The field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2020 at Saheed Gundadhur College of Agriculture and Research Station, Jagdalpur, IGKV, Raipur (CG), to identify the resistant genotypes for blast disease (Magnaporthe grisea). Under an initial varietal trail were twenty-seven genotypes evaluated with one resistant (GE4449) and susceptible (Udru mallige) check varieties and found that all genotypes were promising for leaf blast resistant where show the leaf blast range between 1.67 to 3.67 G. Genotype PR1731 found highly resistant and OEB 610 (7.24%), GPU 103 (7.56%), PPR 1096 (9.44%) and KMR 702 (4.95%) was recorded promising to resistant for neck blast and maximum severity was observed in RAUF-25 (34.60%). For finger blast all the genotype were found to be resistant and severity range between 1.04 to 6.81%. This experiment was carried out in seven different location of India and the mean of all seven-location revealed that the incidence ranged from 2.72 to 5.03 G in leaf blast and 13.01 to 34.4% and 7 to 21.23 % for neck blast and finger blast respectively. All the entries were show resistant to moderately resistant for leaf blast, neck blast and finger blast only IIMR-FM 3001 susceptible for finger blast

This review paper aims to expose, reflect and discuss about the practical use of gene sequencing, transcription study and protein biosynthesis that regulates the traits in different horticulture crops and their perspectives. Molecular approaches are used commercially in agriculture. The mass sequencing of genes, transcription study and protein biosynthesis that regulate traits in fruit crops, number genes are identified and as well as under study. Molecular approaches allow the generation of plentiful amount of data at multiple levels of experimentation from gene sequence and expression to protein and specific trait. In molecular approaches different techniques like PCR, SDS-PAGE, Transgenic technology, Gene annotation tools and DNA microarray method are used to and study various gene function

For success of agriculture under rainfed situation it is essential to know the onset and withdrawal of monsoon, the pattern of occurrence of dry and wet periods during monsoon season. The present study has been carried out at Zonal Agricultural Research Station which is located at Mandya district in Karnataka state under agro-climatic zone 6 (Southern dry zone) having longitude of 76°49.8' E and latitude of 12°34.3' N with an altitude of 697 meters above the mean sea level. Weekly Rainfall data of 26 years (1991-2018) obtained from Agromet observatory, ZARS, Mandya, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore was studied for spell distribution using Markov Chain Model. For this purpose, a week period was considered as the optimum length of time. The present study has been carried out to find the probabilities of occurrence of wet week (Pw), dry week (Pd), wet week preceded by wet week (Pww), dry week headed by dry week (Pdd), two and three succeeding wet and dry weeks (P2w, P2d, P3w and P3d) at a threshold rainfall limit of 20 mm/week. The results revealed that, the probability of occurrence of wet weeks during the pre-monsoon season starts effectively from 15th May to 15th June in the study area. The chance of occurrence of two or three consecutive wet weeks was high during rainy season, whereas, rest of the period during the year was more prone to have two or three consecutive dry weeks

The present study entitled, ‘Comparative economic analysis of tapioca production through FPO’s Member farmers Vs FPO’s non- member farmers in Karur district of Tamil Nadu’ is based on a sample of 120 tapioca growers comprises 60 member farmers and 60 non- member farmers of FPO drawn from Kulithalai and Aravakurichi tahsils of Karur district in order to estimate difference between marketing channels, marketing cost, margins, price spread and constraints in tapioca cultivation. At the overall level marketing cost incurred by the tapioca member farmers was Rs/qt 19.05 respectively. At the overall level marketing cost of tapioca non-member farmers was accounted to be 73.74 Rs/qt, 220.81 Rs/qt and 278.34 Rs/qt for producers of tapioca under Channel-I, Channel-II and Channel-III, respectively. Marketing efficiency ratio of the member farmers was 134.33 which is significantly higher than the non -member farmers of 35.30, 3.23, 2.98 in channel I, II and III respectively. Major constraint pertaining to the member farmers was high wage rate (0.26), lack of skilled labours (0.25) and electricity (0.24). Major constraints pertaining to cultivation of tapioca for non -member farmer was price fluctuation (0.31) in the market, high cost of labours (0.27) and lack of market intelligence (0.22)

Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory of India is blessed with temperate type of climate with mean annual aerial temperature of 12.99°C, average maximum temperature of 19.55°C, average minimum temperature of 6.43°C, mean relative humidity of 70.56% and precipitation of 1071.15mm received in 91.36 wet days. Weather parameters make J&K pride of being only place in India with successful story of cultivating saffron since aegis. Present study was carried out to study influence of weather parameters recorded over 10 years (2012-2021) on saffron plant development which is divided in to 6 stages viz; corm dormancy, flower ontogenesis, bud sprouting, flowering, vegetative phase and plant senescen. Analysis of weather data suggests that with onset of sprouting stage there is decline in average maximum and minimum temperature by 9.29 % & 38.13% respectively, compared to flower ontogenesis stage. However, with decline in mean aerial temperature by 15.29%, there is increase in mean relative humidity by 3.04%. Study has confirmed that saffron flowering is initiated from the sprouted corms either in 2nd fortnight of October or in November depending upon maximum temperature, that has to be around 17°C. For vernalization saffron plant requires 1000-1200 hrs of chilling with mean aerial temperature ranging from 1- 4°C. Weather data pooled over years clearly indicate that during the month of December saffron plant receives 465 chilling hours and during 2nd phase of vegetative cycle (1st January to 15th February) which is also associated with corm development and contractile root formation saffron plant receives 690 chilling hours as mean aerial temperature recorded during this period was recorded to be 2.40°C. This unique weather condition of Jammu and Kashmir from 1st December to 15th February has made saffron cultivation possible. Mean aerial temperature of 8.04°C associated with mean relative humidity of 70.03% is ideal for completion of corm development and foliage growth in saffron. Association of high rainfall with high humidity as evident from data clearly signal build-up of fungal inoculums causing corm rot. Identified weather parameters if used by researchers will help in programming Good Agricultural Practices pertaining to agronomic, disease and pest management capsules to mitigate ill effects of climate change for boosting saffron production

In India, the rural co-operative credit structure includes ‘Short Term Co-operative Credit Structure’ and ‘Long Term Co-operative Credit Structure’. LTCCS comprises SCARDBs (State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks) and PCARDBs (Primary Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks), which mainly dispenses long term investment credit to farmers. As on 31st March 2020, the total number of operational units of fully functional 13 SCARDBs is 1719. Total members of LTCCS are 86.04 lakhs. NABARD continues to be the main source of funds for SCARDBs. Borrowings of functional SCARDBs stood at Rs. 7763.44 crore during the year 2019-20. Except Tripura SCARDB 12 out of 13 fully functional SCARDBs are now mobilizing deposits. The fund raised by the SCARDBs consist of borrowings, deposits and shares etc. which are utilized mainly for advancing loans and repayment to NABARD & other creditors. During 2019-20, total advances of SCARDBs were Rs. 3923.37 crore for farm & non-farm sectors. SCARDBs invest their funds to comply with statutory requirements as well as to deploy surplus funds. Most of the investment are parked either in fixed deposits with SCBs / CBs / DCCBs or other instruments such as government securities, NABARD bonds etc. Eight SCARDBs have achieved profit in 2019-20. The ground level recovery of SCARDBs is 38.60%. This structure needs to chalk out suitable and time bound viability action plans. They have to focus their attention towards improving the recovery performance for better rotation of funds lent. These banks need their attention towards improving quality of their assets and take all out steps to reduce their NPA level (34.42%) substantially to become eligible for refinance from NABARD. LTCCS is losing its importance in the policies and programs of Government, RBI, NABARD etc., due to its declining performance in the last ten years, in specific in the recent four years from 2017-18. Major areas of concern which are hampering the progress of SCARDBs & PCARDBs shall be tackled with immediate corrective steps

Bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma is the most economically important and malignant tumour affecting large animals. The study was undertaken to determine the of ocular neoplasms based on animal characteristics like age, sex, circumocular apigmentation, type of grazing. Gross examination of ocular tumor was carried out with respect to involvement of eye, site of ocular tumor, size of tumour, clinical symptoms and appearance of tumour. Tumors were surgically excised on standard surgical procedure and subjected to histopathological examination. Most of the ocular neoplasms diagnosed were squamous cell carcinoma on histopathology, mostly located in the nictitating membrane involving third eyelid cartilage. Based on the keratinization, squamous cell carcinoma is classified as well differentiate squamous cell carcinoma (75%) and poorly differentiate squamous cell carcinoma (25%)

Mathematical modeling of grain drying is now extensively used in agricultural engineering research. Numerous models have been proposed to describe the heat and mass transfer processes in the elementary types of convective grain drier, namely fixed bed, cross-flow, concurrent-flow and counter-flow. There is extensive prose concerned with the general area of drying in the field of process engineering. It is significant, with an ever-increasing demand for the precise modeling of compound drying systems, for the researcher to recognize the basic assumptions in the various models and hereafter to be aware of the limitations in using them. However, most of this prose accentuates with 'equilibrium' exchange processes and not with the problems of obtaining a detailed description of the product state at all points throughout the drier over the duration of drying. The main influence of this review is the demonstration of some of the partial differential equation (p.d.e.) models which have been used by agricultural engineers incomplete simulations of deep bed drying Several types of mathematical models have been developed to describe the heat and mass transfer processes in grain drying. The present paper primarily emphasizes the description of these processes in deep bed drying

Soybean is an oilseed crop with inadvertent importance. It is a good source of protein both for human beings and livestock. The production and demand for soybean have been many traits increased in India during the last decade resolving in its winder adoption among farmers in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Karnataka and Gujarat. The secondary data on area, production and yield of soybean crop in seven major producing states of India were collected for period from 1990-91 to 2019-20. The data were analyzed using compound growth rate, coefficient of variation and Cuddy Della Valle index. The investigation revealed that, among the major soybean growing states, Gujarat recorded the highest increase in soybean area and production about 10.07 and 10.75 per cent during 1990-91 to 2019-20, respectively. At all India level shown significantly positive growth in soybean area (4.60%), production (5.10%) and yield (0.46%) during overall period. Gujarat, Karnataka and Rajasthan had recorded having high instability in production during the overall study period. This study suggests that the very low productivity of soybean in India compared to the world indicates that there exists a vast untapped yield potential, which can be achieved by research and extension efforts in India

Present study was undertaken in Nandurbar district of Maharashtra State during the year 2019-20. The Climate of Nandurbar District is generally hot and dry. The average annual rainfall is 767 mm throughout the district. Agriculture, Horticulture, Forest and Pasture land use systems were selected being the most predominant. Two sampling sites were selected under each land use system at different locations of Nandurbar district. The soil samples were collected at a vertical interval of 20 cm from surface to the bedrock. The depth of the soil under agriculture, horticulture and forest land use system is deep up to 100 cm, whereas, under pasture it is up to 80 cm. The colour of the soils varied from very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) to very dark gray (10YR 3/1), except yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) in pasture land use system and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) in horticulture land use systems. Structure of soil was sub-angular blocky to angular blocky. The soils texture varied from clay to silty clay. The consistence varied from slightly hard to very hard, friable to very firm and slightly stick to slightly plastic in dry, moist and wet conditions. Most of the soils showed slight to violent effervescence. The pores were fine to medium in size and few to common in quantity. Available soil moisture content varied from 13.03 to 19.1 per cent and it increases with depth of soil

Pigeon pea is an important pulse among Indian consumers, who like more as Dal but its production is limited due to non-application of technologies in the field by farmers. A total number of 490 SPI technology demonstration with adjacent plot of local practices were conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mandla (Zone-III, Northern hill of Chhattisgarh) the 145 villages in an area of 48 ha. farmers were selected through their knowledge basis. Out of nine parameters, fully gap was found in six parameters i.e., using of traditional varieties & degenerated seeds, higher seed rate, no seed treatment, no plant protection measures and without use of inoculation. Whereas, partial gap was found in two parameters i.e., Manures & Fertilizers and method of sowing and spacing, no gap was found in land preparation. Average plant height varied from 246 cm to 336 cm in SPI technology whereas in traditional method it was 165cm to168 cm. Mean of three years revealed that 1626 pods/plant was observed in SPI technique as against 103 in farmer’s practice. Yield/ plant was found 490 to 598 gm./plant in SPI technique whereas 43 to 56 gm./plant in farmer’s practice. SPI technique was really showed better response in all yield attributing characters in all respects. Yield of 40 SPI technique demonstration ranged from 15.98 to 16.86, q/ha as against 7.78 to 7.89 q/ha in traditional/ farmers practice. The percent yield increase over farmers practice was 64.02% to 78.35% higher over farmers practice (FP). Cumulative Pooled mean of three years shows 16.39 q/ha in SPI technique as against 8.08 q/ha i.e., higher 71.70% over farmer’s practice

An agricultural product price set by the government to be purchased directly from the farmer is called the minimum support price (MSP). MSP is intended to counter the volatility of agricultural commodities which is caused by factors such as variations in supply, lack of market integration, and information asymmetry. Gird is the semi-arid region of the Madhya Pradesh in central India. It consists of the semi-arid district of Bhind, Sheopur, Gwalior, Shivpuri, and Morena, each semi-arid district has one Krishi Upaj Mandi, all were selected based on locations, time available, accessibility with researcher, etc. was criteria for the selection. Reported that the major constraints expressed by cash and food crop growers where MSP does not increase with the increase in production costs, despite being announced every year and major suggestion offered by cash and food crop growers such as every year the MSP should be increased along with the increase in the cost of production

The present study was undertaken in Chhattisgarh's plain agro-climatic zone of Chhattisgarh state during the year 2020. The rationale behind this study is to evaluate information pertaining to communicational and psychological characteristics of farmers engaged in wet and dry season rice cultivation. The investigation was conceded out in 18 villages chosen randomly from six blocks in three districts in the Chhattisgarh Plains Agro-Climatic Zone. The information was gathered through a personal interview with the use of an interview schedule. The information gathered was examined using appropriate statistical methodologies and tools. The majority of respondents Friends, neighbour and relatives were the main sources of information about rice farming. Highest credibility was found towards TV and progressive farmers and most of them used 1 to 2 mass media sources by watching / hearing agriculture related programmes on TV and Radio with low level of extension participation. Majority of the respondents had moderately favorable attitude towards modern agriculture, medium level of management orientation and medium level of innovativeness

Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) aim to demonstrate latest released crop production and protection technologies and its management practices in the farmers’ field under different agro-climatic regions and farming situations. Under Jurisdiction of JAU, KVK, Amreli has been implemented frontline demonstrations on improved wilt resistant variety of cumin GC-4 covering 15 at farmer’s fields in 4.5 ha area from 2015-16 to 2016-17 and component demonstration in cumin covered 35 ha. at farmer’s fields in 8.75 ha area of different villages of Amreli district from 2017-18 to 2018-19. The results revealed that improved wilt resistant variety of cumin GC-4 recorded significantly higher average grain yield of 8.64 q ha-1, which was 22.19 % higher than conventional variety with farmers’ practice (7.12 q ha-1). The overall average extension gap of 1.52 q ha-1 with technology gap (4.36 q ha-1) and technology index (0.33) was recorded from 2015-16 to 2016-17. Whereas, FLDs on component demonstration in cumin recorded significantly higher average grain yield of 8.77 q ha-1, which was 22.00 % higher than conventional variety with farmers’ practice (7.30 q ha-1) from 2017-18 to 2018-19. The overall average extension gap of 1.47 q ha-with technology gap (4.23 q ha-1) and technology index (0.32) was recorded from 2017-18 to 2018-19. Therefore, improved wilt resistant variety of cumin GC-4 and component demonstration of cumin with farmer practices should be helpful for management against cumin diseases and save the cost

Aquifer characteristics studies was conducted at the ayacut areas of Bakkikayam regulaor situated across the Kadalundi River Pandikasala, Vengara, Malappuram district using earth resistivity techniques. In order to analyze the aquifer characteristics of the study area, Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) surveys was carried out using Signal Stacking Resistivity Meter (MODEL-SSR-MP-ATS) at 18 locations and were interpreted using IPI2WIN software. From sounding curve interpretation, 2 to 4 subsurface layers were identified within the study area and resulting sounding curves were H, K, A, HK, QH, KH and AK. The presence of three layers substrata was represented by H, K, A and Q sounding curves, while the combination curves such as HK, QH, KH and AK curves represents four layers sub strata. From the VES studies, it could be concluded that, top soil of the study area is either laterite soil or hydromorphic soil of thickness 0.75 to 4 m, followed by laterites with varying hardness to a depth of 4 m to 17 m. Lithomargic clay of thickness less than 2 m is seen below the laterites in some places. These layers are overlying weathered rock of 2 to 14 m thickness followed by hard rock with or without fractures

A field experiment was conducted at Jabalpur to evaluate the effect of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) alone and in combination with two types of seaweed sap (K-sap from Kappaphycus and G-sap from Gracilaria sp.) on growth, yield and economics of black gram in sandy clay loam soil of Kymore plateau. The foliar spray of K-sap and G-sap at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% v/v with 100% RDF and6.25% of K saps with 50% RDF were performed twice (at 20 and 50 Days after sowing). Results revealed that application of K-sap or G-sap at different concentrations along with RDF significantly enhanced the plant growth parameters and yield attributes. The highest grain and stover yield were recorded under application K-sap at 10.0% along with 100% RDF which gave 30.26 and 27.04% more grain and stover yield, respectively over control (water spray with 100% RDF). The gross monetary return and net monetary return were also maximum (Rs. 60928 ha-1 and Rs. 32629 ha-1) under the 10.0% K-sap with 100% RDF followed by 7.5% K-sap with 100% RDF (Rs. 59915 ha-1 and Rs. 32450 ha-1). The maximum B: C ratio (2.18) was evidenced under the application of 7.5% K-sap with 100% RDF and it was found more remunerative and profitable over the control

The study is confined to South Gujarat region of Gujarat state. The primary data regarding farmers' empowerment of cooperative member farmers and staff members were collected from 125 farmers. The correlation and regression were used to analyzed farmers' empowerment. The majority of farmers had a medium level of social empowerment, cultural empowerment, phycological empowerment, political empowerment and technological empowerment. There is scope for the empowerment of member farmers through cooperative activities in the South Gujarat region

The study was conducted in Baster plateau zone of Chhattisgarh and 320 respondents had taken for the current study. Respondents adopted different practices for the badi cultivation, where the majority of respondents followed two times ploughing and used improved varieties. About 50 per cent of respondents applied FYM in badi and only 38.44 per cent of respondents applied fertilizer as a basal dose and 25 per cent of respondents applied fertilizer during intercultural practices. 76.35 per cent of respondents applied irrigation within one week