Now a days, human population is affected by various harmful diseases. Recently naturally extracted antibiotics are most ideal for the treatment of microbial infections. Hence, screening of active natural extracts with antimicrobial properties is essential to overcome the effect of COVID 19 like harmful viral infections. Since ancient times, spices are used as a medicine in Ayurveda due to its antibiotic nature. The essential oil extracted from pepper and cardamom is reported to have a medicinal value due to its significant antimicrobial, antifungal and antibacterial properties. This article reviews the antimicrobial properties of black pepper and cardamom in plants, animals and human beings. In addition to the various antiseptic and food conserving properties of pepper and cardamom extracts are also reviewed

Kalingda [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] is an extremely valuable crop with medicinal properties. Despite of having its importance to the arid region, a very few genetic studies have been performed for describing the divergence in this crop. Therefore, the present experiment was executed with 12 genotypes, at two locations (ARS, Mandor and ARSS, Nagour) during kharif 2020. Significant differences were exhibited among genotypes for all the traits while environments were found significant for days to maturity, no. of fruits per plant and fruit yield (q/ha). G X E interaction was also reported significant for all traits except days to first fruit setting and 100 seed weight. Estimation of genetic divergence displayed a measure of diversity and grouped the genotypes into four clusters. Days to maturity, fruit yield (q/ha) and no. of fruits per plant contributed about three-fourth of total genetic divergence. Cluster III and IV were most divergent followed by cluster I and IV as they were having maximum inter cluster distance while maximum intra cluster distance was depicted by cluster I. Considering cluster distance and per se performance, six promising genotypes of kalingda have been recognized for tangible advancement in the seed yield and other ancillary traits

The Banana (Musa spp.) is an important cash fruit crop of India. It ranks first in production and third in area among fruit crops. It is grown in the eastern parts of the Bihar. The Foc may both limit the growth of suckers from which reproduction of banana is achieved, and reduce fruit quality and quantity. The effect of Foc on suckers based on distance to mother plant has not been fully understood. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine effect of the distance of sucker plants from mother plants to the Foc population and disease incidence. Foc isolation was performed by infected plant diseased soil samples were collected from banana plants of different micro plots showing typical wilt symptoms. The pathogen was isolated from infected diseased plant soil samples following standard methods. Results revealed that foc population and disease incidence of new seedlings obtained from the first sucker of the tissue culture mother plant were 22.00%, 20.50%, 18.00%, 14.50% and 12.00%per plant, respectively in five districts of Bihar viz., Katihar, Purnea, Khagaria, Kishanganj and Bhagalpur. Whereas it was 58.50%, 56.00%, 52.00%, 42.00%and 40.50%per plant in the control plots. Overall, anegative correlation was determined about distance of sucker plant from mother plants and Foc population. In addition, PDI were declined because of lower Foc population. The suckers next to the local cultivar of mother plants were unable to grow due to the higher Foc density and susceptibility of the plants. The efficiency of suckers can be enhanced against fusarium wilt by replacing the local cultivar with the tissue culture plant and incorporating integrated wilt management strategies

This study was conducted in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh in the purposively selected villages. The study aimed to assess the constraints experienced by chickpea growers in adoption of production technology. The primary data were collected with the help of interview schedule, which was prepared on the basis of objectives of the study and secondary data was obtained from the various government offices like District Agriculture Office, Tehsil Office, Land record office, Krishi Vigyan Kendra in Dhar. The findings of this study revealed that the majority related constraint expressed by chickpea growers was effect of unfavourable climate for the production of crop (2.22 Mean) followed by insufficient knowledge of use of fertilizers (2.21 Mean), lack of knowledge of pest and diseases (2.20 Mean), unavailability of improved varieties (2.19 Mean), improper knowledge of useful pesticides, weedicides, chemical fertilizers etc. for crops (2.18 Mean) and severe problem of soil erosion (2.16 Mean). As regards to suggestions of chickpea growers for minimizing the constraints, majority of the chickpea growers said that Government and non-government organizations should provide latest knowledge of techniques in agriculture field from time to time

The fodder is the cheapest source of animal feed and so it necessary to enhance fodder proportion in animal’s diet. Berseem or Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) is an important winter forage legume. Because of its higher growth and fodder yield, the seed of Berseem got huge demand in the market. The cost of cost of quality seed production of berseem seed was analysed in farmers’ fields. It was observed that with per hectare total cost of Rs 64.86 thousand, the total returns of Rs 78.17 thousand were received. The net returns per ha was Rs 13.31 thousand and B:C ratio is found as 1.21. The production cost of graded seed was found as Rs 75.63 per kg and had easily marketed at Rs 120 per kg as prevailing market prices were Rs 150-180 per kg. Berseem seed production was highly profitable to farmers. For sustainability of profits of fodder seed producing farmers depended on availability of cost-effective inputs and quality seed, market facility in vicinity, prevention of stray animals

From the research study it was found that majority (65.01 %) of the sugarcane nursery owners were found to be middle age group (36 to 55 years), 52.16 percent were educated up to secondary school, most (62.87 %) of the respondents had medium (17-30 years) farming experience, more than half (70.01 %) of respondents had fair irrigation status, half of respondents (52.87 %) had marginal size of land holding (Up to 1.00 ha), Most (67.15 %) of the nursery owners had small area under nursery, more than half (57.05 %) of the respondents had medium annual income(Upto Rs.758667).The study also revealed that more than one half (67.87%) were grouped under medium level of sources of information, 60.72 percent of nursery owners had medium level of innovativeness, 62.15 percent of respondents were grouped under medium level of risk orientation and 72.15 percent of respondents had medium level of marketing orientation. It was observed that more than half (57.87 %) of sugarcane nursery owners had medium marketing behaviour. non-availability of labour and lack of skill about handling of new techniques is major constraints and other constraints like lack of finance, fluctuating demand and market price, exploitation of middleman, lack of market information and high transportation cost due to less demand faced by sugarcane nursery owners. Majority (90.71 %) of the nursery owners suggested for increased wages of labour, (80.00 %) of respondents suggested for establish co-operative for providing financial support and various scheme for nursery owners, (65.71 %) suggested for standardize market price

The present study was conducted in Shivpuri district of Madhya Pradesh state to find out the relationship between demographic attributes of the dairy farmers and their training needs. Descriptive research design was used and Shivpuri district id selected purposively since the researcher belongs to the place hence, she is familiar with the local dialect of the area. The data was collected through personal interview method with the help of pre-tested, interview schedule, which was prepared on the basis of objectives of investigation and variables. The study reveals that majority of the respondents (58.40%) were in middle age group. They had medium level of annual income, middle socio-economic status, medium extension participation, medium extension contact, medium innovativeness, medium economic motivation and high scientific orientation category, medium dairy experience category and most of the respondents (63.33%) had medium category of size of land holding. However, they belonged to medium level of training needs. It was observed that correlation coefficient in respect of age, size of herd was found not significant with the training needs, while annual income, socio-economic status, economic motivation, innovativeness, were found highly significant with training need, and extension participation, extension contact, scientific orientation, dairy experience was found negatively highly significant with the training need dairy farmers

Study is carried out for the weekly probability analysis of rainfall with statistical method for predicting the minimum assured rainfall which helps in crop planning and management. Weekly rainfall data from 1990-2019 (30 years) of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle was analyzed using incomplete gamma probability model. The results revealed that, the dependable amount of rainfall at 50 percent probability would be received more than 15.0 mm from 23rd to 44th SMW (4th June to 4th November). It indicates the length of growing period considering at 50 percent probability of rainfall. Study of coefficient of variation of weekly rainfall indicated that dependable rainfall during the period irrespective of quantity of rainfall to be received. The amount of rainfall and duration would be for kharif crops and rabi crops with support of irrigation

The present study was conducted in Gwalior and Chambal division of Madhya Pradesh. An ex-post facto design was used for this investigation. A total of 184 beneficiary farmers from each practice 50 per cent were selected from pomology and olericulture farming by simple random sampling method. Results indicated that the optimum number of the beneficiaries (67.39%) obsessed needed pomology training practices afterward most needed (26.09%), and not needed (6.52%) in pomology practice category. Conversely, olericulture practice category, optimum number of the beneficiaries (61.95%) obsessed needed afterward most needed (22.83%), and 15.22 per cent not needed olericulture training practices

The study was undertaken with the general objective to identify the various challenges faced by the growers in vegetable marketing during COVID-19 lockdown period in Madurai District, Tamil Nadu. In the lockdown without relaxation period, vegetables farmers and intermediaries faced the challenges like blockades in the transport of commodities and problems due to closure of markets. Whereas the situation had slowly improved in the lockdown with relaxation period. The major alternate vegetable marketing linkages and possible mitigating measures were better utilization of vegetable producers’ associations in vegetable marketing and establishment of women self-help groups in processing of seasonal vegetables for efficient vegetable marketing