Soybean (Glycine max L.) and rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) are important crops grown for protein and edible oil in semiarid subtropical soils. Information on integrated use of inorganic N and P fertilizer, farmyard manure (FYM) and crop residue (CR), and their complimentary effects is needed under Conventional Tillage (CT) as well as fast-expanding Conservation Agriculture (CA) for the development of a sustainable annual soybean (summer-grown) – rapeseed (winter-grown) system. A field experiment was conducted for 4 years to evaluate the effects of 16 treatment combinations consisting of different rates of fertilizer N and P with or without FYM, and CR under CT and CA system on yield, nutrient uptake and protein content. While 10 t FYM ha-1 was applied to soybean each year, its residual effect was studied in rapeseed. Crop residues of soybean (3 t ha-1) and rapeseed (4 t ha-1) were incorporated in CT and retained on the soil surface in CA system. All through the 4 years, the grain yield of soybean increased significantly over control with the applications of fertilizer N and P. The combined applications of FYM and CR in conjunction with 20 kg N and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 (otherwise recommended rates) produced soybean grain yield under CT (2567 kg ha-1 averaged over 4 years) and CA (2440 kg ha-1) that were statistically at par with 25% higher application of inorganic N and P (25 kg N and 75 kg P2O5 ha-1). The results clearly revealed that soybean yield was comparable in CT and CA in different treatments with and without CR. Similar to grain yield, significantly higher uptake of N by soybean with the combined applications of FYM and CR with 20 kg N and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 in CT (166 kg ha-1 averaged over 4 years) and CA (159 kg ha-1) that were statistically at par with 25% higher applications of inorganic N and P. In succeeding rapeseed, the effects of fertilizer N and P on seed yield, N and P uptake, and protein were similar to those in soybean, however, the complimentary effects of CR and residual FYM were not consistent. Further, the rapeseed seed yield in all the 4 years was significantly lower (9-30%) under CA system than CT, both with and without CR. Total N and P uptake followed the patterns of seed yield in various treatment combinations. The reduced yield and uptake of N and P by winter-grown rapeseed in no-till CA was presumably due to poor and delayed germination of its small-sized seed, root proliferation and plant growth because of its shallow-seeding, hard soil surface layer, and cooler environment in surface soil layer during initial period after seeding created by the retention of CR on soil surface. Our study demonstrated that soybean could be grown in CT and CA with either 20 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 10 t FYM ha-1 + CR or 25 kg N + 75 kg P2O5 ha-1 + CR for its highest yield, nutrient uptake and protein. However, the cultivation of rapeseed and similar small-seeded crops may not perform well under no-till, soil-surface retained crop residue CA system.

Consumption of ready-to-eat (RTE) foods is on the rise encouraged by growing urban population and public demand for their cheapness and readily availability. However, the generally unregulated street food vendors tend to follow poor hygienic practices leading to various public health problems. A total of 68 samples comprising of two RTE products viz. ice-cream (36 samples) and momos (32 samples) obtained from four different zones of Jammu district were screened for microbial quality. The standard plate count estimated for each zone i.e., East Zone, West Zone, North Zone and Central Zone for ice-cream was (Mean±SE) 3.89±0.19, 4.09±0.16, 3.78±0.28 and 4.29±0.24 log10cfu/g respectively, and for momos it was found to be 3.92±0.22, 4.21±0.14, 4.01±0.15and 3.86±0.45 log10cfu/g respectively, and making the average standard plate count (Mean±SE) 4.02±0.11 and 4.00±0.48 log10cfu/g, for ice-cream and momos, respectively.

Six chickpea genotypes were evaluated for growth and yield variation under moisture stress condition during Rabi-2011 and 2012. Separate experiments were conducted under rainout shelter condition for moisture stress, mild stress and non-stress in split plot design with three replications. The bold seed size genotypes Digvijay and Vishal and medium bold Vijay were promising in respect of yield and yield contributing characters under different growing conditions. The genotypes Vijay, Digvijay and PG-5 genotypes were performing better under moisture stress condition in respect of stress indices. Therefore, the genotypes Vijay, Digvijay and PG-5 might be utilized for breeding programme for improving the drought tolerance in chickpea.

The communication behaviour of farmers may be defined as his expression of outcome of different dimensions such as information seeking behaviour (input), information processing behaviour and information dissemination behaviour (output). Information input refers to all activities performed by a farmer for the gaining of information from various sources like formal, informal, mass media and para professional sources. Information processing refers to all the activities performed by a farmer for evaluation, storage and transformation of information in appropriate manner. Information output refers to dissemination of information to others. This study was conducted in Madhubani district of Bihar. A sample size of 260 ATMA respondents of which all were received training on cultivation of rice, wheat and potato was selected from 20 villages. The data were collected by interviewing the ATMA respondents personally with the help of structured interview schedule. Frequency and percentage analysis were used for analyzing and interpreting the data.

The concept of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) was first termed by the United Nations in 1992. It is used to connote ‘internet service’, media, ‘telecommunication’ and ‘network-based information services. Agricultural extension serves as a bridge between the agricultural research organization and the potential users of research findings. It aims at helping research scientists to design and undertake needs based research and enable farmers and others to adopt new scientific knowledge and useful research results/agricultural technologies for increasing agricultural production leading to enhanced farm income and better quality of life for all in the rural areas. Agriculture teaching and training institutes in many of developing world have irrelevant curricula, teaching learning and training materials insufficient equipment and physical facilities for practical pre and in-service education and training. This study was conducted all of the State Agricultural Universities of Uttar Pradesh that are the recognised by the Indian council of agricultural research (ICAR). The sample size of 271 faculty members from all four selected Agricultural universities collected from assistant professors, associate professors and professors. The data from the respondents were collected through the Questionnaire sent through e-mails.

The livestock sector alone contributes nearly 25.6 percent of value of output at current prices of total value of output in Agriculture, Fishing and Forestry sector. The overall contribution of Livestock Sector in total Gross Domestic Products (GDP) is nearly 4.11 percent at current prices during 2012-13. As per 19th livestock census, the number of animals in milk, cows and buffaloes, has increased from 77.04 million to 80.52 million showing a growth of 4.51 percent. The Female Cattle population has increased by 6.52 percent over the previous census. The exotic/crossbred milch cattle increased from 14.4 million to 19.42 million, an increase of 34.78 percent. The total Cattle contributes around 37.28 percent of the total livestock population. Out of the total cattle population in the country, around 69.7 percent of the cattle are non-descript with low milk production.

Pomegranate peels are a potential source of bioactive compounds which are known for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The present work aims to study, the optimization of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) method to obtain phenolic compounds from pomegranate peels using ethanol as a solvent. It further aims to investigate the effect of three independent variables such as solvent–solid ratio, extraction temperature and extraction time on the response variables such as total yield (TY), total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) using response surface methodology (RSM). The results of RSM revealed the optimized conditions of the solvent-solid ratio, extraction temperature and extraction time as 16.09, 30°C and 17.8 minutes respectively, with the maximum yield of 14.20%, TPC of 140.61 mg GAE/ml extract and TFC of 2.96 mg RE/ml extract. The results were further validated under the same conditions using UAE and then compared with the thermostatic water bath extraction method (TWE).

This study examines productivity growth of major crops in Andhra Pradesh. For study, time-series data on cost of cultivation of selected crops were collected from the reports of Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices for the period 1996-97 to 2014-15. A nonparametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) programming method was used to compute Malmquist productivity indices. The study has explored the role of efficiency change in improving the productivity of crops in Andhra Pradesh. The results showed that the decomposition of the TFPch for the corresponding years into EFFch and TECHch revealed that 72.6 percent increase in TFPch is due to largely 68 percent improvement in the efficiency.

The experiment was conducted at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Ullal, Mangalore, Karnataka, India during 2016-17. On earthern floor, cow dung plastered floor, cement floor, fine sand floor and solar house driers the harvested raw cashew nuts were dried. The results of the study indicated that the cashew seeds dried on cow dung plastered floor shown significantly the highest per cent germination after 90 and 180 days of storage period compared to rest of the drying models used. The highest score for cashew nut appearance was found when the seeds dried on cow dung plastered floor and cement floor. The cow dung plastered floor was recorded highest processing percentage when seeds dried on floor after 90 and 180 days of storage period. With respect to processed seed kernel, the highest taste score was found on cow dung plastered floor and cement floor drying models.

An adult Murrah buffalo at full term in third parity suffering from dystocia was brought to the Veterinary clinics of the university. The fetal fluid was scanty, therefore, postural abnormality of fetal head could not be corrected. Finally, caesarean section through ventro-lateral in her right recumbency was carried out in routine manner and fetus with anomalies of head was delivered.

Summer fruit drop (May to August) is one of the main reasons for low yield in some citrus varieties in northern India. Recognition of physiological changes in fruit abscission zone (calyx) and application of suitable treatments would reduce abscission. Hence, the present study was undertaken, with the following objective, to determine the effect of growth regulators on yield and quality of sweet orange cultivar Jaffa. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) experiment was performed with 10 treatments and 4 replicates. Treatments were as follows: (T1) GA3 10 ppm, (T2) GA3 20 ppm, (T3) GA3 30 ppm, (T4) 2,4-D 5ppm, (T5) 2,4-D 10 ppm, (T6) 2,4-D 15 ppm, (T7) NAA 20 ppm (T8) NAA 30 ppm (T9) NAA 40 ppm and (T10) (control) i.e. water spray. There were two spray schedules i.e. last week of March and first week of July). Results showed that abscission had a significant negative correlation with auxin concentration and a significant positive correlation with control treatments. The maximum reduction of fruit drop from May to harvesting and percent fruit retention was recorded with the treatment NAA 20 ppm followed by 2,4D 10ppm. But all growth hormones significantly reducing the fruit drop than control. Therefore, using of growth regulatorsan appropriate concentration can be balance physiological metabolism and reduce fruitlets abscission.

In India, three types of Alocasia viz., Alocasia cuculata (Lour.) A. indica (Schott) and Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) Schott. were available specially in Bengal, Assam and South India in abundance. In ICAR-RCER, Research Centre for Makhana, 10 edible Alocasia accessions from Bengal, Jharkhand and Bihar were collected and evaluated during 2015-16 on the basis of morphological characters, yield and Ca-oxalate content. Results revealed that Ranchi-3 collection, Alocasia indica was dwarf whose horizontal root along with stem were edible (2.24 kg/plant/season). West Bengal (WB-1) was suitable for post-harvest product making like Bari. RKM collections (Alocasia macrorrhizos) were large and edible like RKM-2 having 1122 sq cm leaf area where as RKM-3 produced the highest rhizome yield of 2.9 kg/plant/year. Morphological variations were found in rhizome length, weight of tuber and number of flowers significantly. To minimize raphides content, the rhizome was planted in different growth media viz., T1=Wet soil, T2=Fertile soil, T3=Fertile soil (50%) + leaf mould (50%) and T4= Fertile soil (50%) + leaf mould (25%) + ash (25%). Rhizomes of RKM-3 were also treated with different NaHCO3 concentrations viz; 1.0%, 1.5% 2.0%, 2.5% and 3%. It was noticed that T4 produced healthy and bigger plant with minimum calcium oxalate content of 72.66 mg/100 g edible. Ranchi -3 had very low in Ca-oxalate (13.46 mg/100g edible) and further decimated during thermal preparation. In case of RKM -3 after treating with 2% (w/v) sodium bi carbonate for 20 minutes resulted in lower Ca-oxalate content of 71.47 mg/100 g edible.

Seven years old male Labrador dog was presented with cough, exercise intolerance, loss of appetite and bodyweight. Clinical examination showed moderate abdominal distention with loss of bodily condition, coughing and dyspnoea. Cardiac murmur, extended cardiac sounds and exaggerated breathing sounds over lung field were observed. Haematological parameters showed leukocytosis and neutrophilia. There was elevated creatinine and Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and reduced total protein and albumin. Radiography of thorax showed cardiomegaly and pulmonary infiltration. Electrocardiography (ECG) revealed sinus arrhythmia and ST depression. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed moderate peritoneal effusion. Echocardiography showed dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with reduced cardiac output. Doppler echocardiography showed with regurgitation of mitral and tricuspid valves. The systolic blood pressure was 168 mm Hg. The animal was treated with Tab. Enrofloxacin @ 5 mg/kg PO for five days and Tab. Pimobendan @ 0.5 mg/kg divided dose PO, Tab. Furosemide @ 2 mg/kg PO and Tab. Enalapril @ 0.5 mg/kg PO. The animal showed improvement in feeding and reduction of cough. Periodical cardiac evaluation and continuous administration of medications were done. The animal showed marked improvement after the initiation of therapy.

The present study was conducted to know the factors influencing the performance and to identify strength, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT) to desiccated coconut industries in Tiptur taluk, Tumakuru district of Karnataka state by interviewing the 10 processing units personally. The data shows that, in all the desiccated coconut units, raw material availability and demand and supply are ranked I, and by electricity, competition, and consumer preference ranked II. Packaging, price factor, labor cost, processing plant and season ranked III, followed by, transportation and cultural factors. However, post harvest technology, machinery cost, and labor issues, are ranked V and VI. With respect to SWOT analysis the strength was the Desiccated coconut industry was a part of a rural industry which employs the rural youth, weakness was Preference to fresh coconut over desiccated coconut powder, opportunity was Stable and growing export and domestic markets and threat was poor global image in supply reliability.

Present study was aimed to determine the combined effect of gamma radiation and GA3 on seed germination of Rheum emodi. The seeds were pre-soaked in five different conc. of GA3 for 48 h before irradiation with five different dosages (20.0 -100.0 Gy) of gamma radiation. Seeds were subsequently placed in Petri dishes with Whatman filter paper and moistened with dist. Water. Seeds treated with GA3 (400.0 ppm) without irradiation showed maximum seed germination percentage (96.66%) and seed vigour index (3779.167). Germination index was also maximum (35.89) in seeds treated with GA3 (500.0 ppm) without irradiation and minimum in the irradiated(100 Gy) seeds with GA3(100 ppm). Gamma rays alone and in combination with GA3 showed inhibitory effect on various parameters of seed germination even at the lowest dosage (20 Gy).Contrary to gamma radiation, GA3 exhibited stimulatory effect on seed germination.

Rice is the main food crop is possibly cultivated on contaminated sites. A study was conducted to study of arsenic uptake by the rice genotype in relation to nutrient oxy-anions. Shoot arsenic concentrations under phosphate treatments were comparatively lower than under the corresponding concentration of nitrate and sulphate treatments under As stress condition. Root arsenic concentration decreased with increase in concentration of nitrate and phosphate in the nutrient. Increased level of nitrate through diluted arsenic concentration in root and shoot by promoting tissue growth it appeared to have little effect on uptake and translocation.

Sixteen cows reported with the problem of hypocalcaemia (milk fever) during peri-partum in previous gestation belonging to the villages of Veterinary dispensary, Nagaraghatta jurisdiction were advised to supplement anionic feed supplement (Balanion® 50gms/day) from 8 months 20days of gestation for 20days continuously along with the concentrate feed mixture and not to milk whole of the colostrum at first milking after parturition. All the animals calved normally; no cases of retention of placenta, udder oedema and milk fever. All the sixteen farmers’ opined prevention of milk fever and possible series of complications by supplementation of anionic dietary preparation is economical and satisfactory than management of milk fever and subsequent complications like dystocia, RFM, endometritis.

Field investigation was carried at All India Co-ordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru during kharif 2015 on finger millet based Akkadi intercropping system under Dryland situation in alfisol. The experiment consisting of two factors i.e., factor A (4 crop mixtures) and factor B (2 row proportions) with eight treatment combinations. Among different crop mixtures and row proportions, intercropping finger millet with Akkadi 8 crops consisting in 8:1 row proportion recorded higher finger millet grain (3319 kg ha-1), straw yield (5267 kg ha-1). Among different crop mixtures finger millet with 8 Akkadi crops recorded higher finger millet equivalent yield (3893 kg ha-1), rain water use efficiency (7.00 kg ha-mm-1), net returns (Rs. 57499 ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (3.0) compared to other crop mixtures. Among the Akkadi crops, higher yield of fodder sorghum (982 kg ha--1) was recorded in intercropping finger millet with 7 Akkadi crops under 8:2 row proportion with conservation furrow compared other treatment combinations.

The present study was conducted in Tirap District of Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh is the fifth largest tea growing state in India.It is the leading non-traditional tea growing state of the north eastern region. Therefore, a study on the economics of tea cultivation in Arunachal Pradesh has been conducted to evaluate the cost and returns from teagarden. Total 80 respondents were selected for the study. Cost concepts like Cost A1, Cost A2, Cost B1, Cost B2, Cost C1 and Cost C2 were employed to analyse the primary data. The investment in teagarden has been seen as a money-making business in the study area. It was observed from the study that the total cost of cultivation of teagarden was found to be ₹ 277942 per ha, which has been comprised of Cost A1 at ₹ 165221 per ha, Cost A2 at ₹ 165221 per ha, Cost B1 at ₹ 173880 per ha, Cost B2 at ₹ 203880 per ha and Cost C1 has been estimated at ₹ 247942 per ha. The share of Cost A1, Cost A2, Cost B1, Cost B2 and Cost C1 in to Cost C2 was found to be 59.44 percent, 59.44 percent, 62.56 percent, 73.35 percent and 89.21 percent respectively. Further, it concluded that the net return including family labour in tea cultivation was ₹ 279701 per ha, net return excluding family labour was ₹ 353763 per ha, farm business income of tea cultivation was found to be ₹ 392421 per ha, family labour income was calculated at ₹ 353763 per ha, net farm income was ₹ 279701 per ha and farm investment income was estimated to be ₹ 318359 per ha in the tea garden. Hence, tea cultivation in Tirap district has been very profitable and economically viable and it should be realized to the farming community of the state for attraction towards tea cultivation.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the one of the most important cereal crops of world. The nutritional value of wheat is extremely important as it takes an important place among the few crop species being extensively grown as staple food sources. However, the nutritional value of wheat grains is often reduced due to various biotic stresses, mainly through pest attack. Aphids are the single most important insect pest causing significant reduction in yield and quality of wheat grains. This study aims to provide experimental evidence for the various nutritional losses caused by aphid feeding in wheat grains. Different bread wheat varieties (PBW 621 and HD 2967 (Timely sown irrigated), PBW 590 and PBW 658 (Late sown irrigated), and PBW 644 and PBW 660 (Timely sown rainfed)) were grown in two plots each, one under the aphid infested and other under uninfested condition. Matured grains thus obtained after harvesting were collected, cleaned and various quality parameters such as grain appearance score, test weight, grain hardness grain plumpness, SDS sedimentation, starch parting characteristics was analyzed. All the physical as well as chemical parameters were adversely affected by the aphid infestation