The experiment was carried out on 88 lactating healthy Sahiwal cows.All the animals were maintained under loose housing system and machine milked during morning, noon and evening time. Milking attributes like milk let-down time, milking time and milking rate was determined in each season. Plasma cortisol level, IGF-1 and IgG of all the animals were estimated. The aliquots of milk samples from individual animal were composited and fat, protein, lactose, SNF and total solids were measured. Somatic cells present in the pooled milk samples from individual animals were estimated. The low yielder cows were milked twice daily and the high yielder cows were milked thrice daily.Milk flow rate(P<0.05) and Milk yield (P<0.01) were significantly higher in three times of milking as compared to two times of milking.Fat, TS and lactose % were significantly (P<0.01) higher in two times of milking as compared to three times of milking but SNF (P<0.01) and Protein (P<0.05) were significantly higher in three times of milking as compared to two times of milking. Milk let-down time, Milking time and Total milking time were numerically lower in two times of milking as compared to three times of milking. Somatic cell counts (×103 cell/ml) were also lower in two times of milking as compared to three times of milking. The Cortisol level was significantly(P<0.001) lower in two times as compared to three times of milking. Plasma concentration of IgG was also significantly lower (P<0.01) in two times as compared to three times of milking. The plasma level of IGF-1 was non-significantly variable but it was numerically lower (P>0.05) in three times as compared to two times of milking’s. So it can be concluded that milking frequency had significant impact on milk flow rate, milk yield, fat, Total solids, lactose, SNF and Protein. Plasma hormones like cortisol and IgG also varied significantly between two and three times of milking

Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus(MYMV) is the most serious pathogen on french bean in Karnataka, where the crop is grown in kharif by making use of pre-monsoon showers. The survey was conducted to know the MYMV incidence in different agro-climatic zones of Karnataka during 2014-15. Results of the survey indicated that the disease incidence ranges from 5.88 to 28.54 per cent. The highest average incidence of 26.46% was recorded in Kolar district from Eastern dry zone fallowed by Chikkaballapur (26.21%), Bangalore Rural (25.19%), Ramanaga r(23.58%). In the severely infected fields, the occurrence of whiteflies and large scale cultivation of susceptible varieties which is growing continuously in the same area were implicated as the reasons for increased incidence of MYMV. The variations in disease incidence might be due to the difference in temperature and relative humidity which may have a direct influence on vector population and its feeding behavior

Neem is an alternative for supplying firewood demand in the Brazilian semiarid, however there is few research on management for such species in the Northeast of Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the growth and distribution of fine roots of neem under two farming methods. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with two treatments (methods A and B) and four replications, considering three depths (0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm) and three sampling positions (row, between the row, and diagonal). Fine root samples were collected from selected trees. The samples were washed, scanned and data length and root surfaces were obtained. Analysis of experimental data showed for both methods that fine roots were concentrated in the first 20 cm of soil. The most significant difference was in the depth of 20-40 cm, where treatment B influenced the growth and distribution of fine roots.

Dehydrated pumpkin in form of granulated powder and shreds, singly and along with pumpkin seed powder were used for the preparation of Instant Halwa Mix. Among all the Instant Halwa Mixes (IHM) i.e. granulated pumpkin powder halwa, pumpkin shred halwa, granulated pumpkin powder andseed powder (2:1) halwa and pumpkin shreds and seed powder (2:1) halwa, ready-to-serve Halwa prepared from dehydrated pumpkin shreds and seed powder in the ratio of 2:1 had the maximum protein (13.71%) while halwa from dehydrated pumpkin shreds contained higher amount of β-carotene (6.90 mg/100 g). Sensory evaluation revealed that panellists preferred ready-to-serve halwa prepared from pumpkin granulated powder. The changes in the quality of Instant Halwa mix packed in Polyethylene pouches and Aluminium laminated pouches during storage were monitored in order to assess the shelf life stability of the product. It was observed that, Instant halwa mix remained stable and acceptable for a period of six months, in both the packaging material under ambient condition but the nutritional decomposition was comparatively less in the sample packed in Aluminium laminated pouch.

Smut incited by Tolyposporium penicillariae Bref. is asporadic and destructive disease in major pearl millet growing area of Madhya Pradesh. In the present experiment an effort has been made to study the management of smut pathogen (Tolyposporium penicillariae Bref.) through fungicides under in-vitro conditions. The efficacy of nine fungicides viz. Hexaconazole, Azoxistrobin, Propiconazole, Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin, Carbendazim + Mancozeb, Thiram, Carbendazim, Mancozeb, Carboxin was tested by using completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications against smut of pearl millet by applying poison food technique. Result reveals that two fungicides; Hexaconazole and Carboxin completely (100%) inhibited the growth of fungus at 0.1% concentration. None of other fungicides completely inhibited fungal growth. The minimum mycelial growth inhibition was observed in case of Thiram (72.15%) and Mancozeb (76.86%). The present study suggests that growth of the pathogen is inhibited by different commercially easily available newer fungicides which play an important role in management of smut disease.