Five different solid nutrient media, viz., Potato Dextrose Agar, Czapek Dox Agar, Oat Meal Agar, Rice Polish Agar and Rice Leaf Extract Agar medium evaluated against mycelia growth and sporulation of Pyricularia grisea isolates collected from Prakasam viz., PKM 1 to PKM 6 and Sri Potti Sreeramulu Nellore districts viz., NLR 1 to NLR 6 of Andhra Pradesh. Among the solid media, Oat Meal Agar (79.7mm) followed by Potato Dextrose Agar (79.5mm) supported maximum colony diameter of all isolates while Czapek Dox Agar supported least mycelial growth of P. grisea isolates (65.9mm). The maximum no. of conidia was observed on Oat Meal Agar (3.8X106 conidia/cm2) followed by Rice Polish Agar (3.7X106 conidia/cm2) and no sporulation was observed in Czapek Dox Agar. Among different liquid media viz.,potato dextrose medium, oat meal medium, Czapek Dox medium, rice polish medium and rice leaf extract medium, maximum dry mycelia weight was observed in Potato Dextrose Medium (208.8 mg) followed by Oat Meal Medium (207.0 mg) and least growth was observed on Czapek Dox Medium (84.7 mg).

The number of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) is growing in Brazil, which also has increased the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR). Besides that, there is limited information about the HIV-1 diversity in Amazon region of Brazil. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to identify HIV-1 subtypes as well as the TDR profile in antiretroviral-naive PLHA from Belém, Pará, Amazon region of Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 41 drug-naive patients to determine the virus subtypes according to the HIV-1 protease (PR) gene and part of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) gene by sequencing the nucleotides. The HIV-1 subtypes were determined using REGA HIV-1 Subtyping tool and phylogenetic analysis. Drug resistance profile was analyzed at the Calibrated Population Resistance. The most prevalent HIV-1 clade observed in Belém was the subtype B (80.5%), followed by subtype F1 (12.2%) and BF1 (7.3%). The prevalence of transmitted drug resistance was 9.7% and 4.9% was related to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; 2.4% was related to protease inhibitors and 2.4% to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. This study has shown the low genetic diversity and the high prevalence of HIV-1 subtype B and a moderate prevalence of protease/reverse transcriptase primary antiretroviral resistance mutations in Belém, Pará. This preliminary data is important to reveal the occurrence of primary TDR, reinforces the necessity of epidemiological surveillance and monitoring of primary antiretroviral drug resistance genotypic mutations in this region.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of edible coating on quality and shelf life of papaya fruit. Three samples were tested for quality attributes during storage: CMC (CarboxyMethyl Cellulose) along with a certain proportion of edible glycerol solution and honey. The quality was checked by including weight loss, TSS, pH, Ash content, titrable acidity, Ascorbic acid content (AAC) and microbial count in a regular basis for 11 days. On the passage of time CMC and honey showed best results as it reduced the transpiration rate as compared to controlled sample which starts fast spoilage as because no treatment was applied and the rate of loss of quality was very faster as compared to the other two coated samples.

The study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of Aeromonads and their antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes potentials among isolated Aeromonas species from seafood such as fish, crab and prawns in Chennai, India. Total of 270 fresh sea foods samples - 30 samples of each sea foods viz., sea fish, prawn and crabs from each of 3 fish markets i.e., Marina beach, Chintadripet and Purasaiwakkam. Among 270 samples investigated, 172 samples showed positive by cultural method. The duplex PCR was performed to detect the 16S rRNA and aerolysin (aerA) gene in the isolates. Out of which, 160/172 samples were confirmed as Aeromonas species targeting 16S rRNA and 57/160 (35.53%) showed positive for aerolysin gene, a pathogenic marker. The antimicrobial resistance pattern of Aeromonas spp. isolates showed complete resistant against ampicillin, penicillin and cephalothin whereas sensitive against enrofloxacillin, gentamicin and tetracycline. The increased prevalence of aeromonads in sea food is attributed to cross contamination during post-harvest processing. The detection of potential pathogenic aeromonads and multiple antimicrobial resistances in Aeromonas species isolated raise serious public health concern worthy of further investigation.

Background: The rising rate of antimicrobial drug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae reduces the number of reliably effective drugs that can be used to treat infections. Gram negative bacteria producing β-lactamases that are resistant to many other antibiotics and very few antimicrobial agents remain effective as treatment option. Presence of these enzymes can result in treatment failure when cephalosporins or Carbapenems are used. Due to extensive use of β-lactam and carbapenems over the last several decades in the clinical practice, various β-lactamases have emerged. β-lactamase producing bacteria have been increasingly reported as causal agents of not only nosocomial infection but also community acquired infection. The widespread use of ceftriaxone and/or cefotaximine has been proposed as a reason for the emergence of CTX-M enzymes. The increased frequency of isolation & reporting of CTX-M ESBLs is alarming and is likely to represent only the tip of iceberg for the underdeveloped continents where molecular technology for the analysis of ESBL enzymes is scares. The loss of oxyaminocephalosporins for the treatment of infections represents a serious problem that seems to reach unprecedented level globally. We investigated the clinical isolates positive for β-Lactamase producing bacteria in our institution, a tertiary care hospital in Pune (India), during a 2-year period (2014–2016). Aim: To isolate and identify the Extended spectrum β lactamase producer (ESBL), Metallo-β-lactamase (MBLs), AmpC β-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae among community acquired infections in a tertiary care hospital and to find out antibiotic sensitivity pattern of these organisms. Methodology: Screening for all β-lactamase producers (ESBL`s, MBL`s, AmpC) done by Kirby-Bauer sensitivity testing as per CLSI guidelines and followed by confirmatory tests like combined disk diffusion, double disk diffusion, Modified Hodge test and E–strip testing. Results: Total 581 isolates from Enterobacteriaceae were isolated, 417 were MDR strains which were screened for these enzymes, where 293 isolates came out to be positive for either one of the three enzymes. Screening tests for ESBLs resulted in 283(67.86%) isolates out of the 417 MDR resistant to Ceftazidime. 269 (95.05%) of these were ESBL producers which were confirmed by Double Disk Diffusion Method (DDDT). E.coli 154(54.41%) and K. pneumoniae 83(29.32%)were the two most common isolate producing this enzyme. 15 (3.59%) isolates out of the 417 MDR were resistant to Imipenem when screened for carbapenemases. Out of which all 15 were carbapenemase producers confirmed by MHT, while 12 were MBL producers confirmed by CDT and E-strip test. 53 out of 114 screen (cefoxitin) positive were AmpC producers, which was confirmed by CC-DDS AmpC disc test and E-strip test. 269 ESBL producers, 53 AmpC producers and 12 MBL producers were isolated. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the high prevalence of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae organisms producing β-lactamase enzymes of diverse mechanisms in community acquired infections.