantly increased grain yield (1136 kg/ha) to the tune of 25.4 % and fetched maximum return of ₹9772/ha and B: C ratio (0.92) as compared to no spray.

The present study was conducted in the Sehore block of Sehore district in the year 2016-17 to access the knowledge and practices of Farmers Field School members regarding chickpea management practices. The study revealed that majority of farmers have the higher percentage (36.90%) participant have partial knowledge followed by (34.53%) chickpea growers have prefect knowledge about overall improved chickpea management practices and (28.57%) chickpea growers have least knowledge about overall improved chickpea management practices.

Pyrolysis liquid is a potential source of revenues for motor vehicles or lubrication purpose. Fast Pyrolysis bio-oil from agriculture crop residues is one of the alternatives to replace fossil fuels. Once produced, bio-oils may be shipped, stored and utilized much like conventional liquid fuels once their specific fuel properties are taken into account. The mustered crop residue was selected for carrying out research work. Size of particle play important role during the design of bio-oil reactor. It was suitable for satisfying the condition of fast pyrolysis. The screw feeding method was used to feed the raw material in reactor chamber. Temperature throughout reactor was not same. It varies according to height and also, with the distance from wall of the reactor chamber. For determination of temperature profile of reactor, it was found that temperature at middle region of reactor chamber was higher than that of top and bottom regions of reactor chamber. The performance of reactor was taken at different temperature of 450, 500, 550 and 600 0C respectively. The feeding rate of pyrolysis unit was kept constant i.e., 1 kg/h. The highest recovery of bio-oil from mustered crop residues was found as 11 (wt.) percent at temperature of 550 0C. The highest recovery of bio-char was found 40 (wt.) per cent at temperature of 450 0C. The highest yield of NCG + Bio-oil was estimated 28.5 percent at temperature of 600 0C.

A quantitative study of Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) practices pertinent to coffee crop with detailed documentation among tribal people was carried out in Nilgiris district, Tamil Nadu. This attempt was made to study the awareness and adoption level of the rationalized ITKs among coffee growing hilly tribes. The study was conducted in two phases including documentation and rationalization, and field survey. Accordingly, 33 coffee growing elderly informants were selected purposively for the documentation purpose. The documented ITKs were rationalized based on the experience of 32 scientists from TNAU and KVKs of Tamil Nadu. Among the 26-total documented ITKs 21 were found to be rational. These rational ITKs were tested for the awareness and adoption level among the coffee growing hilly tribes of the Cherangode village of Gudalur block, Nilgiris district. The respondents were selected using simple random sampling technique and majority of them were found to possess with medium to low level of awareness and adoption level about the ITKs in coffee crop.

Rooftop rainwater harvesting is a simple but effective method to harvest rainwater. Over exploitation and limited recharge of groundwater is causing a negative draft of water below the soil surface. The water level and the quality of water is deteriorating due to less dilution. Rooftop rainwater harvesting produces an alternate method for domestic use of water. A study was conducted in a household located at Marjita village of Tirtol block in Jagatsinghpur district, Odisha, which lies between 20020’ 54’’N latitude and 86022’ 9’’ E longitude. The Geographical area of Jagatsinghpur district is 1668 Km2 and the annual average rainfall is 1436 mm. The gross groundwater draft for domestic and industrial water supply was estimated as 339.57 ha-m. The rooftop rain water harvesting was able to meet the 80 % of the total water required in that household on daily basis.

In developing countries like India where import accounts for 80 percent of the crude oil supplies, alternative high yield sources are given utmost priorities for sustaining renewable energy generation. Discrepancies between expectations and realities of different non-edible biodiesel feedstocks are pushing for feedstock diversification. Microalgae, having extremely high photosynthetic efficiency are drawing attention as rich source of third generation renewable energy. The main hurdle of microalgal biodiesel production is lowering the cost to make it competitive with petroleum derived fuels. The problem can be solved by developing process technologies for harvesting and drying of algal biomass, extraction of oil, transesterification and downstream processing. India in spite of being one of the major producers of algae is yet to start such type of research and development activities on algal biodiesel. This paper reviews the potential of microalgae to produce a multitude of biofuel including biodiesel, bioethanol, biomethane (biogas), producer gas etc with integrated approach for energy, environment and agriculture.

This investigation was elucidated to check the efficacy of banana (Musa paradisiaca) and sweet lime (Citrus limetta) peel as natural fertilizer in herbs i.e., coriander and mint. One way of using natural fertilizer is composting. Composting practice is an alternative sustainable waste management practice to transform organic waste into valuable commodity benefiting the environment because manure nutrients are converted to more stable forms, are less likely to reach groundwater or move in surface runoff. Compost is valued for its organic matter content and is typically used as a soil amendment to enhance the chemical, physical and biological properties of soil. The fruit peels were used in various combinations using backyard composting and their effect on plant growth and soil composition was observed. Results showed that plant sample containing a combination of both the fruit peels showed the best growth and coriander showed a faster rate of growth as compared to mint concluding that soil sample having a neutral pH gave the best results.

Nanotechnology is revolutionary change in science and has generate extensive opportunity in the field of biotechnology, medicine, pharmaceuticals, electronics and agriculture. Present situation in nanoscience is one in which there is great potential for transforming agriculture and food production through efficient management of soil nutrients, pesticide, herbicide and water management. The development of nano materials could open up the novel thing in the discipline like agronomy in relation to maximization of crop production along with quality of the produce. Nano fertilizers in plant nutrition can play crucial role in resolving the problem of low nutrient use efficiency, soil residues and water pollution. Use of nano material is one of the innovative idea for enhancing nutrient use efficiency and helps for reduction in the environmental degradation. The use of nano fertilizers helps in encouraging plant growth, crop production and reduces the soil toxicity of the soil. Nano fertilizers also helpful to moderates the negative effects, caused by the excessive use of fertilizers and reduces the frequency of application of fertilizer. In many part of the country, soil is deficient in major nutrients and at the sometime there is widespread multi-nutrient deficiency due to dominant cropping pattern. Negative nutrient balance and low fertilizer use efficiency is often associated with many part of the country. From single plant nutrient deficiency, at present country is experiencing multi-nutrient deficiency. The nano technology is miracle in plant nutrition system as it becoming important aspect in crop management practice. The advancement in modern techniques in fertilizer application system like nano technology will saves substantial amount of budgetary provisions. The fertilizer use efficiency can be improved drastically by avoiding and minimizing the precious nutrient via different ways and means due to nanotechnology in nutrient supplementation.

Agriculture Extension acts as a linkage between research system and farming communities. It has been making consistent efforts in transfer of technology to the grassroots but owing to its limitations fails to do so. Also looking in context of rural development, agriculture extension and transfer of technology has been a critical concern. Therefore, series of efforts have been made to strengthen the structure and function of agriculture extension setup through innovations. Information and communication technology has emerged as a pertinent tool to support this process. The concept of community radio that emerged on 1995 in India; is such an innovation, which tends to serve the community through localized and need-based radio broadcast. Recently, Participatory communication approach has found a distinguished place for itself not only in agriculture extension but also in sustainable rural development, and community radio with ‘participation’ as its key characteristics is emerging as a potential tool for strengthening agriculture extension. Community radio has emerged as an efficient medium for community development & technology transfer being location specific, focused and adequately participatory. The paper observes that it seems pertinent and essential to rely on participatory extension approaches for sustainable agricultural and rural development. Moreover, obvious reasons reveal that information and communication technology has to be adequately entertained to support agriculture extension services to reach up to the grassroots. If utilized systematically, this medium will go a long way in fulfilling the requirements of formation of knowledge society among villages of the country.

The present investigation entitled “Intercropping of different leafy vegetables under paired row planted sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata L.) in lateritic soils of Konkan” was conducted at Agronomy farm, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dis. Ratnagiri (M.S.) during Rabi season of 2016.The experiment was laid out in randomized block design. There were twelve treatments replicated thrice. The treatments mainly comprised of Recommended planting sweet corn 60 X 20 cm (T1),paired row sweet corn sole (T2), paired row sweet corn + coriander (T3), paired row sweet corn + spinach (T4), paired row sweet corn + amaranthus (T5), paired row sweet corn + mustard (T6), paired row sweet corn + raddish (T7), sole coriander(T8), sole spinach(T9), sole amaranthus (T10), sole mustard (T11), sole raddish (T12). Thus, the gross plot size was 4.8 m X 4.2 m and net plot size was 3.6 m X 3.2 m, respectively. The soil of the experimental pH and medium in organic carbon content. It was medium in available nitrogen and available potassium and low in available phosphorus content. The planting of sweet corn and sowing of intercrops was done in the experimental plot on 25th November 2016. The common packages of practices were followed time to time and periodical growth observations were recorded. Results revealed that recommended planting sweet corn (60 X 20 cm) produce significantly higher growth and yield attributes as compared other intercropping systems under investigation. Among the different treatments of intercropping system paired row planted sweet corn recorded significantly highest cob yield (303.24 q ha -1) and biomass yield (320.32 q ha -1) of sweet corn. paired row sweet corn + spinach intercropping system recorded higher intercrop yield and sole crop yield was found higher in treatment sole mustard (188.34 q ha -1) and lower intercrop yield was recorded Paired row sweet corn + coriander and lowest sole yield recorded under treatment sole coriander. Sweet corn equivalent yield was found to be non-significant due to different intercropping systems and numerically higher sweet corn equivalent yield (303.24 q ha -1) was recorded under treatment paired row sweet corn (sole). The nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in cornel, stover and their total uptake in sweet corn were found significantly higher under treatment paired row sweet corn (sole). Paired row sweet corn + amaranthus intercropping system was found economically beneficial among all intercropping system and recorded higher gross income, net income and benefit ratio. On the basis of result obtained during study, it can be concluded that the for obtaining higher net returns from sweet corn. It should be intercropped with amaranthus (20 cm line sowing) by paired row planted (80 X 40-10 cm) technique under lateritic soils of Konkan

An experiment was conducted in various soil series of Vertisol of Dewas district of Malwa region, Madhya Pradesh to assess potassium fixation capacity and potassium release pattern. The K fixation in different soil series ranged from 72.1-81.9 ppm and the soil series Sarol (S5) recorded the highest mean value of K fixation of 81.9% and Panchdheria(S3) soil series is show the lowest mean value of K fixation of 72.1%.The highest fixation obtained in Sarol (S5)series described to the presence of greater proportion of 2:1 type of clay minerals especially montmorillonites having relatively higher proportion of finer fractions accompanied by greater surface area and large specific adsorption site. The lowest fixation in Panchdheria (S3) described to the relatively low amount of clay in the soil predominant with 1:2 type of clay mineral specially sandy clay loam in texture, therefore having lesser surface area. The cumulative K releasing power of soils are gradually decreased from 1st to 13th extraction. Kamliakheri series released the highest K(119 ppm) and Panchdheria series released the lowest K (84ppm) in 1st exaction of release soil

Cashew nut and cashew apple (fruit) are the two products obtained from this plant. It is extensively cultivated for nuts for their delicacy and nutritional value. The apple is also nutritionally rich with higher vitamin C and minerals. The study was conducted at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Ullal. The fruits were classified based on colour as Yellow, Red and yellow mixed with red colour. The weight of the apple ranged between 59.88 g in kanaka to 102.88 g in Vengurla-7. The length was varying between 4.86 cm (Ullal-2) to 8.73 cm (Priyanka). Juice percentage in fruits and TSS content was maximum in UN-50 (76.00 % and 21.06 % respectively).

Insect transmission tests revealed that Thrips palmi is considered as the vector of the virus causing bud necrosis disease in tomato and cowpea. The larvae of Thrips palmi could acquire the virus with a minimum access period of 15 min. and the adults only transmit the virus with 1h inoculation access period (IAP). However, optimum virus transmission obtained with 48h/of AAP in the larval stage and 48h/of IAP in the adult stage, but beyond 48h of AAP and IAP resulted in decreased virus transmission. A single adult Thrips palmi could able to transmit the virus with a transmission rate of 24 to 32 percent and maximum transmission rate (100%) was achieved with 10 adults per seedling.

Gravity irrigation through surface methods like borders, furrows, basins etc is a common practice in the command areas of major projects. By and large the efficiency of these methods ranges for 40 to 50% and similar amount of water goes waste from the precious, costly water collected in the reservoir. On the other hand, tail end receives less water and remains un-irrigated. The study was carried out in command area of Jhansi minor of the Bargi Command. It presents the situation of the command and status of method of irrigation in the command area where the water is available and where the water is not reaching. As a solution, farmers use their tube- wells which are recharged by canal water. This ground water is applied through pressurized irrigation. Thus, a good water use efficiency is obtained and at the same time, use of ground water keeps the water table within limit in the area. This gives an idea of using canal water through pressurized irrigation.

Improper operation of irrigation schemes have resulted in deficit and surplus water availability in the different segment of canal command system. Irrigation schedule and proper canal rotational plan helps in proper operation of system for better utilization of water resources. Therefore, the present study was carried out to develop optimum irrigation schedule and water allocation plan for the Bhimsagar canal command system. Crop water requirement of the major crops grown in the Bhimsagar command area were assessed using CROPWAT 8.0 software and rotational water allocation plan prepared for Ratanpura minor located on right main canal of the scheme. Irrigation requirements of Rabi crops obtained as 313.5 mm, 288.7 mm, 473.2 mm and 244.3 mm for wheat, mustard, garlic and coriander, respectively. Water allocation plan was prepared for 2nd, 5th and 8th fortnight irrigation following rotational from tail to head canal water delivery system.

In the present era of globalisation and technological advancement, skill development is an important tool to increase the efficiency and quality of labour for improved productivity and economic growth. In the same context READY programme has been introduced to reorient the graduates of agriculture and allied sciences with entrepreneurial skill for ensuring and assuring employability. The present study was conducted among 45 passed out graduates (2017-18) by randomly selected two colleges of JNKVV(Jabalpur) to know their perception towards READY programme for entrepreneurship development. The study revealed that majority of the respondents perceived medium level of effectiveness of READY programme. Technical skill is one of the major competency developed during the programme whereas exposure visits to different Universities, incubation units and Institutes should be given more focus to boost up self-entrepreneurship suggested by the respondents

The unconventional dry fodder sugarcane trash (SCT) obtained after harvest of sugarcane was treated with four per cent urea for ammonisation and the samples of SCT, urea ammoniated sugarcane trash (USCT) and concentrates (GMG & CFM) was subjected for chemical analysis. The proximate composition and fibre fraction of SCT was within the range when compared to other crop residues. The in vitro gas production at 24 h and predicted metabolizable energy (ME) of SCT was lower than USCT. The t½ of roughage source reduced for USCT than SCT, whereas concentrates had lowest t½ than roughage. The Partitioning factor (PF), microbial biomass production (MBP) and efficiency of microbial biomass synthesis (EMBS) at t½ were higher in USCT when compared to SCT. Hence, urea ammoniated sugarcane trash can be recommended as roughage source to ruminants, due to improved ME, truly digested organic matter (TDOM), PF, MBP and EMBS when compared to untreated SCT.

Cooch Behar KVK got NICRA (National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture) project during 2010-11. Khagribari village under Cooch Behar-2 Block selected purposively (KVK Adopted Village) for implementation of the NICRA project. Several activities were done during 2010-11 to 2016-17. Majority of the farmers of Khagrabari village were marginal farmer. Flood, irrigation, water conservation, diseases infestation on plant and occupational migration were the major problem of the village. Some innovative and progressive farmers were developed and exposed their activity through different programme. In our study we discuss about the few success point of NICRA project in Cooch Behar District. The objective of the study was to shown the impact of NICRA project in Cooch Behar District through analysis of different success point.

The study has been conducted in Burdwan District and West Bengal on the basis of area, production and productivity over a period of 11 years from 1999-2000 to 2010-11. The study is based mainly on secondary data. Data used in the study are mostly taken from secondary sources such as Area, production and productivity of principal crops in West Bengal 2011-12, Evaluation wing, Directorate of Agriculture, Govt. of West Bengal, District Statistical Handbook, Burdwan 2011-12, Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Govt. of West Bengal, Economic Review, Statistical Appendix 2011-12, Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Govt. of India. The study has been carried out with the objectives of finding Compound growth of area, production and productivity of Rapeseed and Mustard in Burdwan District and West Bengal. It is found that in Burdwan District area and production of rapeseed and mustard have recorded negative compound growth rate to the extent of 3.50 and 3.53 percent per annum respectively over a period of 11 years from 1999-2000 to 2010-11. But growth rate of productivity of this crop is noted to be 0.05 percent in the district. Compound growth rate of area, production and productivity of this crop in West Bengal are 0.17, 1.00 and 0.32 percent per annum respectively in same period of time.

The present study was conducted in Shahpura and Patan blocks of Jabalpur district (Madhya Pradesh). This study designed to know whether the pea growers are adopting recommendations of scientists or not and up to what extent. The study will also critically find out the main impediments in adoption of the technology. It has been designed to analyze the socio-personal, economic, psychological and communicational attributes of pea growers and the finding of each attributes of pea growers is discussed which showed that maximum pea growers belonging to middle age group, educated up to high school/higher secondary level, other backward class, large size of land holding , high farm power availability , large area covered under pea crop, medium experience of pea growing , high annual income , low social participation ,low knowledge level , medium scientific orientation , high training needs , low extension participation , medium source of information and low marketing orientation.

A field experiments on Indian bean green pod yield was assessed for effectiveness of inoculation with biofertilizer sunder various levels of phosphorus application. The data revealed that inoculation significantly increased the Indian bean pod yield at all levels of phosphorus application including control. Application of 50 kg P/ha along with PSB + VAM + Rhizobium inoculation maximized Indian bean pod yield (43.67 q/ha) which was 42.67 % higher and significantly better than the yield obtained at same level of P application without biofertilizer inoculation. However, yield obtained with 50 kg P/ha (43.67 q/ha) was statistically at par with that of 50 kg P/ha with or without biofertilizers, 37.5 kg P/ha with VAM, Rhizobium and PSB + VAM + Rhizobium. Higher value yield, phosphorus use efficiency and apparent nutrient recovery were optimized under inoculation with PSB + VAM + Rhizobium as compared to non-inoculation. The results depicted the beneficial effects of PSB + VAM + Rhizobium inoculation on Indian bean pod yield resulting in saving of 6.50 to 14.70 kg/ha phosphorus and an enhanced pod yield ranging from 26 to 44 q/ha

This study was carried out in the randomly selected 20 villages of Hindaun and Nadauti blocks of Karauli District of eastern Rajasthan. The study revealed that the highest respondents (37%) were in category of disagree attitude towards dairying and respondent in undecided category was found to 30 percent which shows not good intension towards dairy development in the area. The major constraints as perceived by dairy farmers were in adoption of improved dairy practices depicted that the major constraints as per the seriousness and got prime rank in the order of the respondent’s position were high cost of fodder and concentrate, unfavourable climate for exotic breed, Improved breed are more susceptible towards the various infectious disease, lack of sufficient clean water round the year and low price of milk

Chickpea is an important cool season food crop grown mainly in dry land. The crop suffers from serious diseases which affect it in all growth stages. The pathogens that affect chickpea include fungi, bacteria, viruses and mycoplasma. Among them collar rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is an important fungal pathogen in chickpea root disease complex causing serious losses. To find the biocontrol potential of Trichoderma isolates applied through seed and soil application methods, pot culture experiment was conducted. In pot culture, isolate Th4 (64.4%), T22 (60.2%), Tckp (60.2%), T14 (56.0%), T15 (56.0%), Th2 (52.3%), Th3 (52.3%) and Trice (51.4%) gave more than 50% control of chickpea collar rot when applied to soil. Isolate T12 (63.4%), Th4 (60.2%), Tv3 (52.3%), T2 (51.4%) and Trice (51.4%) gave more than 50% disease control when applied as seed treatment.

The aim of this research was to examine the energy requirements of the inputs and output as well as economic viability of raised bed planters with different configuration of beds for wheat production in Vertsiol. This experiment compared three raised bed planters /seed-drill with conventional seed cum fertilizer drill for wheat in a split plot design with three replications. The field was arranged in two tillage levels for seed bed preparation as main treatment i.e., T1 - 1 × Cultivator + 1 × Disc Harrow and T2 - 1 × Cultivator + 2 × Disc Harrow and four sub-main treatment of sowing practices as S1 – Jawahar raised bed seed drill (120 cm wide, 5 rows per raised bed), S2 – National raised bed planter (70 cm wide, 3 rows per bed), S3 – Pantnagar raised bed planter (125 cm wide, 5 rows per bed) and S4 – Conventional seed-cum-fertilizer-drill. The source wise energy was minimum (12658.5 MJ/ha) in treatment S1-T1 and maximum (14007.1 MJ/ha) in treatment S1-T2 whereas operation wise energy was minimum (5488.9 MJ/ha) in treatment S4-T1 and maximum (5873.0 MJ/ha) in treatment S1-T2 On the basis of study it can be concluded that National Raised Bed Planter (S2) requires less cost of operation than other raised bed planters for wheat cultivation and gave the higher grain yield when operated in tillage level T2 and gave the highest net return (66252.5 Rs/ha)

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. It provides employment to 52 per cent of the total labourforce and contributed approximately 14 per cent of the Indian GDP. Rice is one of the three most important food crops in the world. Rice belongs to the genus Oryza and family Gramineae. It is one of the few crop species endowed with richest genetic diversity. India is the second largest rice growing country after China. Besides, this nation has a large range of area under rice cultivation, as it is one of the important nutrient staple crops. It is indeed the predominant product of the nation as well as Jharkhand. The present study was conducted in Geswe, Gutru, Katangdiri, Korabar and Surid villages of Burmu block of Ranchi district, Jharkhand. In this study the main objective is to estimate the cost and return structure of paddy cultivation under SRI and traditional method, but the major issue with the traditional system of paddy cultivation is that the area where paddy is grown, water demand increasing day by day, so the only option is to follow any strategy like SRI that could produce higher rice with low cost. The study concluded that traditional method was somewhat more expensive (Rs. 14014.54 per acre) than SRI method (Rs. 12154.63 per acre). The yield realized in traditional method was 1560.06 kg per acre, while it was 1821.17 kg per acre in the SRI method of paddy cultivation. The B: C ratio is higher in SRI method of paddy cultivation.