The A field experiment was conducted at Precision Farming Development Centre, college farm, The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three drip irrigation levels as main plot treatments (viz., I1- Drip irrigation at 1.0E pan, I2- Drip irrigation 0.8E pan, I3- Drip irrigation 0.6E pan) and four mulches (viz., M1-no mulch, M2- paddy straw, M3- black plastic mulch, M4- dried leaves) as sub treatments and were replicated thrice. The experimental soil was sandy clay loam in texture with low in available nitrogen and high in available phosphorus and potassium. Moisture content was estimated under all three main plot treatments and four subplot treatments. Higher moisture was observed below black plastic mulch and lowest moisture observed below the no mulch condition. Drip irrigation scheduled at 0.6E pan recorded higher water use efficiency (111.09 kg ha-1 mm-1). The least WUE was observed in drip irrigation at 1.0E pan. On the other hand maximum WUE was recorded with application of polythene mulch (113.5 kg ha-1 mm-1), While the least was recorded with no mulch (90.43 kg ha-1 mm-1). This study is concluded that drip irrigation scheduling at 1.0 E pan with application of polythene mulch will be the best combination for getting higher chrysanthemum flower yield and net income under the present agro climatic conditions of semi-arid tropics.

Box myrtle (Myrica nagi) belongs to family Myricaceae is a sub-temperate tree found throughout the mid-Himalayas at an elevation of 1,300 to 2,100 meters above mean sea level. Its fruits are known for their ravishing taste and have been reported as rich source of anti-oxidants like phenols and anthocyanins. Therefore, investigations were conducted to develop commercial syrup and its quality evaluation during storage. Different combinations of juice and sugar syrup were tried to standardize proper combination for syrup. The syrup prepared by following the best selected recipe [35 % juice and 65 oB TSS (Total Soluble Solids)] was packed in glass and PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) bottles and stored for six months under ambient and refrigerated temperature conditions. Syrup could be safely stored for a period of six months under both the storage conditions without much change in various quality characteristics. However, the changes in the quality characteristics of the syrup were slower in refrigerated storage conditions as compared to ambient conditions. Both the packaging materials viz. PET and glass bottles were found suitable, with comparatively less changes occurring in glass bottles stored under refrigerated conditions.

Coating of greenish tomato fruit with gum arabic nano formulations has been found to delay the ripening process and maintained the overall quality and prolonging life of the fruit. In this research, development of gum arabic nano formulations using low energy approach method was investigated. An optimum GA-Tween-80-NaCl ratio of 1:1.5:0.5, 1.5:1.5:0.5 and 2:1.5:0.5 formed nano range droplet size 62.1, 91 and 112.5 nm with ideal stability of -14.5 mV, -22.3 mV and -13.6 mV respectively. Gum arabic in aqueous solutions of 1, 1.5 and 2 % was applied as an edible coating to semi matured tomatoes which were stored at 32 °C and 35- 42 % RH for 28 d. Fruit coated with 1.5 % gum arabic nano formulation delayed the ripening process and significantly (P≤ 0.05) found in changes of physiological loss in weight, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid and titratable acidity content to uncoated control fruit. The results conclude that by using 1.5 % gum arabic nano formulation as an edible coating, can delay the ripening process and enhance the storage life of tomatoes at 32° C and at the matured greenish yellow stage can be extended upto 14 d without any negative effects on postharvest quality. Thus, gum arabic based nano formulations could introduce a kind of safe and effective manner for extending storage time and preserved the quality of fruits and vegetables.

An investigation was carried out to assess the combining ability and nature of gene action in respect of grain yield and its attributing traits in 87 single cross hybrids of maize developed by crossing three testers with 29 newly developed inbreeds from National Yellow Pool in line × tester mating design and grown in RBD with two replications at AICMIP, ARS, Arabhavi during rabi/summer 2008-09. Studies revealed that, the preponderance of non-additive gene action for all quantitative traits under study. Parents, YP 4#07-2, YP 4#07-26 and CI-5 were identified as good general combiner for earliness and YP 4#07-20 is identified as good general combiner for grain yield per hectare. Among 87 SCH, ten hybrids had superior per se performance for grain yield and it component characters. Among these crosses, YP 4#07-20 × CI-5 recorded significant sca effects and the gene action might be of non-additive nature and other nine crosses recorded non significant sca effect and the gene action might be of additive nature. Hence, these crosses can be utilized for pedigree breeding programme to evolve high yielding hybrid and varieties, respectively.

An attempt has been made to estimate the trends in area, production and productivity of guava fruit in Dharwad district of Northern Karnataka. Secondary data on area, production and productivity were collected from State Department of Horticulture. Compound growth rate analysis was employed to evaluate the objective of the study. The results revealed a positive growth in area, production and productivity for guava (7.45, 8.02 and 0.99 respectively).Factors contributing to variation of guava fruit crop were studied using multiple linear regression analysis using time series data collected from State Department of Horticulture, District Statistical Office and various issues of Dharwad district at a Glance. The results revealed that the factors responsible for the changes in area under guava fruit crop over the years were price, population, rainfall, net irrigated area, fertilizer, number of factories and number of commercial banks. The results revealed that major constraints faced by guava growing farmers in production were adequate irrigation (water) facilities, rainfall, resources, non-availability of labour, irregular power supply and management. Major constraints faced by guava growing farmers in marketing were storage, high commission charges, high transportation cost, lack of availability of adequate market information, markets far away from farm, low price and mutual understanding between commission agents and traders

Anthracnose of safed musli caused by Colletotrichum chlorophyti is an economically important disease worldwide. Studies were conducted to determine the causal agent, its distribution and severity in Southern Rajasthan, during two consecutive seasons of kharif 2013 and 2014, observations recorded at 60, 75 and 90 days after sowing. Forty fields were surveyed in four districts viz., Udaipur, Rajsamand, Pratapgarh and Banswara. Disease foliage samples were collected to surveyed areas for analyzed the pathogenic studies and identified the causal agent as C.chlorophyti.It was revealed that disease appeared varied in most of the surveyed fields in the range from 28.07-73.0 and 27.30-71.10 per cent in both of the years, respectively. In the year of 2013, maximum disease severity mean was recorded in Udaipur and minimum in Pratapgarh districts. In the year of 2014, maximum disease severity was recorded in Banswara and minimum in Pratapgarh districts. The overall disease severity was higher in first year as compared to the second year at all observations. Because off the environmental conditions were highly favorable for disease progress in the year of 2013 as compaired to 2014 during the study period. The disease severity was increased with plants` age which showed that plants would be vulnerable for pathogen with their maturity, so this condition affected the yield. All these above conditions were observed during the study period which found that needed to more effective management strategy at all conditions.

Spot blotch, caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, is a major disease of wheat in humid and warmer regions of the world. Host resistance is the most important trait in the host pathogen interaction. The aim of this research was to elucidate the potential biochemical parameters linked to Bipolaris resistance in the resistant NIDW295, PDW314 and susceptible Bijaga yellow, A-9-301 durum wheat cultivars. Analysis of defence enzymes like the phytochemical precursor enzyme, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), pathogenesis related proteins like, peroxidase (POX), along with the content of lignin, phenols and total chlorophyll presented significant differences between healthy and inoculated leaves (48 hrs post inoculation). Significant variations in PAL, POX activities, phenolic and lignin content were found between resistant and susceptible cultivars. Strong induction of PAL and POX activities were recorded in resistant cultivars NIDW295 (356.7%, 184.3%), PDW314 (253.6%, 156.6%) whereas minimal response was observed in the susceptible cultivars. The cell walls of NIDW295, PDW314 contained elevated levels of lignin and was observed to be more than 20 times higher with respect to Bijaga Yellow and A-9-301. The total phenolic content was highest for NIDW295, followed by PDW314, Bijaga Yellow and A-9-301. The reduction of total chlorophyll was significantly higher in susceptible genotypes in comparison to resistant genotypes. Our results suggest that these biochemical parameters (induction of PAL, POX enzyme activities, accumulation of lignin and phenols) are related to resistance to Bipolaris sorokiniana infection and indicate the perspective of use of these traits for the selection of resistant wheat genotypes.

A pot experiment was conducted to asses the effect of phosphorus management in summer mungbean irrigated with sodic water during 2013. Three levels each of sodic water (control, 3.0 and 6.0 mmol/L), and phosphorus (control, 15 and 30 mg/kg of soil, were tested in complete randomized design with three replications. The results indicated that application of irrigation water having RSC 1.0 mmol/L and phosphorus 30 mg/kg of soil recorded the maximum and significantly higher total and available phosphorus, dehydrogenase enzyme activity and alkaline phosphorus activity over rest of the treatments. However, pH, EC and ESP did not show any significantly difference under different levels of phosphorus.

An experiment was conducted with 60 genotypes of pumpkins to study the correlation and direct and indirect effects of different characters on fruit yield per hectare. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design. Correlation studies indicated that fruit yield per hectare was positively and significantly correlated with fruit yield per vine (0.991, 0.980), average fruit weight (0.718, 0.686), number of fruits per vine (0.524, 0.555), fruit flesh thickness (0.500, 0.406), fruit width (0.483, 0.436) and fruit length (0.464, 0.419) at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Genotypic path analysis shows that days to first male (1.0918) and female (-0.7358) flowering, fruit length (-0.6348), average fruit weight (0.5923), number of fruits per vine (0.4736) and fruit yield per vine (0.4645). Therefore, emphasis should be given on days to first male and female flowering, fruit length, average fruit weight, number of fruits per vine and fruit yield per vine for enhancing the yield of pumpkin

Citrus is grown on a large scale in sub-tropical region and it is a rich source of vitamin C. India being the third largest producer, the impact of cultivation of citrus fruit on soil properties is important to study. Haryana account a large contribution in the production of citrus. Long term cultivation imparts certain physico- chemical changes in the soil and also enhances the nutrients of the soil. The experiment conducted revealed that the content of organic carbon increases 14.50% in the soil under long term cultivation of citrus as compared to the soil of control site (path) near the field. It also decreases the pH and EC of the soil and enhances the content of both macro and micro nutrients. However, the content of iron and potassium decreases in the cultivated soil as compared to uncultivated soil. Thus from the study, it was concluded that cultivation of citrus in long term basis enhances the soil health.

There are so many important issues regarding Solar Photovoltaic Market such as performance, quality and reliability etc for rising photovoltaic Market Worldwide. The study was under taken using solar photovoltaic test kit exists in the solar lab of the College of Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Dist.: Banaskantha, in the State of Gujarat. The location is situated on the geographical latitude of 24019’ N and longitude 720 19’ E. Current (I), voltage (V) of the module were measured corresponding to different value of resistance and subsequently power was calculated. Based on these observations, I-V curve was plotted. The experiment was conducted under two different modes, in first mode performance of Photovoltaic Monocrystalline module was evaluated by manually tracking of module from east to west to follow the sun (single axis tracking) and selecting tilt angle equivalent to latitude of location. Second mode was fixed orientation of module facing South direction at different tilt angles such as at Latitude angle, Latitude-100, Latitude+100 and Latitude+150. From the results, At tilt angle of latitude of location, When module is under manual tracking mode, 28.14% more power generation were found with respect to that of Under fixed orientation mode of module facing South direction. (i.e. under manual tracking mode, maximum power generation of 9.918 W was recorded, When ambient temperature, module temperature and insolation were 31.20C, 48.4 0C and 994 W/M2 respectively. Whereas under fixed orientation mode, maximum power generation of 7.74 W was recorded, When ambient temperature, module temperature and insolation were 39.60 C, 53 0C and 996W/M2 respectively).In case of mono crystalline module at different tilt angles in term of various parameters, maximum average power generation of 7.23W was recorded at tilt angle of latitude+150. When average value of ambient temperature, module temperature, insolation and module efficiency were such as 33.770C, 44.330C, 785.5 W/M2, 10.94% respectively. Under fixed orientation mode of module facing South direction, When module was placed at tilt angle of (laatitude+15) degree, Maximum module efficiency of 22.46 % was found when power output was and ambient temperature, module temperature and insolation were 2.74W, 30.30C, 29.70C and 137W/m2 respectively. The result revealed that current, voltage and power correlate with the solar insolation and temperature. Module efficiency increases as tilt angle increases

A laboratory experiment was conducted during 2014-15 at Department of Soil science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani using different six soybean cultivars to study the water diffusivity value for germination of soybean varieties under different soil types. The pot culture experiment was laid out on clayey, loamy and sandy soil with six soybean cultivars as treatments replicated thrice in randomized block design. The six soybean cultivars viz. JS-335, MAUS-71, MAUS-158, MAUS-162, MAUS-504 and MAUS-609 were used at two moisture levels at 50 per cent and 100 per cent field capacity. The results indicated that parameters like seed germination percentage, seed hydration value and seed germination rate were significantly influenced due to different soil moisture levels for different cultivars under study. Amongst six cultivars, JS-335 showed lowest germination percentage while MAUS-162, MAUS-504 and MAUS-609 showed maximum germination percentage in all three soil types. Amongst the clay, loam and sandy soils loam soil found better in supplying the soil moisture for seed germination.

A field experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm, Department of Agronomy, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, during kharif 2015-16 with an aim to study the plant growth regulators [G0 (control), G1 (50 ppm GA3), G2 (50 ppm NAA) and G3 (500 ppm Cycocel)] on seed yield per plant, its components and seed parameters of tomato cv. Gujarat Tomato 3 (GT-3). One month old healthy seedlings were transplanted in the field. The experiment was laid out in field as per randomized block design (Factorial) with three replications. The characters viz., days to flowering, plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of fruit per plant, length of fruit (cm), diameter of fruit (cm), number of seeds per fruit, seed weight per fruit (g) and seed yield per plant (g) were recorded as field observations, while germination percentage, root length (cm), shoot length (cm), root fresh weight (g), shoot fresh weight (g), root dry weight (mg), shoot dry weight (mg), Vigour index-I and Vigour index-II were recorded in the laboratory of Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh.

The trellising system of ridge gourd cultivation recorded maximum length of vine at 45 days after sowing and at last harvest, branches per plant, leaf area per plant at 60 DAS, chlorophyll content index at 60 DAS and female flowers per plant as well as minimum days for first male and female flower, days for female flower initiation to edible maturity, node on first female flower, number of male flowers per plant and sex ratio. Pusa Nasdar recorded maximum length of vine at 45 DAS, leaf area per plant at 60 DAS, CCI at 60 DAS and number of female flowers per plant as well as minimum days for first male and female flower, days for female flower initiation to edible maturity, node on first female flower, number of male flowers per plant and sex ratio. PKM-1 recorded maximum length of vine at last harvest and branches per plant.

Dickeya zeae strain M-7, isolated from maize plant at Maize Section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and tested for survival of this pathogen. Highest survival of the pathogen (270 days) was found in both type of soils field and sterilized soil (autoclaved soil)when mixed with host (maize) debris, under screen house condition with varies log cfu/gram soil. However, highest log cfu/gram soil was found in sterilized soil. The pathogen could not survive for long time in soil if broth culture of pathogen mixed instead of host debris. The pathogen survived for 180 days in sterilized soil and 150 days in field soil when soil was mixed with broth culture. The period of survival was correlated with increase in moisture and was maximum at 90%. The pathogen showed highest log cfu/ml to the tune of 10.90 under in vitro condition at 30 oC. However, bacterium could not produce any colony at 5, 10, 15 oC. The store viability of D. zeae was 36 months (3 years) in silica gel, while virulence of the pathogen exists only one maize crop season