There are many ways that dedicated and contributed in the countable change of rural livelihood in India since independence. The numerous rural and agricultural development plans and schemes were started and implemented by the movement and other rural development functionaries in India that effort undoubtedly made change in life and living aspects of rural community. Now a day’s many programmes related to rural development are still running and implemented in the rural setting but few new initiatives like start-up are also playing very big role in changing rural life of the people by giving them ray of hope for living and respect in the society. Benefits of Start-up India Scheme is Simplification of Work, Finance support, Government tenders, Networking opportunities which may improve the life of rural India by assuring the financial and social strengths

Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites which are produced by Aspergillus species. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin M2 (AFM2) are commonly found in nature. Among all, AFB1 represents the highest degree of toxicity, followed by AFM1, AFG1, AFB2 and AFG2, Hence, AFB1 is listed as a group I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Aflatoxin residue might occur in dairy milk and other dairy products of animal that ingested aflatoxin contaminated feedstuff. Aflatoxin M1 is a hydroxylated metabolite of AFB1 which is excreted in milk from the mammary glands of both humans and lactating animals. Milk and dairy products, contaminated with AFM1 are considered to pose certain risks for human health. AFM1 can cause serious human disease, especially primary liver cancer, DNA damage and acute toxicity and carcinogenicity compared to the parent molecule AFB1; therefore, it is now classified by the International Agency for research on cancer as a group 1 human carcinogen. A number of research investigations have been conducted to study the occurrence of AFM1 and determination of AFM1 in milk. Various physical, chemical and biological methods have been studied to detoxify AFB1 and AFM1 from milk and milk products. Now a days, essential to focus on bring up to date the current global status of AFM1 contamination of milk and milk products destined for human consumption and the effects of processing and reduction methods on the elimination of aflatoxins from milk and milk products

In the modern era of eco-awareness, dried flowers and dried botanicals have attained substantial growth in horticulture commercial enterprise. Future possibilities of the dry flower industry are relied upon to contribute a ton to the country's economy in contrast to fresh flowers and other live plants. Apart from flower structure and season of gather, the nature of dry flowers inconceivably depends on the method of drying. Hence, the current investigation was undertaken with the objective to determine the appropriate methods of drying in ornamental flowers with respect to quality dry flower products. The ornamental flowers chosen for the examination was exposed to all the drying methods employed in study viz., Air drying, Silica gel drying, Borax drying and Hot air oven drying. Total 25 flower samples were dried and drying time required for each sample was recorded

Historical district average seasonal and annual rainfall was analysed to know the seasonal and annual rainfall distribution pattern and found that out of the 883.0 mm of normal annual rainfall, 65% of the rainfall received during the SWM, 26.3% of rainfall receive during the NE monsoon period and the remaining during summer and winter periods. Decade wise annual rainfalls was analyzed and found that 29 years out of 62 years under study has recorded below normal rainfall. Monsoon period wise rainfall was analyzed and the results indicated that SW monsoon period was normal in 32 years, experienced drought in 13 years and surplus in 17 years. NE monsoon was found to be normal in 28 years, drought occurred in 24 years and surplus in 10 years. Seasonal rainfall statistics indicated that the rainfall variation was more during the winter (85.0%), summer (71.0%), NE monsoon (61.3%) and it was comparatively low during SWM (29.0%) and the probability analysis of the monsoon rainfall indicated that low during SW monsoon (29.0%). The probability analysis of winter season being dry is 56.0% in the Guntur district of south Coastal Andhra Pradesh

This present study was undertaken to determine the ameliorative effect of vitamin C on indoxacarb toxicity. For this purpose, 20 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four different groups as I to IV. Group I, II, III and IV received vehicle (control), IND (173.2 mg/kg b.wt.), VIT-C (200 mg/kg b.wt.) and IND+VIT-C (173.2 mg/kg b.wt. IND + 200 mg/kg b.wt. VIT-C) by oral gavages daily for 28 days. There was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in TEC, Hb and HCT values of Groups II (IND) and IV (IND+VIT-C) rats when compared with control rats. The rats of Groups II and IV revealed significant decrease (P < 0.05) triglyceride level when compared with Group I (CMC) and Group III (VIT-C) rats. The rats of Groups II (IND) and IV (IND+VIT-C) showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in total antioxidant status in comparison to control Group rats. Ameliorative effect of vitamin C was observed on haematology and biochemical alterations in indoxacarb intoxicated rats

Twenty germplasm accessions were raised in augmented block design during Kharif 2021 and evaluated for five quantitative traits. The morphological data were subjected to correlation, path analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The correlation studies revealed that number of pods and hundred seed weight were positive and significantly associated with single plant yield. Principal component analysis based on five quantitative traits identified two principal components contributing about 72.67 per cent to the total variability among the accessions studied. The variations in PC 1 were represented by yield traits, PC 2 by plant height and flowering characters. The number of pods per plant and hundred seed weight are the important yield attributing traits and could be utilized for further improvement in black gram breeding programmes

Horticulture production has been increasing more than doubled in India recent days especially fruits production. Horticulture in India contributes around 33 per cent to the agriculture Gross Value Added making significant contribution to the Indian economy. Among fruits crops, sapota is producing largest quantities in Gujarat. Forecasting is one of the important aspects of all countries in the world which help to make proper plan and growth economy of the country. In this study, artificial neural network (ANN) model has used to forecast area, production and productivity of sapota in Gujarat state. Secondary data (1958-59 to 2017-18) on area, production and productivity of sapota were used. RStudio (version 3.5.2) software used to analyze the data. The forecasted study found that area, production and productivity of sapota was best explained by 4:1s:1l, 4:1s:1l and 2:2s:1l ANN architectures, with forecasted value for 2018-19, 28.48 (‘000’ Ha.), 320.89 (‘000’ MT) and 10.51 (MT/Ha.) respectively, where area, production and productivity are likely to go decrease for the next year

Present study deals with artificial neural network model to forecast area, production and productivity of citrus in Gujarat state. Secondary data on area, production and productivity of citrus in Gujarat over the period 1991-92 to 2017-18 were collected form Directorate of Horticulture, Government of Gujarat. Time series secondary data on area, production and productivity of citrus were collected for the period 1958-59 to 2017-18 from National Horticultural Board. Different artificial neural network models were used to analyze the data in RStudio (version 3.5.2) software. The study revealed that area, production and productivity of citrus was best explained by 4:1s:1l, 2:2s:1l & 3:2s:1l ANN architectures, with forecasted value for 2018-19, 41.43 (‘000’ Ha.), 4143.00 (‘000’ MT) &10.20 (MT/Ha.) respectively, where area, production & productivity are likely to go down for the next year

Early blight disease of tomato caused by Alternaria solani is one of the most destructive diseases which cause considerable loss in tomato production. In the absence of resistant cultivars, the management of tomato early blight disease has relied principally on the application of chemical fungicides. The present study evaluated the effects of chemical fungicides on tomato early blight disease and investigated the efficacy of the yield of tomato plants. The field experiment used a randomised block design, with seven treatments and three replications in subtropical climatic condition of West Bengal at Regional Research Sub-Station (R & L Zone), Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Sekhampur, Birbhum, West Bengal, India during Rabi, 2016-17 and Rabi, 2017-18. Two times foliar spray at an interval of 15 days with Azoxystrobin 11% + Tebuconazole 18.3% SC @ 1000 ml/ha was best followed by Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenoconaole 11.4% SC @ 1000 ml/ha and Trifloxysytrobin 25% + Tebuconazole 50% WG.The findings of the present study demonstrated a promising approach of management of early blight disease of tomato with chemical fungicides

Role of morphological traits viz., okra leaf, nectariless, glandless, red pigmented and frego bract developed in the common genetic background of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) variety H-777 as isogenic lines were studied in relation to insecticidal control of major insect pests of cotton at Research Farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. Okra leaf and frego bract increased the efficacy of insecticides against bollworms by reducing bollworms incidence and damage. But these traits were found to be associated with lower yields. On the other hand, these morphological characters did not influence the efficacy of insecticides with respect to leafhopper, a sap sucking pest

Organic farming is a modern and a tenable form of agriculture that provides consumers fresh natural farm products. The popularity of organic product is increases day by day dramatically as consumer seeks the organic foods that are thought to be healthier and safer. Thus, organic food perhaps ensures products safety from farm to plate. The present study was conducted in Dang district of South Gujarat during the year 2020. All of the 3 talukas of the Dangs district were covered under the study. 12 villages were selected through proportionate random sampling. From each village ten tribal farmers were selected through simple random sampling. Hence, the total respondents were 120

Performance of four sesame varieties (V1- Gujarat til -10, V2- Roing Local, V3- Thilothama and V4- Lathao Local) with two nipping treatments (N1- nipping at 30 days after sowing and N2- Control without nipping) were evaluated in a factorial randomised designwith threereplications during August- December 2019 season at the Agriculture Research Farm of the Arunachal University of Studies, Namsai. Observations on various growth and yield parameters revealed significant difference with respect to plant height, number of primary branches, days to 50% flowering and yield. Among the varieties V1- Gujarat til -10, V2- Roing Local and V4- Lathao Local were the high yielders and they were at par (591.5 kg/ha, 620.167 kg/ha and 521.833 kg/ha respectively) with each other, whereas V3 (Thilothama) was found to be a low yielder (205.167 kg/ha). Nipping of terminal bud of plants at 30 days after sowing significantly produced a higher yield (581.583 kg/ha) when compared to un nipped control plants (387.75 kg/ha). Varieties Roing Local and Gujarat til- 10with nipping of terminal bud at 30 days after sowing resulted in maximum yield (744 and 727.667 kg /ha respectively) among all the treatments studied confirming the advantages of nipping. However, nipping did not show any significant effect on leaf are index (LAI), percentage of seed recovery number of seeds/ capsule

Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood in India and India is the largest producer of several agricultural commodities. As the production is increasing, there is a dire need to expand, upgrade and innovate the means of marketing, marketing channels and marketing strategies. Today, digital marketing has emerged as one of the prime factors deciding the success or failure for many companies. Considering the need for and importance of digital marketing in agriculture, Government of India took several initiatives and launched programs and portals like eNAM, AgriMarket App to facilitate and encourage the stakeholders to effectively use the resources and digitally connect with each other. It is helping the rural and urban farmers to connect with the substantial number of buyers and customers and display the quality and range of products and services which help to generate more leads and revenue. There are many digital platforms which help the entrepreneurs, startups and progressive farmers for digital marketing. Along with the platform, there are certain tools and techniques with which one can strategically connect with specific set of customers. Digital marketing provides lot of benefits and opportunities to explore new markets and reach a global marketplace. There are a few infrastructure and connectivity issues in rural areas in accessing digital marketplaces. By overcoming the challenges, many agri companies can take the benefits of digital marketing to boost the growth in business. Startups and companies like AgroStar, Netafim and Ninjacart are already on job. This new intervention is paving way for stronger agricultural development in India

The experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science, C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kalyanpur, Kanpur during kharif 2006. The observations were recorded for 10 quantitative traits namely days to flowering, height of plant (cm), number of branches per plant, number of first fruiting node, number of nodes per plant, length of internode (cm), length of fruit (cm), width of fruit (cm), number of fruits per plant, and yield per plant (g). The study was revealed that, the significant general combining ability effects were shown by parents AB-1, AB-2 and PK. On the basis of specific combining ability effects, the cross-combination AB-1xVRO-5 and AB-2xPK were found promising for most of the yield traits in both the generations