Blood stream infections (BSI) caused by Methicillin-resistance S. aureus (MRSA) is a common disease with high risk of mortality and complications. Prevalence of MRSA with high vancomycin Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) have been increased and usually associated with prolonged bacteraemia and increased mortality. Recent consensus guidelines recommend that clinicians consider using alternative agents for MRSA infection when the vancomycin MIC is greater than 1 mcg/ml. Recent reports comparing daptomycin and vancomycin in treatment of BSI by MRSA with high vancomycin MIC demonstrated that daptomycin presented improved outcome, both in terms of rates of clinical success and mortality, compared to vancomycin. The aim of our study to compare the in-vitro susceptibility of daptomycin verses vancomycin susceptibility by E-test in MRSA BSIs isolates. Materials and Methods: In this pilot study, 100 MRSA BSIs isolates were collected over a period of one year. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. The inducible Clindamycin resistance was performed by D- zone test. Dual MRSA Detection EZY MIC Strip EM063 [Hi - media] for detection of Oxacillin and vancomycin by E-test. Daptomycin E test Daptomycin was performed by Ezy MIC TM Strip (DAP) (0.016-256 mcg/ml) EM088 [Hi- Media]. Results and Observations: all strains were susceptible for vancomycin and tigecycline by Kirby- Bauer Disc diffusion method. 96% MRSA strains were susceptible with linezolid, 86% MRSA strains were susceptible to TMP-SMX, 70% susceptibility to gentamycin while 56 % MRSA strains were resistant to erythromycin and subjected for detection of inducible clindamycin resistant [ ICR] test. Of which 20 % strains were positive for ICR. All 100 MRSA BSIs strains were shown susceptibility by Daptomycin Ezy MIC strip test. Conclusion: These results supports the practice of switching early from vancomycin to daptomycin for the treatment of BSIs by MRSA when the vancomycin MIC is >1 mcg/ml.

The powdered yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is one of the important yeast found to be superior in the fermentation technology. The present study was undertaken to study the periodical changes in TSS, pH, acidity and yeast count during the fermentation process from wine preparation from Sapota fruits with different TSS levels (25, 30, 35 and 40oBrix) adjusted with different sugar sources (Sucrose, Fructose, Dextrose and Jaggery). The TSS content of must decreased continuously till the end of fermentation. However, the TSS decreased sharply in the initial period of fermentation and later on, the rate of fermentation was found declined but continued at a much slower rate till the end of fermentation, in all the interactions of TSS levels adjusted by different sources of sugars. It was observed that the TSS level does not affect the pH of must. It was also noticed that the titratable acidity was found maximum in the treatment in which Jaggery was used for adjusting the TSS levels. The higher the TSS levels yields high titratable acidity during fermentation. After inoculation, the yeast count increases rapidly on the very first day of fermentation while it tends to increase at an alarming rate up to the third day later on the yeast count found decreased up to the end of fermentation. The quality sapota wine was prepared from the juice of fully ripped fruits of sapota added with sucrose as source of sugar and pH adjusted to 3.5 using powdered yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. bayanus (No. 8906).

Purple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) is a unique disease entity characterized by an alarming purple discoloration of the urine secondary to recurrent urinary tract infections with indigo- and indirubin-producing bacteria. It is usually associated with prolonged urinary catheterization and chronic debilitated states. We present this interesting phenomenon of purple urine in an elderly bedridden female who was on prolonged urinary catheterization. The urine culture was positive for E.coli and constipation was an added risk factor for the purple urine. The urinary catheter and tubing was changed along with a course of antibiotics which lead to the normalization of the urine colour.

Organic farming is an emerging option to protect the soil health by replenishing the rapidly depleting organic matter under tropical soil condition to ensure production sustenance. Present study evaluates the effect of indigenous organic preparation panchagavya, cattle dung manure and biodynamic preparations on nitrate reductase activity, chlorophyll content, phyllospheric microbial count, soil microbial activity as well as growth and yield of wheat crop. Amongst, all the organic preparations viz. panchagavya, cattle dung manure, Biodynamic compost, BD500 and Cow Pat Pit, liquid preparation panchagavya contained low amount of plant nutrients. The highest count of bacteria (log10cfu 9.39 per ml) and aerobic nitrogen fixers (log10cfu 7.35 per ml) were found in Panchagavya. Improvement in grain yield of wheat with application of panchagavya and other organics was recorded however; compared to inorganic fertilizer treatment, reduction in grain yield to the extent of 35.42% in panchagavya 9.1% in integrated nutrient management, 12.7% in conventional organic treatment and 16.3% in biodynamic treatment indicated less nutrient supplementing potential of organics in short term as evidenced by lower leaf chlorophyll content and nitrate reductase activity. Enhancement in phyllospheric microbial population and soil dehydrogenase activity with organic application suggested favorable impact of application of organics.

CARI Shyama and Vanaraja are colored hybrid breeds of poultry introduced for low cost production than desi breeds in the tribal area of India. Pancreas is an important accessory gland of the digestive system. The exocrine secretion of pancreas improves the feed efficiency so helps in increased production. The tissue samples were collected from birds of three different age groups of Vanaraja and CARI Shyama breeds of poultry, processed, sectioned and stained for normal gross, histological and histochemical studies. Grossly, weight and length of pancreas increased from 1st to 3rd age group in both the breeds. Histologically, gland was composed of capsule and parenchyma. Lymphoid aggregation was also noticed in 8 weeks old birds of both breeds but organization and occurrence were variable as per breed. The distribution of connective tissue fibres, PAS positive substances and AB-PAS positive substance was also studied.

During the present study five isolates i.e., three of fowlpox virus (FPV), one of turkey pox virus (TPV) and one of pigeonpox (PPV) was collected from naturally pox infected chickens, turkey and pigeon in different outbreaks attended in various districts of Chhattisgarh state. Virus was propagated in chicken embryo upto 20 serial passage to ensure the successful adaptation of each virus to chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Appearance of pock lesions and concentration of virus was inconsistent during initial passage (from 1 to 3 passage), in later passages (10 to 20 passage) the low degree of variation in macroscopic appearance of pock lesions was observed, also the pock morphology was consistent irrespective of Avipoxvirus (APV) strain. Partially purified field isolates of one each of FPV, TPV, PPV and vaccine strain of FPV (Vac) were subjected to Western blotting and the protein profile of five field isolates was compared with that of commercial FPV vaccine strain. All field strain of APVs, except PPV showed common polypeptide bands with size of 22 kDa, 35 kDa, 39 kDa, 48 kDa, 62 kDa, 65 kDa, 70 kDa and 91 kDa. While protein profile PPV showed extra bands with size of 27 kDa. These bands were also found in FPV (Vac) but 22 kDa was missing.

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of red jungle fowl specific laboratory isolated Lactobacillus reuteri (LRJFCM30) on hematology and serum biochemistry of broiler chicken. A total 360 CARIBRO-Vishal broiler chicks were weighed individually and randomly allocated to nine treatment groups, each having five replicates with eight chicks in each. The dietary treatments were T1 (basal diet, control), T2 (20 g BMD/100 kg feed), T3 (1 g commercial probiotic/kg feed), T4 (L. reuteri @1x 106 cfu/g/day), T5 (L. reuteri @1x 107 cfu/g/day), T6 (L. reuteri @1x 108 cfu/g/day), T7 (L. reuteri @1x 106 cfu/g/day + 0.1%MOS), T8 (L. reuteri @1x 107 cfu/g/day + 0.1% MOS), and T9 (L. reuteri @1x 108 cfu/g/day + 0.1% MOS). The birds were fed ad libitum for 42 days. The results revealed significant increase (P<0.05) in the serum total protein, albumin, calcium, and phosphors levels, whereas, significant (P<0.05) decrease in the serum glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides levels were observed in birds fed diet T9 compared to diet T1 and T2, whereas, other dietary treatments yielded intermediate values. No significant dietary effects were observed in serum globulin and albumin: globulin ratio. The hematological parameters viz. total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leucocytes count (TLC), hemoglobin (Hb), and packed cell volume (PCV) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in dietary treatment T9 compared to treatment T1 and T2, whereas, other dietary treatments yielded intermediate values. From the results it can be concluded that the supplementation of laboratory isolated Lactobacillus reuteri @1x108cfu/g/day, along with 0.1% MOS in broiler chicken ration significantly improved the hematological and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chicken.

Climate change includes slow rate of crop growth, and unavailability of moisture, due to the variation and changes in water use for irrigation purpose and other agricultural chemicals use. The present review updates the impact of climate change on agriculture, adaptations to climate change and role of microbes in climate resilient agriculture.