The irrigation sources are still limited in the state of Madhya Pradesh. The percentage of net irrigated area sown was 43.2 and percentage of gross irrigated area sown was 32.3. The main source of irrigation is through wells 2456 thousand hectare (36%), tube wells 2056 thousand hectare (31%), canals 1115 thousand hectare (17%) and tanks 140 thousand (2%). Some other sources like different small rivers, river basin etc. 947 thousand hectare (14%) in the state. The availability of diesel engines and electric motors has increased from 0.053 to 0.300 and 0.041 to 0.494 kW/ha respectively during the period 1971- 72 to 2012-13 in India. In India, the share of electric motor increased from 14 to 28.8% during the last 41 years. The selection of stationary power has now become very difficult in Madhya Pradesh as well as in India because of availability of variety of stationary power models.

Papaya is cultivated on a limited scale in Punjab and other north Indian states, due to climatic vagaries like extreme temperatures, frost injury and viral diseases. But, protected cultivation can alleviate these constraints to some extent. It can also improve the fruit quality and nutrient composition by providing nearly optimum environment. Thus, keeping this in view, the present study analysed five papaya varieties(Surya, Pusa Dwarf, Arka Prabhath, Madhu and Red Lady 786) for nutrient composition i.e. vitamin C, β carotene and mineral content. Significant variations were revealed in terms of vitamin C, β carotene and potassium content. Red Lady 786 recorded highest amount of vitamin C and β carotene. Among minerals, highest potassium content (2.50 g/100g) was found in Surya while calcium and magnesium content was at par in all the varieties. The overall results indicated that the variety Red Lady 786 was most superior in respect of nutrient composition

Salinity, alkalinity and water logging have become serious problems in canal irrigated areas of semi-arid regions. These three problems are mainly responsible for poor yield of crops in canal irrigated areas. The total length of the Srisailam Right Bank Canal was 198 km and carrying capacity was 5000 cusecs. Under Srisailam Right Bank Canal the soils are black cotton soils and the major source of irrigation in the command area is dug wells and bore wells. In Srisailam Right Bank Canal command, 14160 acres of land has identified as alkalinity problem, 11725 acres of land has salinity problem and 19360 acres of land has water logged areas.

The current study has been conducted in the Sihora block of Jabalpur district to get acquainted with the problems faced by the growers and the possible remedies to overcome the same. Hundred farmers were interviewed and only percentage was employed to derive the results. Keeping this in view, present study entitled “Constraints faced by the sesame growers and the suggestions to overcome them” was planned with specific objectives: To study the constraints faced by the sesame growers and to seek the strategy for enhancing sesame production technology. The study exposed the facts that among the various situational, technological, economical, marketing, extension and institutional constraints- shortage of labour at the peak time, lack of recommended doses of fertilizers, complex procedure of loan, lack of daily market facilities in the locality, irregular visits of RAEOs and unavailability of information on improved technology through government agencies were the main constraints reported by the sesame growers. Hence, to overcome the above mentioned constraints, the major suggestions given by the sesame growers were regular visits of RAEOs, trainings on technical sesame production, demonstrations on farmers’ field, reduction in cost of inputs and extension of technological knowledge.

The objective of this research was to investigate heterotic effects between the crosses of selected lines. The pearl millet crosses were produced by crossing ten parents in L X T mating design. The female parents JMSA-101 exhibited the highest mean green fodder yield per plant followed by ICMA-01777 and ICMA-05888. The male parent AFB-4 exhibited the highest mean green fodder yield per plant followed by MJC-2 and MJC-8. The hybrids exhibited significant and positive heterosis over check (RBC-2) for green fodder yield and the hybrid ICMA-01777 X J-2500 exhibited maximum standard heterosis for green fodder yield per plant followed by ICMA-01777 X J-2290 and ICMA-01777 X MJC-2 and large number of crosses registered heterotic effects in negative direction. Most of the crosses had different ranking in per se performance for different characters, which suggested that crosses exhibiting high sca effects need not necessarily register either higher mean values or high heterotic effects and vice versa. Therefore, while favouring a cross for further advancement, one has to consider all the above aspects independently. The hybrids ICMA-05888 X J-2500, ICMA-01777 X J-2290 and ICMA-01777 X MJC-2 recorded highest per se performance.

The Zoonotic diseases are those which can be passed from animal to man and man to animal. Zoonotic diseases have both direct and indirect effects on livestock health and production. Indirect effect of zoontoic diseases results in risk to human life, economic effect causing effect in treading. Increase value of product in market give safe and healthy product to consumers. The zoonotic diseases may transmit through condition like handling of animal and animal products, more than half number of people in India are in close contact with animals. Activities in rural area like cleaning of shed, not proper discharge of animal waste, dealing with sick animals, poor personal hygiene are factors which cause zoonotic diseases to rural people who keep animals. Present investigation shows that majority of livestock owners were aware about health matter of animals but they were not following specific control measures to control zoonotic diseases.

A field experiment was conducted on a silty loam soil (Mollisol) at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during kharif and rabi seasons of 2014-15 and 2015-16 to study the site-specific nutrient management approaches for enhancing productivity and profitability in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under rice-wheat cropping system. Treatments comprised of 6 nutrient management approaches viz. recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), Nutrient Expert recommended fertilizer (NE-RF), Nutrient Expert recommended fertilizer under SSNM (NE-SSNM), recommended dose of fertilizer with nano-fertilizer (RDFNf), farmer’s fertilizer practices (FFP) and soil test crop response (STCR) along with 4 nutrient omission treatments viz. PK, NK, NP and –NPK (Absolute control). The results apparently indicated that the treatment Nutrient Expert recommended fertilizer under SSNM (NE-SSNM) is superior over other nutrient management approaches in terms of grain yield, cost of cultivation and profitability. Higher net return, appreciable GRF (Gross return above fertilizer cost) and low TFC (Total fertilizer cost) were obtained under NE-SSNM. Production of more grain yield with less fertilizer use by applying SSNM (Nutrient Expert recommended fertilizer) based fertilizer application in comparison to the blanket N application and other nutrient approaches.

Using the micro-propagated potato shoots, originating from meristem culture was used to produce microtuber. Effect of different vessels and paclobutrazole were studied and results revealed that the size of culture vessels play important role for the microtuber production and among them 150 Erlenmeyer conical flask is most suitable. The varietal performance of Kufri Chipsona-1 found to better response in terms of obtaining maximum weight. The paclobutrazole effect on microtuberisation weight and size were non-significant, however the weight of microtuber were higher (0.110 gm) in the paclobutrazole treated treatment and corresponding size were reduced (0.487 cm) in paclobutrazole treatment. At the very same time its effect on number of microtuber were significant and it was maximum (4.7) in case of M2 treatment where paclobutrazole were absent and less/ reduced, number (3.4) in the paclobutrazole treatment.

Sixteen fungicides and one antibiotic namely: Propiconazole, Hexaconazole, Difenconazole, Thiophenate-Methyl, Carbendazim, Tebuconazole, Mancozeb, Copper oxychloride, Zineb, Chlorothalonil, Carbendazim+Mancozeb, Carboxin+Thiram, Tricyclazole+Mancozeb, Hexaconazole+Zineb, Carbendazim+Iprodione, Trifloxystrobin+Tebuconazole and Validamycin were screened in-vitro by using poisoned food techniquefor their effect on inhibition of mycelium growth of Rhizoctonia solani f .sp. sasakii ,the causal agent of banded leaf and sheath blight of maize. Among systemic fungicides screened, maximum inhibition of mycelium growth was observed in Propiconazole and Carbendazim, while maximum inhibition of mycelium growth was observed in Carbendazim+ Mancozeb and Carbendazim + Iprodione among combi-product fungicides tested. Maximum inhibition of mycelium growth was observed in Mancozeb and Validamycin among the tested non-systemic fungicides.

The objective of the study was to find out the effect of different treatments of pre-milking teat stimulation on bacteriological quality of raw milk in crossbred cattle. Pre-milking udder stimulation was done by milker's hand, latex made hand gloves, cotton duster and muslin cloth, respectively, in treatment T1, T2, T3 and T4. In each of the treatments, milk samples were evaluated for Standard plate count (SPC), Poteolytic bacterial count (PBC), Lactic acid bacterial count (LABC), Lipolytic bacterial count (LBC) and Coliform count (CC). SPC was found significantly higher in T1, T2 as compared to T3 and T4. However, no significant difference was found in PBC, LABC and LBC among all the four treatments. In each treatment, correlation was studied among different bacteriological quality parameters. In T1 LBC and PBC were significantly correlated (P<0.05) with each other. In T2, PBC was positively correlated with LABC (P<0.05), while LBC showed significantly (P<0.05) positive correlation with LABC and PBC. In T4, LBC was positively correlated (P<0.05) with LABC and PBC.

Groundnut, the ‘king’ of oilseeds, is one of the most important food and cash crop in India and around the globe. The state of Gujarat alone caters to nearly 40 per cent of the nation’s production. Accordingly, the present investigation concerning technical efficiency of groundnut farmers is aptly undertaken in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat. Findings revealed that technical efficiencies range from 85.90 per cent to 95.34 per cent, with a mean of 85.45 per cent, indicating that on an average the realized yield among farmers can be increased by 15 per cent in the region with the available technology and resources alone, without the use of any additional resources. Interestingly, the average technical efficiency of marginal farmer (95.34 %) was found to be better than that of large farmers (93.68%). Besides, it was also found that the coefficients of groundnut acreage (0.0288) and farmer’s age (0.0027) are the most influential determinants of technical efficiency, whereas that of experience (-0.0018) and education (-0.0054) influence negatively. As, the estimates of input utilization pattern have revealed the possibility of improving profits through resource reallocation, the development interventions need to be fine-tuned on improving farm efficiency levels which in turn could lead to improved farm profits.

A clinical study was conducted for morphometric evaluation of hooves in 120 cattle. The effect of hoof affection on variation in toe length and hoof angle was studied. Toe length was increased in affection of inter digital space. Part of hoof affected had non-significant effect on variation in the hoof angle in fore limb whereas the effect was significant in the claws of hind limbs. Morphometric evaluation of hooves proves to be helpful in deciding the appropriate surgico therapeutic measures in cattle.

Sapota is a delicious fruit introduced from tropical America. India is the largest producer of sapota in the world yielding more than 6.68 lakh tons with an average production of 13.20 tons per ha [1]. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is a relatively cheap and convenient packaging technology that has the capacity to preserve natural quality of fresh fruits besides extending storage life [4]. A study was undertaken to establish the most effective storage temperature and packaging material for modified atmospheric packaging and storage of sapota. The shelf life of sapotas can be enhanced up to 21 days under modified atmosphere packaging stored at 10 0C. The shelf life of sapotas was 15 and 9 days at 15 0C and room temperature respectively. The shelf life of unpacked sapotas stored at room temperature was only 3 days. It has been concluded that the sapotas packed in LDPE pouches under modified atmosphere packaging and stored at 10oC temperature give a shelf life 21 days.

The purpose of the experiment is to investigate the best suited pre-storage treatment among T1 (Packaging the produce without pre-packaging material + CFB (Corrugated Fibre Board) boxes)), T2 (Washing with water + Packaging in LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene film) + CFB), T3 (Dipping in sodium hypochlorite solution (0.1 ppm) + Packaging in LDPE + CFB boxes). Firm ripe fruits of banana were selected for the investigation. After suitable pre-storage treatment the fruits were kept in cold storage (12±1 °C and 85-90% RH). T3 had retained most of the biochemical parameters such as total soluble solids (21.22 °Brix), pH (4.91) and mean score for appearance (8.0). Minimum weight loss of 0.693% in T3 was observed as against 0.865 % in T2 and 2.259 in T1. Maximum colour retention was noticed in case of T3 followed by T2 and T1.

The present study was carried out during the Autumn- winter period of 2014-2015 at Central Research Farm, Gayeshpur, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia-West Bengal, with eighteen tomato genotypes including seven cultivars of Solanum lycopersicum viz., Berika, AC Aft, BCT-48, BCT-59, BCT-82, BCT 115dg, Pathurkuchi, five wild species namely Solanum pimpinellifolium, Solanum chilense (EC 513698), Solanum cheesmaniae, Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformae (EC 514013), Solanum peruvianum (EC251790), three inter specific hybrids (ISH) viz., ISH1- AC Aft x EC 514013, ISH2-Berika x EC 514013, ISH3-BCT 115dg x EC 514013 and three back cross progenies viz., ISH 1 XAC Aft, ISH2 X Berika, ISH 3 X BCT 115 dg. The characters that exhibited higher GCV and PCV values were for fruits per plant (119.35), polar diameter, fruit weight, number of cluster per plant, number of seed per fruit, test weight, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of fruits per cluster, locule number, flowers per cluster, equatorial diameter. High heritability along with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for the traits like fruits per plant, number of cluster per plant, fruit weight, number of seed per fruit, test weight. The association studies indicated that fruit yield had significant positive correlation with fruits per cluster and fruits per plant.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important food crops in India. India is the second largest producer and consumer of rice in the world. Rice production in India crossed the mark of 100 MT in 2011-12 accounting for 22.81% of global production in that year. The productivity of rice has increased from 1984 kg per hectare in 2004-05 to 2372 kg per hectare in 2011-12. In paddy cultivation, harvesting and threshing are the most important operations, which are laborious involving human drudgery and requires about 150-200 man-hr/ha for harvesting of paddy. Timely harvesting is one of the important aspects, as delayed harvesting leads to loss of grain and straw owing to over maturity results in loss of grains by shattering. The efficiency of skid lifter guard was about 9.67% more than half moon lifter and 15.11% more than without crop lifters. The grain losses per acres were 25 kg this is less when compared with half moon lifter and without lifter. The time of operation of combining with skid lifter was found as 1hr where as by using a half moon lifter and without lifters were 1hr 15 min and 1hr 30 min respectively. It is observed that about 30 min time was saved with skid lifter attached to combine when compared with without crop lifter and about 15 min was saved with half moon lifter attached to combine when compared with without crop lifter. The cost of operation for the combine attached with skid lifter was found as Rs. 2500 where as in the case of combine attached half moon lifter it is found as Rs. 3125 and it is found as Rs. 3750 in case of without using any crop lifters.

An experiment was carried out at College of Agriculture, Latur, M.S. India during summer and kharif season of 2014-2015 to study the nutrient status of soils of sweet orange orchards of Jalna district. In order to know the soil nutrient status, ten sweet orange orchards located in ten different talukas of Jalna district were randomly selected. Soil samples were collected in May 2014 at a depth of 0-30 cm, 30-60 cm and 60-90 cm. Soil samples were analysed to find out soil nutrient status. Results showed that all the soils samples were neutral to alkaline in reaction (pH). All soil samples were in safe limit for electrical conductivity (EC). All soils samples were low to medium in organic carbon content (OC), nitrogen content (N), available phosphorus (P), sulphur content (S) and Manganese content (Mn).All soils samples were high in calcium content (Ca), available magnesium content (Mg). The soils were sufficient in available copper content (Cu). Results also showed that the fruit yield had significant and positive correlation with soil OC, N, P, K and Cu.

Rice is a very important cereal crop, grown on 160 million hectares worldwide. It is a chief and primary resource of pabulum for more than a moiety of the population and more than 90 per cent of the world’s rice is grown and consumed in Asia. Abiotic stress conditions such as cold, salinity and drought are the major limitations in modern agriculture, which negatively influence plant growth and productivity. Hence, it is high time to develop crop plants with traits conferring tolerance to these stresses. Conventional breeding and marker assisted breeding have substantially contributed to our thoughtful of the complexity of stress response. Whereas, genetic engineering techniques provide an efficient and faster way to insert beneficial genes of interest originating from not only same species but also cross barrier species and distant relative sources. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and biolistic transformation are the most common methods used to introduce the gene enclose into plant cells. This review explains about the basic steps of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for abiotic stress tolerant rice.

Thirty eight chickpea varieties were studied to find out genetic variability, genetic association and path coefficient analysis for grain yield and its attributing characters. Both genotypic and phenotypic variances were highly significant for all the traits with little higher phenotypic coefficient of variation. The low differences between the phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variations indicated low environmental influences on the expression of these characters. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance were obtained with harvest index, seeds per pod, total number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, days to maturity. Genotypic correlation coefficients were higher than the corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients in most of the traits. Harvest index, 100-seed weight, seeds per pod, number of effective pods per plant, total number of pods per plant, number of primary branches per plant per plant and plant height were the most important characters, which possessed positive association with seed yield per plant. Path coefficient analysis revealed that among the different yield contributing characters harvest index, 100-seed weight, seeds per pod, total number of pods per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, plant height, days to maturity and days to 50% flowering influenced seed yield per plant directly. Thus, selection for yield in chickpea through these characters would be effective.

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of incorporation of dried and green date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L. [Arecaceae] leaves in total mixed ration (TMR) comprising of 30:70 concentrates: Jowar hay as maintenance ration of adult Marwari sheep. Twenty-one adult Marwari sheep of similar body weight were randomly allotted to three groups, seven in each and were individually fed for 15 days preliminary feeding and 60 days experimental period to meet their energy and protein requirements as per ICAR 1998 standards. The sheep were fed TMR without Date palm leaves (T1); TMR with ADPL replacing 40% of jowar hay (T2) and TMR with GDPL replacing 40% of jowar hay on dry matter equivalent basis (T3). The TMR comprising of either air dried or green date palm leaves replacing jowar hay at 40% DM equivalent basis, had no any adverse effect on voluntary feed intake and body weights of adult Marwari sheep. The three groups also did not differ from each other with respect to digestibility coefficients for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber

In the context of the gender equity issue for betterment of the society, women’s empowerment in the political aspect is crucial for ensuring equitable representation of women in decision-making and policy formulation at the grass root level. Self Help Group approach, in this regard, could be an effective mean towards empowering the rural women politically. Under such a research niche, the present study has been undertaken to assess the status of political empowerment of the women after joining Self Help Group (SHG) and thereby, exploring different factors associated with their political empowerment. The study was conducted in four villages of the Coochbehar-I block in Coochbehar district of West Bengal. Purposive as well as multistage sampling and random sampling procedures were followed to select the final respondents form the study area. The political empowerment of the women SHG members was considered as the dependent variable and the sixteen other attributes of the women respondents were considered as the independent variables for the study. The data were collected with the help of structured questionnaire schedule through personal interview method. The statistical methods used for the analysis of the data were co-efficient of correlation and multiple regressions. Results showed that the variables like education level, family education status, extension contact, mass media exposure and reasons for joining the SHG are positively and significantly correlated with the political empowerment of women. In multiple regressions, the variable extension contact was found to be positively and significantly contributing towards characterizing the political empowerment of the women but, the other variable namely age of the SHG was found to contribute negatively and significantly in case of characterizing the political empowerment of the women SHG members. The R2 value being 0.534, it is also to infer that the sixteen predictor variables put together have explained 53.40% variation embedded with the predicted variable, political empowerment of women after joining SHGs.

Genetic variability studies among the 131 garlic genotypes using twelve morpho-agronomic traits were carried out at SVPUAT, Meerut, during Rabi-2014. ANOVA showed significant genetic variation (p<0.05) for all traits indicated sufficient variability in germplasm. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher in comparison to the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and high estimates of the GCV and PCV were observed for plant height, bulb weight per plant, leaf length, number of cloves per bulb and pseudostem height. Furthermore, high heritability was obtained for all traits (>60%) and High heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance was recorded for clove weight, bulb weight per plant, pseudostem height, polar diameter of bulb, equatorial diameter of bulb and number of cloves per bulb. The genotypes viz., PG-20, K-1, GHC-1, TG-1, CFG-3,G-50 are noticed with good export potential and can be utilized for improvement of garlic germplasm.

Fifteen germplasm lines of radish were collected from different parts of Meghalaya, India and were evaluated on the basis of 23 horticultural traits in a randomized block design with three replications at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, ICAR NEH, Sangsangiri, Tura, Meghalaya, India during winter season from October to January (2014-15). Correlation analysis was carried out to study the character association and contribution for ten quantitative characters, namely leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), number of leaves, petiole length (cm), crown head diameter(cm), root length(cm), root diameter (cm), days to root harvest, root weight (g) and yield (t/ha) for the identification of appropriate selection indices. Phenotypic and Genotypic correlation coefficient analysis revealed that root weight, days to root harvest, number of leaves, root length leaf width, and root diameter had significant positive correlation, while petiole length, leaf length and crown head diameter had significant negative correlation with marketable yield.

Data on various FLTDYs and FLY of Mehsana buffaloes were obtained during a period of 20 years (1993 to 2012) to observe the effect of genetic and non-genetic factors on various FLTDYs and FLY. The least squares mean for FLY was found to be 1708.62±32.50 liters. It was significantly (P≤0.05) affected by period of calving. Similarly, the least squares means of various FLTDYs ranged from 3.09±0.11 (FLTDY1) to 7.31±0.13 (FLTDY4) liters and were greatly (P≤0.05) influenced by the period of calvingexcept FLTDY5 and FLTDY9. Low to high heritability estimates (ranging from 0.05 for FLTDY5 to 0.85 for FLTDY1) were obtained in the present study. Further, the genetic correlations between FLY and FLTDYs ranged from moderate to high (0.28 to 0.98) whereas, the phenotypic correlations between these traits were found to be ranged from low to high (0.08 to 0.69). The high genetic correlations between FLTDYs (FLTDY2, FLTDY3, FLTDY9 and FLTDY10) and FLY implies that these test-day yields can very well be used as the criteria for selection of Mehsana buffaloes during its early lactation.

The present study was carried out in Babadougou, Soubré, Toumodi and Tanda, which are the main yam production areas in Côte d’Ivoire. The study objective was twofold: documenting the symptoms observed on yam tubers and identifying the associated plant parasitic nematodes. The symptoms observed on the tubers were thoroughly investigated and described. The prevalence and the severity index of symptoms were evaluated on each site. Nematodes associated with the symptoms were extracted thanks to the Baermann maceration method. The nematodes were identified and counted. Deformation symptoms (galls), degradation symptoms (cracks, dry rot and wet rot) and complex of symptoms were observed on tubers collected on the four mentioned sites. Galls, cracks and dry rot were found to be the principal symptoms. Pratylenchus, Meloidogyne, Globodera and Xiphinema were the principal genus of nematodes associated with the symptoms. Pratylenchus was the key nematode associated with dry rot and cracks with 153 and 16 individuals respectively in 5 g of peels. Meloidogyne and Globodera were the principal nematodes associated with galls and wet rot with 20 individuals respectively in 5 g of peels. Pratylenchus, Meloidogyne and Globodera were the principal nematodes extracted from the tubers collected respectively on Babadougou, Tanda, Soubré and Toumodi sites.

The study was conducted during summer 2015 at the Sagdividi Farm, Department of Seed Science and Technology, JAU, Junagadh to assess the information on genetic variability, character association and path analysis among 40 genotypes of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). The high values of GCV and PCV were recorded for number of capsules per leaf axil followed by seed yield per plant, number of capsules per plant and height to first capsule. Moderate to high estimates of heritability coupled with high genetic advance expressed as percentage of mean were observed for seed yield per plant, height to first capsule, number of seeds per capsule, number of capsules per plant, length of capsule, number of capsules per leaf axil, plant height and number of branches per plant. Seed yield per plant was found to be significantly and positively correlated with days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, height to first capsule, number of seeds per capsule and harvest index at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Characters, number of seeds per capsule followed by number of branches per plant and number of capsules per plant exhibited high and positive direct effect on seed yield per plant.

The present investigation was carried out to estimate variability parameters for seven characters in ten rice genotypes (two maintainer lines viz., TNAU CMS 2B and COMS 23B, two restorer lines viz., CB 87 R and CB 174 R and C101 PKT, C101 LAC, BL-245, RIL10, Zenith, IRBB 60). The parental lines viz., TNAUCMS 2B, COMS 23B, CB 87 R, C101 PKT and C101 LAC were early and short stature. Variability studies revealed the higher magnitude of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) for plant height, number of productive tillers per plant and number of grains per panicle. Higher heritability estimates in broad sense with high genetic advance as percent of mean (except single plant yield) was found for all the traits studied.

The term ‘nano’ is a Greek word, means dwarfand signifying 1 billionth of a meter (1 nm = 10-9m). “Bottom up” and “top down” are two potential approaches of nanotechnology in food and dairy processing. In food processing and preservation, nanotechnology has earned many expectations from world. Flavour and colour Improvement, safety and packaging. Basic component of food like Protein, Fat, carbohydrates are very useful in the engineering of nano foods through various approach. α-lactalbumin is also used to develop nanotubes through hydrolyzation by bottom up approach. Nanoparticles are very useful as delivery vehicle of Functional ingredients. Nanofibres with diameters from 10 to 1000 nm, produced from synthetic polymer through electrical spinning. Because of fiber from not a food grade biopolymer, it is limited used in food industry. A novel approach is using casein micelle for capsulation of hydrophobic molecules and for enrichment of high fat or low fat food products .Nanotechnology based projects are trying to fortify processed dairy and food products with nano-encapsulated nutrients. It may successfully influence the texture, flavor, nutritional quality & even detect pathogen. The concept of “nanoceuticals” is gaining popularity and commercial dairy/food and food supplements containing nanoparticles are available.

The quality of irrigation water is the foremost matter in irrigated condition. However, injudicious use of good quality water may turn a good soils into saline/ or sodic soils. Thus, it has large bearing on the productivity of soil as well as crop yield. So, total 50 nos. of water samples (40: ground water and 10: canal water) were collected from different sources during year 2015 from irrigated and rainfed area of studied area, Bharuch district for evaluate the ground water based on USDA classification. The result revealed that major cases ground water samples were found unsafe for irrigation due to high salinity problems (C4S1), though sodicity problem along with salinity may also arise to certain extent. During scarcity of good quality water, ground water can be used only by mixing with good quality water /rain water/ canal water or alternately with good quality water as supplementary/ life-saving irrigation to sustain crop yield and soil health.

The study shows “Effect of tillage, mulch and fertility levels on productivity and economics of the different cropping systems over existing rice – wheat” was conducted during kharif and Rabi season in clay loam soils of Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh). The productivity of different systems significantly varied due to different tillage, cropping systems, mulch and fertility levels. Conventional tillage produced significantly maximum (98.36 q/ha/year) REYs as compared to minimum tillage. Rice-berseem cropping system produced higher productivity (123.74q/ha/year) than the rice-wheat, maize-wheat, sorghum-wheat (114.79, 72.82 and 73.52 q/ha/year) respectively. As regards the mulch and fertility levels, mulching application produced significantly maximum (97.44 q/ha/year) productivity and 25% higher of RDF produce highest REYs (99.32 q/ha/year). Based on data conventional tillage had the highest production efficiency (35.863 q/ha/day) followed by minimum tillage (34.371 q/ha/day). Difference in production efficiency amongst different cropping system was significant. The highest production efficiency was under rice-wheat cropping system (45.196 q/ha/day) followed by rice-berseem (41.250 q/ha/day), maize-wheat (28.670 q/ha/day). There is significant difference between no mulch and with mulch crop, mulch gave significantly higher production efficiency 34.676 and 35.558 q/ha/day respectively. The production efficiency (36.262 q/ha/yr) was significantly greater as crop fertilizer with 25% higher of RDF as compare to 100% RD.

The extruded product quality assessment is essential for ensuring acceptance of product among the consumers. The qualities which affect the acceptance of extrudate product areas the textural qualities (e.g. hardness, crispiness, crunchiness etc.), physical qualities (e.g. bulk density, sectional expansion ratio, volumetric expansion ratio etc.), nutritional qualities (protein, fat, fiber, carbohydrates etc), organoleptic considerations (e.g. mouth feel, taste), and shelf stability. These qualities are affected by machine parameters (screw speed, temperature in different zone, feed rate etc) and feed parameters (bland ratio and moisture content of feed) during extrusion cooking. This review has focused on findings of different researchers which will help to understand the effects of these different parameters on the quality of extrudate product.

In India about 700 million tones of organic waste is generated annually apart from goatry, pigry farms. There are growing realizations that the sustainable farming practice can only reverse the declining trend in the global productivity as well as environmental protection. Keeping the above points in view, the present study was carried out to assess the potential of earthworms to convert various animal fecal into vermicompost under different partial decomposition period. The experiment was conducted at Live Stock farm JNKVV, Jabalpur. A total of fifteen treatment combinations including five animal fecal ((Cow, buffalo, goat, horse and pig) and three partial decomposition periods (20, 30 and 40 days) were tried in a RBD design with three replications. Results of study reveal that the pig fecal loosed the maximum weight of 24.11% where as it were lowest in goat excreta. Moreover, the significantly lower duration (42 days) taken up by pig and cow fecal followed by buffalo (43 days). The maximum rate of conversion 192.77 g/day and recovery percent of 68.11 % were recorded under cow and horse dung, respectively. Partial decomposition periods of 40 days recorded the maximum reduction of dry weight of excreta .The increasing duration of partial decomposition increased the rate of conversion and recovery percentage. The conversion of wastes into vermicompost increased the content of macro and micronutrients. The vermicompost of pig fecal excreta proved significantly rich in N, P and K content.

The experiment comprised of seven tree species viz., Eucalyptus hybrid, Tectona grandis, Casuarin aequisetifolia, Mitragyna parvifolia, Terminalia arjuna, Manilkara achras and Mangifera indica; eight vegetable crops viz., Okra, Tomato, Brinjal, Cabbage, Chilli, Indian bean, Cowpea and Cluster bean and concentrations of four leaf leachates viz., distilled water, 5 % concentration of leaf leachate, 10 % concentration of leaf leachate and 20 % concentration of leaf leachate in FCRD with three repetitions. In nursery condition, significantly maximum germination percentage, germination velocity, germination energy, seed vigour index, shoot length, fresh weight of plant and dry weight of plant were recorded in Teak (Tectonagrandis); whereas root length was noted significantly maximum in Mango (Mangiferaindica). However, all most all the parameters for germination and seedling growth were reported minimum in Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus hybrid).In case of various vegetable crops, maximum germination percentage and germination energy foundin Cabbage; maximum germination velocity in Cluster bean and highest seed vigour index recorded in Okra. Whereas, minimumvalues were observed in Chilli with respect to germination percentage, germination energy and seed vigour index and Okra for germination velocity.However, significantly maximum germination percentage, germination energy, seed vigour index, shoot length, root length, fresh weight of plant and dry weight of plant were noticed in Control thereafter decreasing trends was observed from 5 % to 20 % concentration of leaf leachate. The germination and seedling growth of vegetable crops decreased as the concentration of leaf leachates increased.The trend of inhibition was L1 (0 %) < L2 (5%) < L3 (10%) < L4 (20%).

A field experiment was conducted during rainy seasons of 2013 and 2014 at the Rajola Research Farm, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya VishwaVidyalaya, Chitrakoot – Satna, Madhya Pradesh, India to study the effect of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on nutrient content and uptake by pigeon pea and residual soil constituent. The nutrient contents in grain and straw viz. N, P and K deviated almost significantly due to phosphorus levels and bio-fertilizers but not due to their interaction. The highest phosphorus level (90 kg/ha) and dual bio-fertilizers (Rhizobium +PSB) resulted in almost significantly higher N, P and K contents and their uptake of Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.). The highest uptake of nutrients by pigeon pea producing a total biomass up to 68.68 q/ha with highest P90 level was 81.15 kg N, 16.01 kg P and 48.84 kg K/ha similarly under dual bio-fertilizers, the corresponding uptake values were 78.75 kg N, 15.18 kg P and 47.14 kg K/ha significantly up to 90 kg P2O5 /ha and dual bio-fertilizers. The findings suggest that due to heavy withdrawal of nutrients by pigeon pea variety UPAS-120, the succeeding crop must be nourished properly based on nutrients status of soil.

Pulses are very important crops in India both from economic and nutritional aspects and covering area of 20.05 million hectares but production is only 11.14 million tones. In Madhya Pradesh the area of all crops is 16.53 million hectares and production is only 13.89 million tones. The pulses are grown in 4.13 million hectare which is 4 per cent of the total area under all the crops with production of 2.37 million tones which is 6 per cent of the total production of all the crops. Among the major pulse crops grown in Madhya Pradesh, Chickpea is one of the most important crops. Chickpea commonly known as chickpea or Bengal chickpea is the important pulse crop of India. It is one of the major grain legume crops grown as a sole or mixed crop in India. Madhya Pradesh is the biggest chickpea producing state in the country. There is a tremendous opportunity for increasing the production of chickpea crop by adopting the suitable improved technologies. Technological gap can be assessed by considering the difference between recommended technology and technology actually adopted by the farmers. There is urgent need to reduce the technological gap at the farmer fields in pulse production so that the farmers’ productivity vis-à-vis income could be increased. In long run, legume pulse will also help in maintaining the soil fertility and sustaining the productivity of the fields.