Agriculture is a vast sector comprising of diverse sub-segments. The changing food habits of people have led to a shift in the consumption pattern of food basket of the people in India. People today are more nutrition-centric than ever before and therefore horticulture crops like fruits, vegetables and other agri-commodities such as milk, egg, meat have been gaining importance. The present study was conducted to study the trends in area, production and yield of major crop groups and agri-commodities in India through growth rate and instability analysis for the last twenty years from 2001-02 to 2019-2020. The growth rates were calculated by fitting the exponential growth function and instability were analysed by generating Cuddy Della valle index for food grains, horticulture crops and other major agro-commodities such as egg, milk, meat at the national level. The results have shown a significant but low growth rate of 2.34 percent in food grain production during this period. Horticultural crops have seen a better growth rate than the food grains. Agri-commodities such as milk, egg, meat have also seen good growth in their production during the study period. The Cuddy Della Valle Index was computed to find the consistency in the growth these sub-sectors of agriculture. The diversification of agriculture towards high-value commodities (HVCs) like fruits, vegetables, diary, poultry, meat and fish products, etc. is suggested as a potential solution to stabilize and raise farm income, enhance agricultural growth, increase employment opportunities by means of post-harvest processing and value addition

Partial resistance to Alternaria blight (Alternaria brassicae) was assessed in 15 genotypes of Indian mustard under field conditions. four genotypes viz., NDRE-7, NDWR-05-1, NDRE-4 and NDRE-16 exhibited partial resistance and had lowest per cent blight cover, minimum number of spot/ 10 cm2, size of spot (mm), sporulation (conidia/spot), disease severity (PDI), apparent infection rate, leaf defoliation, AUDPC and maximum yield, respectively. Numbers of spot were positively & significantly correlated with size of spot (0.949), disease index (0.905), leaf defoliation (0.954), AUDPC (0.917), infection rate (0.878), except sporulation and negatively correlated with yield kg/ha (-0.952).

India is an agriculture leading country. Millets are indigenous to many parts of the world. Millets or nutri-cereals are high-energy foods; that are cultivated as early as 10,000 years ago. The millets are cultivated in degraded and marginal lands that receive very less rainfall and are poor in soil nutrient content. To increase the yield, new cultivation technology needs to be introduced. To disseminate the essential information to the farmers using the widespread availability of smartphones and Internet. This paper presents a mobile-apps directed millets to the agricultural sector designed in Android Operating System. The Millets AMPP App include the information about Origin and History, Area and Distribution, Botanical Description, Season And Varieties, Morphological Description, Crop Management as Climatic Requirements, Soil, Field Preparation, Seed and Sowing, Manures and Fertilizers, Water Management, Weed Control, Crop Protection as Pests and Diseases, Harvesting and Threshing, Yield, Nutrient Information, Health benefits , Machinery and value added products for the millets Maize, Sorghum, Kambu, Ragi, Pannivaragu, Samai, Thinai, Varagu, Banyard Millet. The detailed information is designed and presented in the form of an Android application- AMPP Millet App. The paper also discusses the steps to develop applications and the content available

Moringa is a leafy vegetable used in human diet. It contains more amount of minerals, iron and amino acids. It helps to enhance the nutritive status of childrens, adolescent, pregnant and lactating women. UNFCC reported that 480 million people suffers due to malnutrition and hunger in the past 2 years. So, this study is mainly focussed on the reduction of malnutrition through supplement of dried moringa leaf incorporated cookies. The main objective of this study to standardize the concentration of Dried Moringa Leaf Powder (DMLP) incorporated in the cookies for consumer acceptability and the sensory evaluation of DMLP incorporated cookies by different age groups. Cookies were prepared by using required ingredients along with different concentration of DMLP 0 g, 0.5g, 1.5g and 2g respectively. The sensory evaluation of cookies was carried out using 9-point hedonic with various age group people namely group A (10-30 years old) and group B (30-60 years old). The sensory evaluation was done to assess the colour, texture, aroma, taste and overall acceptability. This research concludes that T3 (1.5 g of DMLP) was accepted by all sensory evaluators irrespective of the age group

The purpose of the study is to provide an overview the importance of work life balance for school teachers during COVID-19. Work-life balance entails establishing appropriate priorities between work (career and ambition) and life (happiness, leisure, family, and spiritual development). Variables like family satisfaction, job satisfaction, job stress, institutional commitment, role ambiguity have an impact on the work life balance of school teachers. A sample of 120 was selected, of which 60 were public-school teachers and 60 were private school teachers from Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh, were selected purposively for the present study. A well framed schedule was used to collect the data from the respondents through personal interviews. The study revealed that public teachers had greater job satisfaction, family satisfaction, and institutional commitment with less role ambiguity and job stress. Private teachers had greater job stress, job satisfaction with less family satisfaction and institutional role ambiguity, which indicates that public teachers had a greater work-life balance when compared to private teachers

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is becoming popular because it enables human capabilities-understanding, monitoring, reasoning, planning, communication and perception which has to be handled by software effectively, efficiently and at low cost. ANN plays a major role in the agricultural field especially in farm mechanization. The purpose of this review paper is about presenting different types of ANN, its application in mechanization and allied activities in agriculture

The study was conducted on 360 adult Japanese quails (270 layers and 90 males) for a period of 16 weeks. The study comprised of five treatments based on five variable inclusions of Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) leaf meal and had an equal number of birds. The treatments T0 (control), T0.5, T1, T1.5, and T2 corresponded to 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% inclusion levels of M. oleifera leaf meal. The study disclosed percentage egg fertility, hatchability on total eggs set basis, and hatchability on fertile eggs set basis in the range of 81.71-88.89, 71.39-80.05, and 87.02-90.14, respectively in birds fed M. oleifera leaf meal based diets than the control diet (81.13, 70.14 and 86.50, respectively). The best level of inclusion was 1% in the study. The study thus affirms that the 1% level of inclusion of M. oleifera leaf meal can be recommended in the diets of layers for enhanced egg fertility and hatchability

It is important to assess the whole range of operations needed to move fresh tubers through various phases of production, processing, and marketing until it reaches the consumer in order to avoid post-harvest losses and promote the development of tapioca. This study investigates the problems faced by various actors in tapioca value chain such as farmers, commission agents and processors. In this study, 120 responses were taken from the farmers, 10 responses from commission agents and 5 responses from Sago industries of Salem district in Tamil Nadu as it is one of the major tapioca producing areas. The analysis methods in this study included percentage analysis and Garrett Ranking. The study found that price fluctuation was the major constraint faced by farmers in tapioca farming. It also found that the constraint faced by commission agent was shortage of labor availability and higher transportation cost was the major constraint faced by sago industries. Furthermore, this study made some suggestions to overcome these constraints

Identification of authenticate sources of market information and differentiate between the facts and any rumours that might play significant role in any organization or community. Market information is inevitable assets for Agriculture and industrial sector to take right decisions like what to grow, when to harvest, where to sell and storage of the produce. In the present study, tribal farmers of HAT zone are residents of hilly areas, where access to market information on MFP debatable because of owing to deep forest. An attempt has been made to identify the sources of information on MFP for both the tribal farmers and traders. Total of 360 sample farmers @ 120 from GPCMS (Girijan Primary Co-operative Marketing Society) and 240 from shandies (weekly market), and 120 traders were selected for the study. Tabular analysis was applied for draw relevant information from collected data. The results revealed that most of the tribal farmers accessing the market information at village in the form of SMS (Short Message Service) with 76.94 per cent and 91.11 per cent from display boards in market level. Farmers are aware only about prices where, traders are amending on prices quality and grades. Need to installation mobile network towers, educate tribal farmers towards importance of post-harvest practices to reap the advantages of MFP

The rapidly growing uses of technology in today’s world are pushing students to consider the integration of ICT into their studies. It has been a challenging time for the education system with an unprecedented health crisis. There has been much research in this field, but there is little information available about the specific challenges and strategies used by students to overcome these obstacles. The present study was conducted in Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. The study was conducted using a survey research design. A total of 200 undergraduate students were selected with the help of simple random sampling without replacement under a proportionate scheme. The results of the study regarding issues faced by the students indicated that most of the students felt inadequate or unreliable Internet connectivity. Majority of the students reported that they felt difficulty because of less interaction with other students than in a traditional face-to-face class So they suggested that proper internet connectivity should be provided and Most of the students suggested that establish a productive learning environment and set a schedule for completing and reviewing assignments using ICT tools in learning activities

Indian ecosystem has a diversity of agro-ecological conditions such that oilseeds occupy an important place after food crops and account for about 14 per cent of overall cultivated area of all agricultural production. But still India fulfils 60 per cent of vegetable oil requirements through imports. To reduce supply gap in oils, marketing efficiency should be enhanced through market integration between the oilseed and oil markets. This study attempted to investigate the market integration between 5 major sunflower oil markets of India viz., Bengaluru, Vijayawada, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. For the analysis 10 years monthly price data was collected for the time period from January 2010 to December 2019. It was observed from the Johansen’s co-integration analysis that there exists a long-run relationship between the selected markets. And pair-wise Granger causality test also indicated the direction of causality and observed that there exist bidirectional as well as unidirectional causality between the markets. But no relationship also existed between Mumbai and Bengaluru and also between Mumbai and Vijayawada. This calls for urgent policy intervention with respect to market intelligence to encourage all the market functionaries to adopt rational decisions accordingly

Oyster mushrooms are considered an important health food all over the world. There are various varieties of mushrooms cultivated by the growers. The main objective of this study is to identify the high-yielding variety of oyster mushrooms. In this experiment, the spawn of various varieties of oyster mushrooms was inoculated in paddy straw and kept in a mushroom cultivation shed. The investigation shows that the highest yield (974.05 g) was recorded in Pleurotus florida with a biological efficiency of 97.40%, followed by Pleurotus sajar-caju with an 825.28 g yield and a biological efficiency of 82.53%. Pleurotus djamor recorded a low yield (552.30 g) with 55.23% biological efficiency

Market integration is concerned with the spatial and temporal integration Hence spatial market performance may be evaluated in terms of the relationship between prices of spatially separated markets and spatial price behavior in regional markets may be used as a measure of overall market performance i.e., if price changes in one market are fully reflected in alternative market, then these markets are said to integrated. This study examines the long run and short run integration of domestic and international sesame markets using co-integration approach within framework of Vector Error Correction Mechanism (VECM). The data was collected for monthly wholesale price for sesame in India (Rs./quintal) (January-2006 to December-2021). For the study of price co-integration between India and world market for sesame monthly price data was collected viz., Rajkot and Unjha (Gujarat), Itawa and Kota (Rajasthan), Sheopur and Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh), Bangalore and Gulbarga (Karnataka) markets and one international market (Sudan) selected. Study concluded that Rajkot, Unjha, Itawa and Gulbarga markets exist long and short run equilibrium among the major sesame markets

The present was conducted at Dharwad district of Karnataka with an objective to study the opinion of college going students on online product purchase. A total of 91 students attending college in University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad were the sample of the study. The self structured schedule consisting of 5-sections of dimensions namely socio-economic profile, usage of online websites for product purchasing, ranking of different factors which motivate consumers to shop online from the most effective to least effective motivators was research tool used to collect the data. The student’s t-test was used to assess the significant difference between female and male students. The results showed that there is no significant difference between the two variables/groups. And also, relation between pocket money and students’ opinion, time spent was tested, the results showed that there is a Significant positive correlation, it means if pocket money was increased their purchasing power also increased automatically

One of the most important aspects of scientific crop productions is nutrient management. The knowledge regarding crop nutrition through nutrient management is of prime concern in modern agriculture. The findings of this paper will helpful in understanding the views of active investigators, theoreticians and practitioners on soil health. The research work was carried out in Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla using sweet corn hybrid Mahy-301 as a test crop. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized block design and were replicated thrice. The results on physical and physico - chemical properties of soil viz., WHC, pH, EC and OC revealed the non-significant influence of treatments during the crop growth. However, superior values were observed in the treatments which received organic sources of nutrients. The available N, P, K and sulphur status were significantly influenced whereas micronutrients except iron were not significantly influenced by the imposed treatments at both the stages i.e., Tasseling and Harvest of crop growth

Kohima is a tribal dominated hilly district of Nagaland. The tribesman grows paddy under rainfed condition in Jhum and Terrace fields. The woman contributes maximum time in operation and harvesting to be the most laborious activity. Sickle used by them found to be non-serrated, inferior and required more time to harvest. Observing the Lacuna serrated sickle of Laxmi and Vaibhav was introduced. A harvest area of 47 m²/hr (Laxmi) and 46 m²/hr (vaibhav) were obtained which was 8.91and 6.5 percent more than the area harvested by desi sickle (43.2 m²/hr). The Man-hour (213) and labour requirement (26) per hectare in case of laxmi sickle was also reduced by 8.92 and 11.53 percent over desi sickle. Harvesting cost in the case with desi (?10150), Laxmi (?9217) and Vaibhav (?9450) sickles also differed which can be reduced from 7.40 to 10.12 percent once replaced with serrated ones

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) is one of the most imperative vegetables cole crops grown in India. The edible part, i.e., curd is a ‘prefloral fleshy apical meristem’ and it is generally white in colour and may be enclosed by internal leaves before its exposure. It grows in all kinds of soil with good soil fertility and fine drainage system; because of over pulling out of the plant food elements by the crop, most of the micronutrient becomes in short supply to the crops and some disorders appear resulting in low yield and quality. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Fatehpur Shekhawati, 332301, Sikar-I, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, 303329 during rabi, 2021-22 at 10 farmers field to study the effect of foliar application of boron and molybdenum on growth, yield and economics of cauliflower. The experiment was laid out with ten replications having two treatments viz., T1- Farmers’ practice (without micronutrients) and T2- foliar spray of borax @ 0.3% + ammonium molybdate @ 0.05% at 45 days after transplanting. The maximum plant height (31.94 cm), number of leaves/plant (12.31), diameter of curd (17.29 cm), weight of curd (970.00 g), and yield 357.89 q/ha were found with the application of foliar spray of borax @ 0.3% + ammonium molybdate @ 0.05% at 45 DAT as compared to farmers practices (control). Similarly, highest gross return (Rs.357890/ha), net return (Rs.280740/ha) and benefit cost ratio (4.64) were also recorded in T2 whereas, it was lowest in farmers practices

Agricultural intensification provides employment opportunities, prevents migration and could address the reverse migration in the aftermath of sustained covid-19 pandemic situation. This paper proposed framework for concerted efforts of village secretariat functionaries, a novel initiative of Government of Andhra where in elements like pre work shop training, capacity building to conduct PRA/RRA for data base creation through Agricultural Intensification Kit including Agro Economic Survey, Scaling Up Proforma and Questionnaire for Village Level Functionaries and finally brainstorming through a series of district wise and mandal wise work shops were discussed to herald ever green revolution in Andhra Pradesh

The experiment was carried out during rabi season during years 2019-20 and 2020-21 at the Research cum Instructional Farm of Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with four nitrogen levels (N0, N45, N90 and N135 kg N ha-1) and four sulphur levels (S0, S15, S30 and S45 kg S ha-1) comprising sixteen treatment combinations with three replications. The soil of the experimental site found neutral to alkaline in reaction (pH 7.13), non-saline (0.21 dS m-1) in nature, medium in organic carbon (5.13 g kg-1), low in available nitrogen (224 kg N ha-1), medium in phosphorus (13.26 kg P2O5 ha-1), high in available potassium (345.19 kg K2O ha-1), medium available sulphur (21.35 kg S ha-1) and clayey in texture. Applied treatments nitrogen and sulphur levels highest seed yield, stover yield, B:C ratio were recorded with 135 kg N ha-1 & 45 kg S ha-1. In applied N and S levels highest NUE 45 kg N ha-1 & 45 kg S ha-1 and SUE 90 kg N ha-1 & 15 kg S ha-1 and in lowest was found under control

Twenty cross bred cows, three weeks prior to their expected date of calving were selected to find the influence of different dietary protein levels on production parameters, from University Livestock Farm and Fodder Research and Development Scheme (ULF & FRDS), Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kerala. Before calving, the animals were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments – T1 (12 per cent CP (crude protein) TMR (Total Mixed Ration)) and T2 (14 per cent CP TMR). After calving, half of the animals in T1 group were allotted to T3 group (16 per cent CP TMR) and remaining half to T4 (18 per cent CP TMR). And half of the animals in T2 were allotted to T3 and remaining to T4. The feeding trial was carried out for a period from 3 weeks pre-partum to 45 days postpartum. Results revealed that the average body weight and dry matter intake (DMI) of lactating cows maintained on the combination of dietary treatments were found to have no significant difference between the groups. The digestibility of crude fibre was higher and significantly different (p<0.05) for groups receiving treatments T2T3 (51.11±1.82). Nitrogen free extract (73.50±0.31 per cent) was higher and significantly different (p<0.05) for groups receiving treatments T1T4 (72.66±0.75) and T2T4 (73.17±0.472) when compared with the other groups. DMI postpartum was maintained throughout the experimental period without any marked difference between the treatment groups. From the results, it can be concluded that for medium producing animals, TMR containing low CP level pre-partum and high CP level postpartum will be beneficial in meeting the energy requirements during the transition period

In the present research work an attempt systematic study of the physico-chemical water quality of Gogi Lake a freshwater body situated in Shahapur Taluk, Yadgir District, Karnataka, India. The research was carried out for a period of three seasons and ten different regions from the lake, during the period of June-2020 to May-2021. Monthly wise details were collected and represented seasonally. Different Physico-chemical parameters like air temperature, water temperature, pH, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, chloride, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, free carbon dioxide, BOD, and COD were analyzed. In primary productivity, we measure energy available for the support of bioactivities in a system. Specifically, this study aims to determine the physico-chemical parameters and amount of primary productivity in Gogi lakes. Seasonal variation of primary productivity recorded as GPP, NPP, and CR. The results were shown the high productivity of Gogi Lake promotes the growth of organisms

The field experiment was conducted at Research Farm, of faculty of Agriculture and Allied Industries, Rama University, Mandhana, Kanpur, U.P. during the Kharif season of 2019-20. The treatments comprised of 7 nutrient management T1 (100% N through Vermicompost) T2 (75% N through Vermicompost) T3 (100% NPK through fertilizers), T4 (Farmers practice N: 60, P: 30 through fertilizers + 3 tonne FYM/ha) T5 (50% N through Vermicompost + 50% NPK through fertilizers), T6 (75% N through Vermicompost 25% NPK through fertilizers) and T7 Absolute control. Various periodical observations were recorded on growth parameters, yield attributing characters, and yields under different treatments. Different yield attributing characters viz. effective tillers/panicle, length of panicle, total grains/panicle, sound grains/panicle, chaffy grains/panicle were found significantly higher in T1 treatments. The poor growth of plants under absolute control plots was observed due to more interspecies competition for utilization of available native nutrients from the soil which leads to a lesser number of effective tillers and sound grains per panicle. On the contrary chaffyness of the grains was maximum under control as compared to the rest of the organic nutrient management. Performance of Inorganic nutrient management in rice, plant height, number of effective tillers/hill, panicle length, grains per panicle and 1000 grain weight significantly higher with the application of 100% NPK through fertilizers at par with the substitution of 50% N through vermicompost + 50% NPK through fertilizers

The chemical pesticides and fertilizers are well known in today's farming and played a significant role in boosting crop yield during the last four to five decades worldwide. But on the other hand, excessive use of these chemicals and fertilizers has been degrading natural resources (soil, water, air) globally and leads to increase environmental pollution and causes for the Green House Gas emission at the surrounding environment. With this background, the broader objective is to study different parameters of Green House Gas emission with calculation GWP and the pesticide residue of different agronomic, vegetable and fruit crops after applying a certain quantity of fertilizers and pesticides to the crop field in two different villages (Ghoragachha and Bhabanipur village) of Nadia district, West Bengal, India. Perception data on the pesticide poisoning of farming households have been collected by Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) method with a structured questionnaire schedule from 200 farming households. Different environmental impact indicators (Yield scale, Global Warming Potential (GWP), Carbon Footprint) of various field crops were assessed based on data revealed from questionnaire surveys (doses of N, P, K fertilizers used by farmers). The QuEChERS method is used to determine the pesticide residue of different agronomic crops, vegetables, and fruits from the identified villages. In the case of the Green House Gas (GHG) emission, banana and papaya among the fruit crops contributing the highest GHG emission in these two villages. Maximum GHG emission was accounted from potato followed by cabbage and maize among all agronomic crops cultivated in two villages. Cabbage, brinjal and tomato among all vegetable crops were contributing the highest GHG emission in our research locale. Besides, after analysis of maximum residue limit (MRL) from different crop samples collected from households, the local marketplace of the study area; pesticides like azoxystrobin in a pointed gourd, acephate in cauliflower, imidacloprid in chilli, cypermethrin in tomato, trifloxystrobin in cabbage and aldrin in banana were found above MRL

The sustainability of life is greatly enhanced by honeybees. For sexual reproduction, as well as the development of many agricultural products, honeybees' pollination services are essential. The ability of bees to contribute to the sustainable development aim highlights the interdependence between bees, people, and the environment. In the last ten years, all natural systems have experienced major problems as a result of climate change and global warming. The number of stigmas visited each minute was most significantly impacted by temperature. For the six fly and bee taxa that were tested, the number of stigmas visited each minute increased as the temperature climbed. Honey bee populations increased with rising light levels, decreased humidity, and higher temperatures (25°C) than lower temperatures (20°C). Honey bee population. With increasing radiation exposure, the number of honey bees increased until it peaked at levels more than 2.5 MJ. The locomotor activity of bee workers reduced when CO2 concentration increased from 20% to 60%. Bees are unable to navigate normally due to the radiation from mobile phones, which also stops them from returning to the colony. Given these localised increases in rainfall, it will be crucial to comprehend the effects on plant-pollinator interactions, which have important ecological and economic importance, both positive and negative. This review focuses on the varied effects of climate change and global warming on bee health, their foraging behaviour, flower architecture, pollen quality, and their pollination activity, which ultimately destroys the natural resources

Som (Persea bombycina) is an important primary food plant for Muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis Helfer. which is dented by diverse insect pest complex belong to different insect order and family under class of Insecta and phylum of Arthropoda viz. Stem borer, Gall fly, Hairy caterpillar, White ant, Beetle, and some Sucking pest of Aphids and Thrips. Muga silkworm Antheraea assamensis Helfer is a widespread to Assam in North Eastern India and is semi cultivated, multivoltine and has enormously part role for growth of sericulture wealth since it is being in golden yellow colour. A vigorous and healthy food plant, good leaf with enough nutrients, Agro climatic condition with suitable environment weather seasons are very much indispensable factors for the growth, development, and improvement of the silkworm and too for the fabrication of high-quality of raw silk. Since this silkworm is rearing outdoor in nature and entirely depend on environment climatic condition, its yield is inhibited by many biotic and abiotic vagaries. One of which stem borer that cause stern damage to the host plant. This stem borer is having different species out of which four species are very perilous which includes Bactocera titana Thoms, Bactocera rufomaculata, Xylotrichus sp., Carpenter moth (Zeuzera multistrigata Moore). This piece of writing appraisal strictly focus on stem borer invasion on som plant (Persea bombycina) besides covers its biology and management measures of above stem borer

The experiment comprised ten genotypes of Rajmash evaluated in Randomized Block Design with three replications over four environments in the field. The experimental trial was conducted during Kharif, 2015 season at Pune (M.S.) under four different sowing dates (environments) viz. E1-20th June 2015, E2-10th July, 2015, E3-30th July, 2015 and E4- 20th August, 2015. The present investigation was therefore, planned to identify adaptable genotype suitable for Kharif season. The results revealed that the genotype Varun and Phule Suyash recorded early maturity in each environment. The genotype GRB-902 was recorded maximum secondary branches per plant (4.85), maximum number of pods per plant (15.02), maximum number of seeds per pod (19.60), maximum harvest index (51.70%), highest seed yield per plant (19.60 g). However, the genotype HRR-35 was recorded maximum 100- seed weight (34.56 g) in each environment. While, the genotype GRB-702 was noticed maximum secondary branches, maximum number of pods per plant, maximum number of seeds per pod, highest seed yield per plant. Based on mean performance of ten Rajmash genotype for yield and yield attributing traits genotype GRB-902 and GRB-702 was performed better in all environments than the other genotypes

Present agricultural extension has become as an essential tool for delivering information and advice modem/ improved farming in order to meet the global and national demand. Understanding local culture, group dynamics, social power relations, gender roles, communication patterns and human motivations are essential skills. Therefore, to be effective, an extension educator must integrate technical skills with human-how skills (also referred to as soft skills or process skills). Hence extension services need to be strengthened and agents are to be provided with the necessary equipment’s and logistics so that they can reach farmers more easily with agricultural technologies. A scale has been developed to analyze the importance of skills and competencies required to perform agricultural extension work/job effectively. The main purpose of this study is to find out competencies that help to explain extension workers’ job performances. Items/statements having relevancy percentage of more than 75 per cent with relevancy weightage of 0.75 were considered for the final selection. By this process, 75 statements were retained after relevancy test and these statements were suitably modified and finalized. To improve the performance of extension workers competencies must be the most important aspect of the agricultural education system and SAUs should include the identified skills in the curriculum of the extension education

Mustard (Brassica sp.) is one of the important plant species in the family Brassicaceae. Pythium aphanidermatum is a soil-borne plant pathogen that causes damping-off in mustard. Pythium aphanidermatum was isolated from the infected mustard plants, showing typical symptoms of damping off. They were collected from the Kolli hills, Namakkal. Six different solid media were tested for the growth of pathogens, with maximum radial growth of mycelium (topography) on potato dextrose agar (9 cm). Among the two bio-control agents, Trichoderma viride and Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma viride shows the maximum percent inhibition of mycelial growth (76.33%) and strong antagonistic activity against Pythium aphanidermatum under in vitro conditions. Among the various botanicals (Neem leaf extract, Pungam leaf extract, and Ginger extract) used against Pythium aphanidermatum at different concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15%), Ginger extract with a 15% concentration shows 51.87% inhibition of mycelial growth of Pythium aphanidermatum