Twenty one genotypes of vegetable cowpea including checks were planted in randomized block design at the experimental farm of Pt. K. L. S. College of Horticulture & Research Station, Rajnandgaon, during (2015-16). The data recorded on twenty one characters were subjected to analysis of variance. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied except number Pod width. It indicates that sufficient variability among the genotype for the mentioned characters. The Genotypic coefficient of variation value was higher for plant height, pod yield per plant indicated that these characters exhibit variability among the genotypes. The highest heritability was recorded for the characters plant height (60DAS) ,days of maturity , fruiting duration , days to (50%) flowering ,pod setting % /plant ,100 Dry seed weight, 100-green seed weight. The genetic divergence in the present study observed among 21 genotypes of vegetable cowpea, showed low quantum of divergence and was grouped into five clusters On the basis of D2 analysis. Maximum number of genotypes (9) was accommodated in cluster - II. The average inter and intra cluster divergence (D) values had also been calculated. The intra-cluster distance varied from 0.00 to 5.04. The maximum intra cluster distance was shown by cluster I (5.04) followed by cluster V, cluster II, cluster III and cluster IV. The maximum inter cluster distance was observed in between cluster I and V (5.04). The cluster III showed maximum value for mean green pod yield (146.820g.) followed by cluster IV (146.156g.). Crossing between the genotypes of maximum two clusters appeared to be most promising to combine the desirable characters.

Study was conducted in purposively selected Rewa district in Madhya Pradesh as in 2012 livestock census the district comprises of highest number of livestock population in the State. Selection of 60 peri-urban and 60 rural dairy farmers was done randomly from the study area. The peri-urban was defined as the surrounding area 5 kilometers radius from the Nagar Nigam while rest of the district was taken as rural area as whole. Schedule was developed for the study of socioeconomic profile of the respondents in the study area. Ranks correlation method was used to study the correlation coefficient between independent socio-personal and economic characteristics and knowledge of respondents about improved dairy farming practices. Data were collected by personal interview method, analyzed through various appropriate statistical tools as frequency, percentage. Peri-urban farmers belonged to 55.00% middle age, 33.33% young age and 11.67% old age with education of high school 38.33%, followed by higher secondary 31.67%, primary 15.00%, graduation 11.67%, post-graduation and above 1.66% and illiterate 1.67% while rural dairy farmers 46.67% belonged to middle age followed by old age 30.00% and young age 23.33% with education 33.33% up to high school followed by primary 26.67%, higher secondary 20.00%, illiterate level 13.33%, graduation 5.00%, and post-graduation 01.67% respectively. Peri-urban respondents belongs to OBC 38.33% followed by general 28.33%, SC 21.67%, ST 11.67% with marital status as married 88.33% followed by single 10.00%, divorced 1.67% and in rural respondents OBC 41.67% followed by general 28.33%, SC 16.67%, ST 13.33% and marital status as 92.50% married followed by single 7.50% and divorced 0.00%. Majority of the peri-urban respondents had agriculture (38.33%) as primary occupation with marginal-small land holding group 55.00% followed by labor 31.67% while rural respondents 78.33% had agriculture as primary occupation with 33.33% small-medium land holding group followed by dairying 08.33%. Peri-urban respondents were in small-medium herd size category 88.33% while rural respondents belonged medium-large herd group 68.33%. In extension contacts peri-urban respondents were under medium to high category 71.67 %while majority of the peri-rural respondents were under medium to low category 70.00%. Majority of the farmers in peri-urban area belonged to medium to high income group (76.67%) while rural dairy farmers belonged to low to medium income group (90.00%). It was concluded that the peri-urban dairy farmers were younger, comparatively more educational level, more extension contacts as compared to the rural farmers. Peri-urban dairy farmers were belonging to the nuclear family with more economic stability and less family stability with small herd size as compared to the rural farmers. Occupation, herd size and annual income of peri-urban and rural dairy farmers had positive and significant correlation with the knowledge about improved dairy farming practices.

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) being emerged as one of the most important dollar earning plantation crops having very significant role to play in Indian economy, hence there is need for producing organic cashew for export purpose. In order to address the challenge, the present investigation of use of organic inputs in cashew was carried out at All India Coordinated Research Project on Cashew (ICAR) of OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Eight treatments of different organic inputs including recommended dose of fertilizers and FYM as control were used by adopting RBD, replicated thrice having four plants per treatments in recommended cashew variety, BPP-8. The results recorded during 2013-14 and 2014-15 revealed significant variations among different treatments for various soil physicochemical and biological parameters of organic cashew plantation. The soil which received combined application of 25 per cent N as FYM + recycling of organic residue + in situ green manuring + Biofertilizers, remained more porous & the inorganic treatment recorded lowest biological activity measured in terms of microbial respiration and dehydrogenase activity. Among the sole application of organic inputs, application of 100% nitrogen either through vermicompost+ Biofertilizers@ 200g, or through FYM + Biofertilizer @ 200g or25% N each as FYM + Recycling of organic residue + In situ green manuring/green leaf manuring + Biofertilizer @ 200g were proved to be significantly better for various soil health, indicating the scope of organic cashew cultivation for improvement of soil quality for production . The present study revealed a scope for further elaborate study in these aspects in future.

A study was conducted by Krishivigyan Kendra South Tripura in South Tripura district of Tripura for three consecutive kharif seasons of 2013,2014 and 2015 to evaluate the performance of rice variety gomati at farmers field under rainfed conditions. Front line demonstration was conducted with scientific package of practices of rice technology. The gomati variety of rice was found superior over farmers’ existing practices with local varieties. Rice variety gomati with improved production technologies followed in FLDs, increased mean grain yield by 41.62% over farmers’ existing practices with only Rs. 1817 ha-1 extra expenditure on inputs. The net return and return per rupee invested were sufficiently high to motivate farmers for adoption of gomati rice variety and improved rice production technologies

The Present study was under taken to find out the different occupational hazards raised by the farm woman during the grain cleaning activity performed with traditional method and to assess the impact of improved tools manufactured by CIAE, Bhopal, on the reduction of physiological and muscular Stresses. During present study, 20 farmwomen were selected having average state of health and result shows that average heart rate and energy expenditure of the woman were reduced significantly while performing the cleaning quality of grain with the use of improved tools manufactured by CIAE, Bhopal. It was recommended that women should be motivated to use the improved tools for grain cleaning to minimize their health hazards.

The present investigation is a part of trail that was continued during 2009 to 2013 and the GPS based survey work of the tribal district (Shahdol) was under taken during the year 2011-2012. From the whole district sixty eight villages have been covered and 408 soil samples were drawn at the depth of 0-20 cm. Six soil samples were taken from each village on the basis of land holding having low (<1 ha), medium (1-3 ha) and high (> 3 ha) farmer categories along with GPS data and only two soil samples were taken from each category. These soil samples were analyzed for different parameters viz pH, EC, O.C., available N, P, K, S and micronutrients like Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn. Spatial variability of soil chemical properties viz. pH, EC, organic carbon, soil available macronutrients (N, P,K) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) were quantified through descriptive statistical analysis and the respective surface maps were prepared through ordinary kriging. The soils of the area are characterized by neutral to alkaline in pH and low to high in organic carbon content. The soil available nitrogen content were ranged from 109-476 kg ha-1, available soil phosphorus were ranged from 5.9-53.2 kg ha-1, available potassium were ranged from 102-827 kg ha-1 and available sulphur were obtained from 3.6 to 46.3 mg kg-1. While values of micronutrient were reported from 0.10 to 4.73 mg kg-1 with Zn, 0.21 to 11.1 mg kg-1 with Cu, 4.5 to 84.8 mg kg-1 with Fe and 2.0 to 74.1 mg kg-1 with Mn.

Tribal sub plan (T.S.P) strategy was evolved by Ministry of Education and Social Welfare in 1972, for rapid socio-economic development of tribal people. It was adopted for the first time in fifth five year plan in 17 states and 1 Union territory. Later the TSP was extended and at the end of ninth five year plan TSP was in operation in 23 states and 2 Union territories, which is continuing since then. With the view to implement the strategy of tribal sub plan, the approach of Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP) was developed. Projects carried out under tribal sub plan were minor irrigation, road development, power development, non-conventional sources of energy and during 1988 a special programme was introduced for development of hilly areas. Pre-implementation stage, during implementation stage and follow-up stage male respondents had very good participation than female respondents. This difference in the participation of tribal might be due to the reason that male respondents had highly educated and active participation in organizations. In case, follow-up stage there is no significant difference in participation with regard to ongoing programmes in male and female respondents.

The continuous irrigation of treated wastewater over many years, without proper management leads to accumulation of salts in soil profile (salinization), reduction in hydraulic conductivity of soil, waterlogging and it leads yield reduction. A subsurface drainage system field experiment (Sunflower) was conducted in split plot design to study the effect of subsurface drainage system and influence of amendments on saline alkali soil reclamation. The experiment consists of 2 main plots (drained field and undrained field) and seven subplots with different amendments. Among the drainage system and amendments, the amendments application in drained field improved the soil quality parameters by reducing soil pH, EC and ESP over undrained field. The application of FYM along with gypsum requirement and recommended dose of fertilizer reduced soil pH, EC and ESP. The application of FYM reduced the ESP 46.42 per cent in drained field over undrained control. The drainage system reduced the soil salinity and improved the soil quality parameters.

The experiments were carried out during successive kharif season of 2012 - 2014 to investigate the effects of straw mulch and anti-transpirants on physiological parameters and yield of soybean at Millet Breeding Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The experiment treatments were arranged in split plot design with four replications. The mulching practices viz., Bajra straw mulch and without mulch were formed the main plot and anti-transpirants viz., Magnesium carbonate (0.5%), Glycerol (5%), Sodium carbonate (2%), Potassium nitrate (1%) and water spray constituted to sub plot. Results showed that enhanced physiological characteristics obtained from bajra straw mulch @ 5 t/ha, while anti-transpirant of potassium nitrate (1%) sprayed at 50% flowering stage which was on par with magnesium carbonate (0.5%) and glycerol (5%). The combined treatments of straw mulch with foliar spray of potassium nitrate (1%), sprayed at flowering stage improved the physiological and yield parameters of soybean. Water stress caused of decreases yield in soybean, but applied of mulches and anti-transpirant materials caused decrease of negative effects of water stress in our experiment and increased values of traits.

Theileriosis is hemoprotozoan disease spread in most of developing countries including India. In this presence study was done with cattle of north Gujarat India 44 and 40 blood sample were collected from crossbred cattle respectively clinical case and subclinical case out of 282 crossbred cattle. Only 13 sample was conform Theileriosis positive detected in microscopic examination in group of clinical case but not in sub clinical case but the detection done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were showed 30 and 21 sample positive respectively in clinical case and subclinical case. In other word 15.4% and 60.7% sample showed positive respectively microscopic and molecular technique. It means the PCR was fine technique for detection of Theileriosis. The different group of cattle was treated with different antibiotic combination, Buparvaquone was proved effective than other drug.

World population is growing exponentially and it has to fulfill their food requirements and other side degradation of cultivable land, natural resources and competition for land from modern urbanization and industrialization limit that horizontal expansion of cultivable land. An alternate strategy for increasing productivity and labour utilization per unit area of available land through vertical expansion by intensive agriculture viz., intercropping, sequential cropping on time and space dimension. The intensive systems are well known and have been increasing the production potential per unit area and insuring against total crop failure under aberrant weather conditions and also can improve and maintain soil fertility. Soybean (Glycine max L.) belongs to the legume family is known as the “Golden Bean or a Miracle crop” of the twentieth century. It is a very energy rich grain legume containing 38-40 per cent protein and 18-20 per cent oil in the seeds. Soybean has been cultivated as a monocrop that leads to establishment of harmful dominated weed flora and high infestation of insect-pests, which significantly reduces the yield of soybean. In such a situation, diversification of cropping system is necessary to get higher yield, net returns, maintain soil health, preserve environment and meet daily food and fodder requirement of human and animals. The practices of intercropping explore efficient utilization of all given and available resources, which maintain stability in production and obtain higher net returns accordingly, which is not possible through sole cropping system. This paper provides an overall view and evaluation of cropping systems with soybean, summarizing its main advantages supported by a number of key examples from the literature, which point out its great value in the context of sustainable agriculture.

The present investigations were conducted to study the gene effects and molecular analysis for spike morphology in Triticum aestivum L.em Thell during two successive winter growing seasons (2008-2009 and 2009-2010). The phenotypic coefficients of variability (PCV) values were higher than GCV in the F2 population of five crosses for all the fifteen characters coupled with considerable differences between them indicating that the expression of these traits are more influenced or sensitive to the environmental conditions. Out of five crosses one diverse F2 populations were selected for molecular analysis. Fifty SSR primers were used for the present investigation, out of which only 42 primers showed amplification. Using a total of 42 SSR primers, 118 bands with the number of band per primer varying from 1 to 6 with an average 2.81 bands per primer. Average polymorphism across all the 100 F2 individuals was found to be 73.8%. Thus, a wide range of genetic variability was revealed from the similarity indices and dendrogram.

The present study entitled “Morphological evaluation of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) varieties in foothill conditions of Uttarakhand” was carried out in the experimental research area of Department of Horticulture, DCAST, Selaqui, Uttarakhand during 2015. Five different types of radish varieties were studied viz. 40 days, Green Neck, Long White (Hybrid), Snow White, Red Radish (Local) respectively. The analysis revealed highly significant differences among genotypes for all the traits. The germination per cent (66.75 %), plant height (60.05 cm), number of leaves per plant (16.50), length of leaves (25.54 cm) and fresh weight of leaves (46.72 gm) was found statistically superior in Long white (hybrid). The variety was also found outstanding for yield and its relative attributes i.e. root length (31.45 cm), root width (4.13 cm), fresh weight of root per plant (192.25 gm), yield of radish root without leaves (62.75 t/ha) and total yield of radish per plant (86.80 t/ha) as against the remaining four varieties i.e. Green Neck, Snow White, 40 days and Red Radish (Local). Thus, the variety Long White (hybrid) was found to be superior in its overall performance. Consequently, the genotype can be recommended for cultivation in the foot hill regions of Uttarakhand.