Livestock raring happens to be an integral part of the livelihood of tribal households and to the broad rural economy since ancient times and have been contributing enormously in socio-economic development of millions of households and national economy. Integration of dairy component along with crop farming provides livelihood security to the tribal farmers. However, due to lack of technical know-how, financial and institutional constraints they face challenge in adoption of improved dairy farming practices. Two districts from most tribal populated area of Madhya Pradesh (i.e., Jhabua and Dhar) were selected. From each district two blocks and from each block/tehsil two villages were selected randomly. Thus, a total of eight villages were selected and from each selected village 15 respondents were randomly selected. Overall, a total of 120 respondents were selected for the study. The salient findings of the study highlighted that, inadequate knowledge about breed, distant location of veterinary hospitals, lack of credit facilities for purchase of feeds, fodders and mineral mixture, and non-availability of veterinary doctors and staff were the top four constraints as perceived/reported by the respondents, with respect to dairy farming. The study also suggests facilitating training and extension activities among dairy farmers to create more awareness regarding improved dairy farming practices among tribal farmers.

In Andhra Pradesh, out of 40 lakh ha rainfed area Anatapuramu district accounts for 22%. Rainfall analysis indicated that more than 50% droughts occur due to dry spell of 20 to 30 days. The technologies demonstrated for three years (kharif 2015 to 17) for lack of rains were: sowing with aqua planter, row water sowing and sowing of contingent crops and for drought were: water harvesting in lined farm ponds and protective irrigation. Supplemental irrigation was given through farm ponds to groundnut and mango. Mobile protective irrigation at the rate of 25000 l ha-1 given at flowering and pod formation stages gave 20 % more yield in pigeonpea. Protective irrigation in pigeonpea recorded seed yield of 875 kg ha-1 compared to 125 kg ha-1 under rainfed. Additional investment of Rs.5,000 ha-1 for row water sowing along with two protective irrigations for pigeonpea resulted an additional income of Rs 10,000 ha-1.

Tamarind is an underutilized crop which can be used as fruit or condiment. In India, mostly its commercial cultivation is restricted to peninsular India. In rest of India, this fruit is grown as avenue tree or in homestead garden as well. However, the fruit is under rated, it has a delicious sour sweet blend. It is rich in vitamins and minerals and rich in antioxidants. The tree is climate hardy and can tolerate harsh climate as well. It can grow in many soil types as well. Flowering and fruiting are on terminal branch on current season’s growth. Flowering takes place in summer season whereas fruiting takes place in early summer or late winter. Tamarind can be processed into many valuable products like jam, pickle, candy, beverages, etc. The review would highlight all major aspect related to importance, cultivation and processing of tamarind.

The study was conducted in Dharwad with the aim to analyze the influence of parental factors on language development of preschool children. A sample of 240 children (47 boys and 73 girls) from urban and 45 boys and 75 girls from rural areas with an age cohort of 2-3, 3-4 and 4-5 years were selected from preschools viz., play home, nursery, LKG and UKG sessions. Differential design and correlation design were employed to know the relationship between language development among urban and rural preschool children. Preschool Language Scale-5 (PLS-5) was used to know the auditory comprehension, expressive communication and overall language development of children among rural and urban areas. Socio-economic status scale was used to get information on parent’s education and occupation. Chi-square and t-test were used to know the association between language development of children with parent’s education and occupation. The results of the analysis revealed that, auditory comprehension, expressive communication and overall language development among rural and urban children were highly associated with parent’s education and occupation. Significant differences were observed between parent’s education, occupation with auditory comprehension, expressive communication and overall language development. Highly educated parents had children with higher level of language development in both rural and urban areas as compared to children with lower educated parents. In parent’s occupation, working parents had children with high level of language development in both rural and urban areas as compared to children of non-working parents. In rural area, there was no facility for the children to improve upon their language. Hence, there is a need of increase parent’s knowledge on child’s language development in order to enhance auditory comprehension, expressive communication of children.

The study was conducted in UAS Dharwad with the aim to study the auditory and expressive language development among preschool children. A sample of 240 children (47 boys and 73 girls) from urban, (45 boys and 75 girls) from rural areas with an age cohort of 2-3, 3-4 and 4-5 years were selected from preschools viz., nursery, LKG and UKG sessions. Differential design and correlational design were employed to know the relation between language development of urban and rural children. To measure the auditory and expressive language development, Preschool Language Scale-5 (PLS-5) was used. Chi-square and t-test were used to know the association between language development of children with locality, age and gender. The results revealed that, auditory comprehension, expressive communication and overall language development among preschoolers were highly associated with locality and gender. In overall language development, urban children found better compared to rural children (rural M=78.65 and urban M=89.22) which may be due to lack of quality child care, less provision for age appropriate play materials and less exposure to resources due to lower socioeconomic status in rural areas. Girls were better in auditory, expressive and overall language development compared to boys in both rural and urban preschools. 23.3 percent of rural children were found in low category but in urban no children were found in this category. Both in urban and rural area, children of 2-3 years were better compared to the 3-5 years. In rural area, there was no facility for the children to improve upon their language at home as well as in schools. Hence, there is a need to provide necessary intervention programme to improve auditory and expressive language development of children through parents.

One year old male rabbit weighing 2kg b.wt was presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Hassan Veterinary College with history of swelling in left ear for past 4 days. On clinical examination, the case was diagnosed as aural hematoma. Surgical drainage of hematoma under general anaesthesia was done and the animal recovered uneventfully.

Major impacts on tractor performance during tillage is variation in soil draft. Hence draft control is a vital aspect for farmer in tillage operation. Draft control can be electronic based or mechanical based. Electronic draft control with EHH system is more sensitive than mechanical draft control. Draft control can be done by both top link and lower link sensing but the one with high sensitivity will result in better response time. This paper presents comparative study between lower and top link sensing sensitivity via recreation of field condition in lab known as soil simulator test rig and analyse the performance of the same in the field with help of data logging and instrumentation technique. Results depicts better sensitivity of the lower links (1.048) compared to top link (0.406) which enhances the system response time by 52 to 150 milli seconds depending on soil conditions.

Sugarcane is one of India's primary commercial crops. It is grown under a range of agro-climates. Cane growers now face endless problems in low yield sugar cane production, varietal degeneration, high input costs, disease and pest incidence, soil erosion, salinity, water logging and drought, and the area under sugar cane is dwindling. In this view the study vividly explained about one of the objectives of constraint faced by the sugarcane growers in Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu, India. But at present the production of sugar cane is in crisis. At this point, the innovated "Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative" (SSI) technology was introduced as the primary option to rectify the problems in recent decades in the cultivable area to address many of the problems in open fields. The study interview conducted in the year of 2019 with well-structured interview schedule and the result concluded that the bio- physical constraints encounter of the sugarcane growers on SSI was ranked as follows, Inundation due to floods, Non-availability of quality setts, Complexity of new practices, Non-availability of micronutrients at the right time and Uncertainty of canal water for irrigation respectively. Views and opinions furnished by sugarcane growers included in the study were encountered in the adoption of recommended SSI technology in the Cuddalore District from the aspect of bio- physical constraint views and opinions of the whole population of the study area.

Pot experiment was conducted in nursery condition of Department of Forestry, CCSHAU, Hisar. Soil of potting media inoculated with two mycorrhizal fungi i.e. Glomus intraradices and Acaulospora scrobiculata with different treatments and growth parameters i.e. seed germination percentage, shoot and root length, collar diameter, number of leaves, root and shoot biomass and root colonization, mycorrhizal dependency and seedling quality index were observed after three months of Ailanthus excelsa seeds were sown in the experimental pots and found that potting media containing field soil + FYM with individual mycorrhiza performed better than other treatments.

Fig (Ficus carica L.) is a nutritious fruit packed in with a rich source of calcium, iron and sugar. For this, there is an increased awareness among farmers to cultivate fig. Hence the present investigation was carried out in the fig block of orchard of Department of Horticulture, Khalsa College, Amritsar during the year 2019-2020 to study the effect of etiolation and growth regulators on the rooting of air layers in fig cv. Brown Turkey. The research study was carried out with two levels of etiolation (etiolation and non-etiolation), three levels of NAA(500, 750 and 1000 ppm) and IBA( 500.750 and 1000ppm) along with control to find out the influence of etiolation, growth regulators and their treatment combinations. In the experiment the treatments were replicated thrice in a factorial randomized block design. The results of the study revealed that etiolation(E1) proved to be the best in minimising the number of days to initiation and 100 percent rooting. It was also superior in increasing the production of primary and secondary roots, root length and thickness, rooting percentage and survival of rooted air layers. Among growth regulators the air layered shoots treated with 1000 ppm IBA was significant than other auxin treatments in terms of minimizing the time for root initiation , increase in rooting percent, primary and secondary shoot formation, length and thickness of roots, early sprouting with higher number of sprouts per cutting, greater shoot length with more number of leaves. Among interaction effect between etiolation and application of growth regulators the treatment combination E1T5 was numerically effective in reducing the period for first rooting, rooting percentage, increase in number, length and weight and primary and secondary roots, shoot number and shootlength with maximum survival of the air layers.

An experiment was conducted at the nursery of Department of Horticulture, Khalsa College, Amritsar during 2019-2020 to study the role of growth regulators and sucrose in sprouting and establishment of pomegranate cuttings. A trial was undertaken comprised of thirteen treatments of semihard wood cuttings of pomegranate cv. Kandhari viz. IBA (1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm), Sucrose (10, 20 and 30g/l), PHB (500, 750 and 1000 ppm) and NAA (1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm) by quick dip method along with control and the experiment was replicated thrice. The experimental results indicated that Sucrose 20g/l proved to be the best in terms of minimum days to first sprouting (9.00), maximum sprouting percentage (85.72%), maximum shoot length ( 18.50 cm), maximum shoot formation ( 9.00), maximum shoot diameter ( 2.61 mm), maximum fresh weight of shoot (1.38 g), maximum dry weight of shoot (0.92g), maximum number of leaves ( 65.00) and maximum total leaf area (357.42 cm2).

To study the influences of different cropping sequences on soil quality parameters, soil samples were collected and analysed for its chemical and biological properties. The cropping consists of seven different cropping sequences grown in three seasons namely kharif, rabi and summer seasons. The soil pH and electrical conductivity did not influence by cropping. The higher organic carbon content of 0.60 percent, available N of 238 kg/ha and available P (23.8kg/ha) was recorded in the Beet root - Maize + Fodder cowpea - Green gram which was comparable with Maize + Fodder cowpea - Grain Cowpea - Prosomillet. The higher available potassium of 584 kg/ha was recorded in Chilies - Cotton + Onion-Sunnhemp. Non-significant results in Mn and Cu was obtained. Higher available B content was recorded in the Onion-Cotton-Maize (0.75 ppm). Maize + Fodder Cowpea-Grain Cowpea-Prosomillet recorded higher value of 116.43 µg/g. Higher soil dehydrogenase activity was recorded (176.3 TPF ug/g/day) in the Sorghum (dual) - Grain Cowpea - Fodder maize + Fodder cowpea.

Finger millet is being popular among policy makers and implementers because of wider adaptability to weather instability, comparable major cereals regarding yield and medicinal potential for modern disease like Diabetes Type II and other cordial disorders. Field experiment was conducted with 33 finger millet genotypes to study inheritance pattern of yield complex under rainfed environments of Bastar plateau of Chhattisgarh. In present report, fodder yield (0.4622**), productive tillers per plant (0.4492**), ear length (0.3479**) were recorded as major yield contributing factors. Role of plant height is, however, imperative with respect to assimilate transport and sink strength by regulation of fingers per ear (0.2411**); blooming period (0.3750**); total crop growth period (0.2819**) and fodder yield (0.2361**) but it showed nonsignificant negative association with grain yield (-0.0163) because higher input response may associated with crop lodging. In cross confirmation statistical analysis established fodder yield (0.3735) as maximum contributor of grain yield, through physiologically fundamental traits namely number of productive tillers per plant (0.1056); main ear length (0.1014) and plant height (0.0882). The vise versa impact was recorded for number of tillers per plant (0.2823; direct effect) via main ear length fodder yield (0.1001 and 0.0798 respectively). The results ascertain, crop canopy index as key factor for grain yield improvement while reconsidering growth cycle with respect to blooming span in rainfed small millet programmes.

Value addition in jackfruit calls for products suiting the urban supermarkets. Instant noodles and jackfruit flour are such products envisaged for the modern customer. Seeds and bulbs of jackfruit (cv koozha) were processed to flour and then to noodles. These products were then analysed for their shelf life in ambient conditions for 3 months. They were packed in laminated and HDPE packages and analysed for their moisture content, insect infestation, microbial growth and sensory quality. The increase in moisture content of flours was lower in HDPE packages (0.75 percent). Insect infestation was not all detected in the samples after 3 months. Bacterial and fungal contaminations observed were within permissible limit. Moisture analysis of noodles revealed that increase in moisture pick up was higher in laminated packaging. Fungal colonies detected after 3 months were within permissible limits. Sensory qualities were also acceptable after 3 months of storage, thus indicating the scope for commercialization of these products.

The present study is focussed on development and evaluation of cookies with millets and soy flour. Two cookies were optimized using mixed millet flour and using mixed millet soy flour. The mixed millet and mixed millets soy flour had considerable oil and water holding capacity which are important properties of dough for baking. Starch viscosity property of the flour was studied and low setback value was observed which clearly states that the starch of these flours has moderate peak viscosity with moderate process tolerance and susceptible to over-cooking. Proximate analysis was done to study the nutritional composition of the flours and cookies. The mixed millet soy cookies were rich in protein (13.50%) when compared to mixed millet cookies (5.71%). Nutritional composition of the developed cookies was comparable to other cookies made with wheat-composite flour. Amino acids namely histidine, threonine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine and valine are present in significant quantity in both mixed millet cookies and mixed millet soy cookies. The low biting/breaking strength (0.861 -1.069 kg) along with high hardness (2.136-2.842 kg) gives an added advantage to the cookies.

Green synthesis of nanoparticles is an emerging simple and viable alternative eco- friendly method for chemical and physical methods of plant disease management. In the present study silver nanoparticles have been synthesised using aquatic weed Kappaphycus alvarezii extract and characterized based on XRD and which exhibited maximum absorption at 430 to 440nm which is (SPR) for silver nanoparticles and based on Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) nanoparticle size was found to be in the ranges from 60 to 90nm. The XRD analysis of synthesized silver nanoparticles showed four peaks at 38.36, 44.48, 64.62 and 77.62 angles. Also, at 38.36 = 2?, the curve showed the highest peak indicated the crystal shape of nanoparticles. The antifungal activity of the silver nanoparticles checked against Colletotrichum capsici at different concentration i.e., 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 400 and 600ppm, showed significant zone of inhibition with reduced sporulation and mycelial growth on PDA amended with 200ppm of silver nanoparticles in vitro. This has promised that the newly synthesised silver nanoparticles could be used as an antifungal agent for crop disease management especially in case of anthracnose.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of foliar application of nutrients on growth, development and production of blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) under rainfed condition during 2016-2019 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mehsana, Gujarat. The experiment was laid out with ten replications having two treatments namely T1 [N : P : K – 10 : 20 : 00 Kg/ha + PSB and Rhizobium culture seed treatment] , T2 [T1 + Two spray of 2% DAP at appearance of flowering and 15 days after first spray].Yield attributes viz., number of seeds per pod and 100 seed test weight were positively increased by foliar spray of 2% DAP at appearance of flowering and 15 days after first spray with RDF recorded the higher growth characters. The same treatment had higher grain yield of 697 kg/ ha. Based on the results of the above study, it is concluded that foliar spray of 2% DAP at appearance of flowering and 15 days after first spray with RDF was recommended to get profitably higher yield besides improving the quality of blackgram with a BC ratio of 1.83.