MUDRA loan is sanctioned under three categories namely Sishu, Kishor and Tarun and the maximum amount (Rs.10 Lakhs) sanctioned is through Tarun. By considering the above aspects the study was taken up to analyse the role of MUDRA scheme in promoting Entrepreneurship and to identify the problems faced by the beneficiaries in accessing the MUDRA scheme as well as the constraints faced by the Financial Institutions (FIs) in disbursing the credit under MUDRA scheme. The results of the study showed that majority (30 per cent) of the beneficiaries came to know about MUDRA scheme through websites followed by newspaper and friends’ relatives (each 25 per cent). Nature of business by availing MUDRA loan are parlor, tea shop, Xerox centre etc. Nearly 70 per cent of the respondents got loan for start-up business. The major problems faced by the respondents are required deposits for availing loan, amount sanctioned is not enough to start the business. No collateral and utilization of loan amount for other personal uses are the major problems faced by FIs while disbursing loans

Decreasing community grazing land and increasing price of conventional feeds and fodder is posing threat to sustainable goat farming and advocates investigation on alternate and cheap source of nutritious feeds and fodder. The present study was carried out on post-weaned kids of local goat to find out the effect of feeding dried Sahjan (Moringa oleifera) leaves in replacement with concentrate mix on growth, feed intake and economics of feeding goat kids. The study was carried out at the existing shed of farmer’s home in the village, Baisa, Rewa (M.P). Total eighteen post-weaned kids of local goat of uniform age and weight were taken for the study. The three experimental treatments were control group=100% concentrate mixture; Treatment group 1= 75%, concentrate mixture + 25% dried Sahjan leaves and Treatment group 2 = 50% concentrate mixture + 50% dried Sahjan leaves. Dried Sahjan leaves mixed thoroughly with concentrate before offering to animals. Body weight of animals is recorded at fortnightly interval and economics of feeding kids was calculated on the basis of daily intake, procurement cost of feed ingredients and other expenses. Design of the experiment was completely randomized design and recorded data was analyzed as per the standard statistical method. There was linear but only numerical increase in body weight and dry matter intake on increasing percentage of dried Sahjan leaves in concentrate. However, average daily gain increased significantly (P<0.05) on feeding dried Sahjan leaves in concentrate. Feeding Sahjan improved profit and benefit cost ratio increased linearly with increasing dried Sahjan leaves in concentrate

Studies on Pterocarpus santalinus were carried out in the tissue culture laboratory at Forest College and Research Institute (FC & RI), Mettupalayam, 641301 to standardize the in vitro propagation techniques. Sterilization of the shoot tip was done with 0.01% HgCl2 and NaOCl for 5 min for controlling the contaminant in nodal and intermodal segments. Among the explants tested for multiple shoot induction, intermodal segments proved good results. Among the two media viz., MS, White media, the species responded well to MS medium. The best treatment for obtaining multiple shoot induction was MS + 5.0 mgl-1 Kin + 2.0 mgl-1 BAP for shoot tip explants. For rooting of shoot tip cuttings 3 mgl-1 IBA was found to be the best treatment combination for maximum sprouting, rooting of cuttings, shoot length and root length

The India is endowed with climatic conditions which provide opportunities for growing an array of leafy vegetables. These leafy vegetables are a storehouse of vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers. Consuming green leafy vegetables are the right and smart way to augment and meet out the nutritional requirements necessary for good health and wellbeing. There is a wide variation in consumption of green leafy vegetables indifferent parts of the world. Being short duration crop, these can be grown as intercrop or as mixed crop or in roof gardening

The study has covered selected villages of Khambhaliya taluka in Devbhoomi Dwarka district selected through convenience sampling method. Both primary and secondary data were used to achieve the stipulated objectives of the study. Primary data were collected with the help of a semi-structured schedule. Descriptive statistics, Garrett ranking, Likert scale, Tabular analysis, and Correlation analysis were applied to achieve the stipulated objectives of the study. The majority of respondents have an age between 40 to 55 years followed by 25 to 40 year the majority of respondents studied up to SSC and the majority of respondents earn income between 1 to 5 lakhs. Major problems faced by the farmer during groundnut cultivation are the cost of input & insect attacks followed by uneven/less germination, rust and tikka disease, and so on. In the study area, the Market potential of Imivax (seed treatment product) was 29.9 lakh, battalion FS (seed treatment product) 23.2 lakh, Delma (fungicide) 56.4 lakh and, for Wuxal (micronutrient) 1.12 cr. According to research, most of the farmers got influenced for the purchase of any pesticide product through different promotional strategies like demonstrations, retailer suggestions & farmers’ meetings

India stands second in producing groundnut after China. Groundnut shell is the waste product of groundnut processing which is one-fifth of the dried product. Generally, these groundnut shells are either burnt or buried, or disposed of inefficiently. Apart from the problems of transportation, storage, and handling, the direct burning of loose groundnut shells in conventional grates is associated with very low thermal efficiency and widespread air pollution. Rich in lignin, groundnut shells undergo slow degradation in the natural environment. An alternate better use may be converting low bulk-density groundnut shells into high-density energy-concentrated solid fuels termed briquettes and pellets. These briquettes or pellets have higher thermal value, low ash content, and combustion is more uniform. Briquettes are ready substitutes for coal/wood in industrial boilers and brick kilns for thermal applications. There is no fly ash when burning bio-briquettes. The use of briquettes/pellets as a coal co-firing solution saw a boost in mid-2021 when India’s power ministry set up a national mission on the use of these solid biofuels in coal-based power plants. The residue compaction methods are the screw press, piston press, roller press, and palletizing machines. A review of groundnut shell briquetting and major constraints being faced by the industries have been presented in this paper

The present investigation was carried out at Agricultural Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, Rajasthan to study the effect of Boron and Calcium on plant growth, yield and quality attributes on tomato under semi-arid condition during kharif season of the year 2022-23. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications which comprises of sixteen treatment combinations included four different levels of Boron (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%) and four levels of Calcium (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%). The interaction effect of Boron @ 0.2 % + Calcium @ 0.6 % significantly influenced majority of vegetative characters, yield attributes and biochemical parameters. The highest plant height (47.67 cm) and (135.55 cm) at 30 DAT and 60 DAT, respectively, (43.33) leaves per plant, (9.33) primary branches plant–1, (126.40 g) heaviest fruit weight, maximum (5.26 kg) plant–1 and (65.59 t ha–1) yield and highest (3.44) B:C ratio was recorded at Boron @ 0.2 % + Calcium @ 0.6 %. The maximum (5.56%) TSS, (24.90 mg/100g) ascorbic acid, (17.18 days) shelf-life and minimum (0.26%) acidity also observed in same treatment combination in biochemical parameters. It is, therefore, concluded from the present study that the foliar application of Boron @ 0.2 % + Calcium @ 0.6 % at 30 days after transplanting were found to be best and showed a significant effect on vegetative growth, yield and quality of tomato cv. ‘Abhilasha’

In India, women bear most of the agricultural workload, but tribal farm women in Bihar face significant constraints that hinder their active participation in agriculture. To address this issue, a study was conducted in Bihar's Kishangunj district, involving 124 randomly selected respondents. The study identified eight main constraints perceived by tribal farm women, with the most prominent being a lack of technical knowledge and the required confidence to make decisions. Other constraints included excessive household work, limited decision-making authority, social taboos, superstitions, traditions, inadequate family support, and illiteracy. Lack of confidence ranked first, with a frequency of 90 (72.85%), followed closely by a lack of technical knowledge with a frequency of 89 (71.78%). Addressing these constraints is crucial to empower tribal farm women and enhance understanding of gender dynamics in agriculture and rural development

The present study was conducted on impact of Swarna (MTU-7029) rice variety on yield and income of farmers in Godavari zone of Andhra Pradesh was analyzed by employing decomposition analysis. Multistage sampling method was adopted for the sample selection. A total of 160 sample were selected for this study. A well-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The decomposition analysis results showed that per hectare yield and income of Swarna (MTU-7029) rice variety adopter farmers were found that 26.53 and 15.15 per cent, respectively higher than that of non-adopter farmers. The technology component was contributing 18.04 and 9.35 per cent increase in the total yield and income. The total contribution of changes in the levels of input use to the outcome differences between the two groups was 8.48 and 5.80 per cent, respectively

Okra is one of the most popular vegetables which is produced by heavy use of inorganic fertilizers. Vermicompost can be an alternative to inorganic fertilizers. A pot experiment was conducted with 3 treatments with three replications in grow bags (15 x 15 inch) to study the effect of vermicompost, chemical fertilizer and control on growth parameters and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). Vermicompost was prepared from used flower waste. Due to high availabilities of nutrients, vermicompost is better than, other fertilizers. Plant height of okra varied from 0.71 m to 1.72 m. The tallest plants for okra were obtained when inorganic fertilizer was spread. The number of leaves per plant was equal statistically when using vermicompost (32.5 leaves/plant) and inorganic fertilizer (32.30 leaves/plant) as soil amendments. Flowers took more time to appear on control treatment (i.e., 58.7 days) as compared to the time taken with the vermicompost and the inorganic fertilizer of okra

On the phylloplane of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), Aspergillus spp. was observed as ectophytic as well as endophytic in all the growth stages of mungbean (vegetative, flowering and harvesting stage). Alternaria sp and Colletotrichum sp were observed in the harvesting stage as both ectophytic and endophytic mycoflora. Curvularia sp., Cercospora sp., Fusarium sp. and Penicillium sp. were observed during all three stages while, Ampelomyces sp. were noticed during the vegetative stage as ectophyte. Macrophomina sp. and Rhizopus sp. were prevalent during the harvesting stage as ectophytes. Because Ampelomyces sp. is a hyperparasite on excess powdery mildew fungi, it is employed as a bio-fungicide

The field experiment was conducted in field at Regional Research Center, Amravati during kharif season 2021-22. Six soybean varieties NRC 165, NRC 152, HIMSO 1689, JS 21-72, and check JS 20-34, NRC 86were sown on spacing 30 cm and 45 cm. The experiment was conducted in split plot design of net plot size of 5.0 m x 2.7 m and replicated in three times keeping row spacing in main plot and varieties in sub plot.The observation on dry matter was recorded at 30 DAS, 45 DAS and 60 DAS, CGR and RGR on 30-45 and 45-60 DAS. From each net plot,five plants were randomly selected and labeled for taking biometric observations at different growth stages. Amongst the different row spacing, 45 cm row spacing recorded significantly highest Mean seed yield i.e., 2230 kg/ha. While in different genotypes, JS 21-72, proves significantly superior over rest of others and recorded highest seed yield i.e., 2671 kg/ha under 45 cm row spacing but found at par with HIMSO 1689 and JS 20-34. The lowest seed yield was observed in variety NRC 86 at 30 cm row spacing (1710 kg/ha)

Due to the rapid development in the field of the Automation industry, human life is becoming more advanced and better in all aspects. In the present scenario, automated systems are being preferred over the non-automated system. With the rapid growth in the number of consumers using the internet over the past years, the Internet has become an important part of life, and IoT is the newest and emerging internet technology. Internet of things plays an important role in human life as well as in the educational field because they can provide information and complete the given tasks while we are busy doing some other work. This paper presents a prototype and implementation of an IoT based sensing and monitoring system for smart room automation (SRA) with Wi-Fi technology. The proposed design uses the ESP RainMaker with AIoT Cloud software and it is fully integrated into the AWS serverless architecture, which allows building, developing and deploying customized AIoT solution. The SRA system consists of a hardware interface and software interface. In the hardware interface, the integration of ESP with ESP32 Rainmaker Wi-Fi technology for controlling fan, light and projector from remote location using smart phone app, Alexa, IR & Manual Switch. The mobile application has provided for controlling access to multiple users of room with smart phones, tablets, and laptops. This system is one of the best methods for controlling room devices with ease with multiple users for an energy management system. Its admin user gives the access to the Energy Management system to different users. This system is also expandable for controlling various electrical items in the classroom

Plants ‘where fertilization taken place with the foreign pollen during the reproduction system which promoted or governed by different morphological, physiological, biochemical trait which is under control of the genetic architect of the genome of the species or varieties in cross pollination system. Phenotypic out- look of any genotype is the natural expression of the cumulative pooled effect of all the traits and expressed either monogenic, oligogenic, and polygenic in nature. Cross pollinated genetic composition is heterozygous and homogeneous in nature, which is followed random mating, mutation, migration, selection and genetic drift. In a panmictic population or Mendelian population, genetic architecture by means of genotypic or genic or allelic frequencies remain constant in nature in the population under principles of Hardy –Weinberg law. Gene action may be mainly additive in nature with their allelic combinations and expression. Preponderance, additive gene action in the trait preferable is to improve the trait with the means of selection per se general combining ability (GCA) specially in self-pollinated crops and on other hand’ non-additive gene action per se specific combining ability (SCA) is helpful in the hybrid breeding for the improvement of the trait of interest mainly in cross pollinated crops. Breeding, cross pollinated crops may be succeeded with heterosis or population improvement breeding techniques due to the presence of heterozygosis in the natural population and the heterosis may be achieved with the crossing of homozygous and homogeneous inbred lines which leads to the heterosis due to regaining the heterotic combination

Tomato is one of the most important Solanaceous vegetable crops cultivated widely all over the world. The present investigation was conducted with overall objectives to assess the performance evaluation of different commercially cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties under the semi-arid condition of Madhya Pradesh, India, at Mansarovar Global University, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh. The yield of tomatoes can be further improved through breeding and management techniques besides crop protection measures. The overall genotypes by environmental interaction of the developed ecotypes need to be evaluated alongside the consumer preferences before the ecotypes are released for commercial cultivation. The experiment was laid out with sixteen treatments of different tomato ecotypes (varieties) including two local checks with three replications in the Randomized Block Design. It was conducted for two years. The result showed that the tomato ecotype VNR(THT)9/2020 significantly influenced the morphological, yield, quality and economic parameters and it was found significantly superior among all the tomato ecotypes. The highest morphological, yield, quality and economic parameters for the ecotype of VNR(THT)9/2020 for both the years as well as in pooled data. Whereas, the minimum morphological, yield, quality and economic parameters for both the years as well as pooled data were observed in the check ecotype of Shree

The Cluster frontline demonstrations (CFLDs) on groundnut were conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Darsi, Prakasam Dt during Rabi season of 2019-20 and 2021-22 across an area of 20 ha with 25 demonstrations. Results revealed that per cent increase in demonstration yield over farmers practice was 22.5 and 21.2 during 2019-20 and 2021-22 respectively. Highest B: C ratio (2.14 and 2.03) was realized from demonstration during the study period against B: C ratio of 1.87 and 1.78 in farmers practice. During investigation, average technology gap (10.18 q/ha), average extension gap (6.3 q/ha) and technology index of 33.7 % and 29.7% in respective years was recorded. Increased production and economic returns improved livelihood of farmers. The existing study signifies that location particular recommendations should be formulated to slim down technology gap and motivate beneficiary farmers to undertake full proven technological know-how to reduce extension gap

The present study revealed that majority of fish vendors (72.5%) sell fish quantity in the range of 15-20 kg of per day, followed by fish vendors (27.5%) 5-10 kg of fish per day. Maximum respondents were found with having annual income in between 50,000 to 1,00,000/- i.e., 22 (55%) followed by income level less than Rs.50,000/- i.e.,15 (37.5 %) and less respondents i.e., 03 (7.5 %) having above Rupees One Lakh annual income. Constraints faced by fish vendors were identified as high transportation cost, Unaffordable cost of ice and Lack of basic facilities like drinking water, power supply. In order to improve income level of fish vendors, it is necessary to provide financial assistance from Government in the form of subsidy on some inputs like ice, vehicles, storage facility. There is a need to provide technical knowledge about quality and safety of fish for human consumption to the fish vendors through training programme

Onion is an important commercial vegetable crop not only for domestic consumption but also as highest foreign exchange earner among the fruits and vegetables. Onion was grown on 19.77 million hectares globally, accounting for 96.77 metric tons of production worldwide with 19.20 quintals per hectare productivity. In India, onion occupies an area of 5.30 lakh hectares, with production of 55 lakh tones. Hence, it was felt necessary to undertake a study on economic appraisal of Onion production in Davanagere district of Karnataka. The study was conducted in Davanagere district, which is one of the leading Onion producing districts in Karnataka. Based on the highest area under onion production 4 taluks from Davanagere viz., Jagaluru, Nyamathi, Davanagere and Harihara were selected for the study, in each taluk 40 sample farmers were selected for the study. In total, 160 sample farmers selected for the study. Standard farm management cost concepts like cost A, Cost B, Cost C and Farm management income measures were estimated and compared. The Cost C represents total cost of cultivation which was higher i.e., Rs 188684.30 in case of onion seed production compared to onion bulb production (Rs 145414.16). Net returns accrued to onion growers was relatively higher i.e., Rs. 274565.70 in case of seed production compared to onion bulb production (Rs. 71585.84). The economic efficiency is comparatively high in onion seed production than onion bulb production, hence the concerned government authorities should take appropriate policy measures towards economic stability in onion seed production

The present research was carried out at experimental field, Department of Horticulture, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, Rajasthan to study the effect of different weed management practices on plant growth, yield, and quality attributes on tomato under semi-arid condition during kharif season of the year 2022-23. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications which comprises of eleven treatment combinations (T0 = Control, T1 = Hand weeding (one hand weeding at 30 DAT), T2 = Hand weeding (two hand weeding at 30 and 45 DAT), T3 = Black plastic mulch, T4 = Wheat straw mulch, T5 = Pendamethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha, T6 = Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha + one hand weeding at 30 DAT, T7 = Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha + two hand weeding at 30 and 45 DAT, T8 = Oxyfluorfen @ 0.25 kg/ha, T9 = Oxyfluorfen @ 0.25 kg/ha + one hand weeding at 30 DAT and T10 = Oxyfluorfen @ 0.25 kg/ha + two hand weeding at 30 and 45 DAT). The highest plant height (66.33 cm) at 45 DAT, (44.00) leaves per plant, (79.47) fruits per plant, (4.68 cm) fruit diameter, (79.53 g) heaviest fruit weight, lowest (6.47%) weed density, (5.24 g) fresh and (0.81 g) dry weight of weeds, highest (4.94 kg/plant) and (63.99 t/ha) yield, (79.29 %) weed control efficiency, (0%) weed index and maximum (Rs. 5, 43,943.00) net return and the highest (3.25) benefit: cost ratio were recorded in black plastic mulch (T3) followed by (75.27) fruits per plant, (9.73%) weed density (1.21 g) dry weight of weeds, and (2.79) benefit: cost ratio in Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha + two hand weeding at 30 and 45 DAT (T7). The maximum (46.93 days) was taken for weed emergence in Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha + two hand weeding at 30 and 45 DAT (T7). It is, therefore, concluded from the present study, black plastic mulch (T3) was found to be best followed by Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha + two hand weeding at 30 and 45 DAT (T7) and showed a significant effect on vegetative growth, yield and quality of tomato cv. ‘Abhilasha’

Cultivation of Rice is very old practice. Rice is most widely used cereals after wheat and fed many people over the years. Here, in this paper an attempt is made to observe the effect of different fertilizers on plant height of upland rice. The investigation was carried out in the experimental farm of Department of Agronomy, School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development (SASRD), Nagaland University, Medziphema Campus during the kharif season (May-October), 2016. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Further, it is observed that Cultivars are significant, for different DAS on plant height growth. It also depicted that the interaction effect between cultivars and fertilizers are found to be non- significant for growth of plant height at 60 DAS and 90 DAS level as observed

Field experiment was carried out on red sandy loam soils at Agricultural Research Station, Seethampeta, Andhra Pradesh during the year 2019-20 to study the yield response of finger millet with combined application of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers. The experiment consisting of eight treatments, three replications with RBD design. The experimental results indicated that significantly higher grain and straw yields of finger millet were recorded in the treatment with T5 (50% RDN + 50% N poultry manure) followed by T2 (100% RDF). The highest available soil macronutrients and uptake of plant macronutrients was also found in the same treatments. In order to sustain the yield level in concurrence with soil health is one of the utmost important subjects in the current situation. In recent years emphasis on conjunctive use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients has assumed greater dimension