The Aristolochia indica is a rare and endangered medicinal plant and also known as Snakeroot or Ishwarmul in Aurveda. It is famous in Indian System of Medicine as a antidote in bites of poisonous insects particularly the snake bite. It is also used in treatment of intestinal parasite, swelling, menstrual irregularities, white leprosy, dropsy, low appetite, ulcers and fever. For In-Vitro regeneration of Aristolochia indica, seven media were tested out of which five based on Murashige and Skoog’s medium (MS), one on Gamborg’s B5 and one on White’s media for their response on induction of callus from Stem segment, Leaf base and Cotyledons. Media based on MS responded well irrespective of explants used. Leaf base proved to be the best for callusing percent and fresh weight of callus in MS based media. The highest callusing efficiency was observed in MS medium with full strength of MS salts, 5mg/l 2,4-D+1.6mg/l BAP. Observation on shoot regeneration capacity suggested that MS medium contained MS salt +5mg/l 2,4-D+1.6 BAP has shown superior performance and was highly effective in inducing multiple shoots from callus. The MS medium with half strength of basic MS salts in combination with 1.2 mg/l BAP/ 0.6 mg/l IBA was also found to be the best for root regeneration. The Darkness supports the fast root regeneration in Aristolochia indica. The rooted plantlets were successfully transplanted in pots in poly house, after 25 days these plants with pots were transferred in to green house for further acclimatization under natural environments. The survival rate was 63%.

Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. For proper utilization of this precious resource systematic planning and management of groundwater uses either in domestic or agriculture should be managed by the modern technique for the efficient. In the present study, Geographical Information System (GIS) is used to integrate multi parametric data to generate several thematic maps, delineate groundwater potential zones and identify sites of artificial recharge in the Dharta watershed, Udaipur, Rajasthan (India). The thematic layers considered to delineate groundwater potential zones are geomorphology, recharge, geology, soil, slope, topographic elevation and transmissivity, which were prepared using conventional maps and data. All these themes and their individual features were then assigned weights according to their relative importance in groundwater occurrence and the corresponding normalized weights were obtained based on the Saaty’s analytical hierarchy process. The thematic layers were finally added using Arc GIS software to yield groundwater potential zone map of the study area. Thus, three different groundwater potential zones were identified viz., ‘good’, ‘moderate’ and ‘poor’. The area having ‘good’ groundwater potential is about 10.7 km2 which is about 19.62 per cent of the total study area. The thematic layers used in this study to determine artificial recharge zones are transmissivity, recharge, topographic elevation, soil and slope. These layers were combined using boolean logic analysis to delineate zones of suitability for artificial recharge structures. The area suitable for artificial recharge is 7.84 km2 which is 14.37 per cent of the total study area.

The incidence of fungal pathogens associated with Mungbean (Vigna radiata) in Allahabad region was carried out with the objectives to isolate and identify the fungal pathogens from the rhizosphere of Mungbean crop. As fungal diseases is one of the most important constraints to Mungbean production in India. 50 soil samples which are collected from the rhizosphere of infected Mungbean crop were found to have fungal incidence (78%). Among 39 fungal isolates, 6 fungal isolates were found to have incidence of which Aspergillus terreus (12.82%) have shown high incidence followed Cladosporium sphaeropermum, Curvularia lunata, Aspergillus awamori and Chaetomium globosum (10.26%), Alternaria alternate and Rhizoctonia solani (7.69%), Penicillium crateriforme, Helminthosporium australiensis, Mucor circinelloides, Rhizopus stolonifer, Trichoderma harzianum (5.13%), Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium oxysporium (2.56%).

A warming climate has the potential to significantly modify the actual distribution of insect pests in agroecosystem. Insect pest models allow the estimation of the potential effects of a warming climate based on their physiological responses to specific weather factors. The global climate changes have notable impacts on agriculture as well as crop pests. Crop plants and their associated pests both are directly and indirectly influenced by climatic change. Climate change affects insect, mites, nematodes, other invertebrates, vertebrates and also microbial pests and the damage they cause is directly influenced by their reproduction, development, survival, spread, population dynamics or altering host defences and susceptibility. Indirectly, climate change impacts the relationships between pests, their environment and other species such as natural enemies, competitors, vectors and mutualists. Mechanistic models of the impacts of climate change on insects can be seen as very specific hypotheses about the connections between microclimate, eco-physiology and vital rates. These models must adequately capture stage-specific responses, carry-over effects between successive stages, and the evolutionary potential of the functional traits involved in complex insect life-cycles.

The production of crops under weed free condition is more important to get the optimum yield by efficiently utilising the all-natural resources as well as conserving them without causing harm to natural system. In modern crop production system use of chemicals increasing day by day which leads to destruction in soil properties as well as increasing the herbicide resistance development mechanism in weeds. The overall effects of chemical weed management increased in modern crop production system then in traditional system of crop production. The reduction in weed flora by using the modern agronomic approaches are more effective in both cost effective and reducing the impact of harmful agro-chemicals was used and using in the present time too in the crop production. The impact of agronomic practices not only reduced the harmful weed flora from the crop production area but also increase in the yield of crops. Because in agronomic approach of weed suppression, they are using weed for preparing the various types of organic manures to supply the nutrient for the crop production and also restore the soil fertility. Agronomic approaches include proper plant density (PPD), proper planting time (PPT), minimum tillage practices (MTP) and stale seedbed technique’s (SST’s).