This study assessed the income of farm households based on the Situation Assess Survey of farmers conducted during the 70th round of National Sample Survey with special reference to North East Region. The indicators The Gini coefficients of total income among farm households of the NE states are 0.26. The Gini for was highest non-farm business (0.42). The share of a component in income inequality is highest for non-farm business (72%) and more than its share of income. The share of farming from animals’ income in income inequality is 17%, cultivation (9%) and wages (1%). Income from non-farm business increase income inequality where a 1% increase in share of this income will raise inequality by 25%. Cultivation income and wage income are inequality decreasing where a 1% increase in the share of these incomes will reduce income inequality by 9% and 1.6% respectively. Therefore, cultivation income and wage income have potential to reduce income inequality in the NE as lower strata earn more incomes from these sources than the high-income strata.

Flacherie is a major disease of silkworm and cause flaccidity in larva. Adverse environmental conditions such as high temperature and humidity and starvation are considered to be the most important pre-disposing factors for the incidence of flacherie and cocoon crop loss (13). The horizontal transmission of bacterial flacherie affect the growth and cocoon parameters of PM x CSR2. The single cocoon weight (g) was significantly lesser in the contaminated faecal pellet source of inoculum (0.851, 0.992 and 0.74, 0.79 g) and highest in contaminated floor area (0.951, 1.00 and 0.83, 0.84 g) at 10-5 and 10-7 respectively treated with different sources of bacterial flacherie for fourth and fifth instar worms. The lowest single shell weight was encountered in both fourth and fifth instar inoculated batch with contaminated faecal pellet (0.120, 0.134 and 0.105, 0.121 g) at 10-5 and 10-7, respectively. Infection of silkworm with different sources of horizontal transmission of bacterial flacherie in both fourth and fifth instars inoculated at 10-5 and 10-7 is known to decrease the shell percentage of mulberry silkworm.

Flacherie disease of silkworm occurs in silkworm rearing and causes severe cocoon crop loss during summer and rainy seasons in all sericulture belts of Karnataka. The horizontal transmission of bacterial flacherie affect the growth and cocoon parameters of PM x CSR2. However, the different sources of inoculum administered to both fourth and fifth instar inoculated batches exhibited significant difference among treatments compared to control. The highest percent defective cocoon was recorded in batch inoculated with contaminated faecal pellet (36.11, 32.59 and 52.85, 28.17 %). It is vivid from the data that, the horizontal transmission of bacterial flacherie was increased the defective cocoon percentage after spinning. In general, the bacteria multiplied in a faster rate after the death of the larva. The pupal mortality was found significantly different in different sources of inoculum among fourth and fifth instar batches and also at two dilutions (10-5 and 10-7), respectively. Further, highest rate of pupal mortality was observed in contaminated faecal pellet (61.34, 54.88 and 59.29, 43.55 %) source of inoculum. It is attributed that, increased larval mortality and percent defective cocoons in the inoculated batch have resulted in increased pupal mortality in both the lots. As a secondary source of infection, bacteria within the cocoon cause pupal death before it is transforming to adult.

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season of 2018 at Research Farm of Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India to study the physiological response accumulated growing degree days (GDD) and photo thermal units (PTU) of rice variety ‘Hasanta’ under different dates of transplanting and nitrogen levels. The rice variety ‘Hasanta’ was transplanted on four dates viz., 20th July, 30th July, 10th August and 20th August laid in main plot with three levels of nitrogen 75%, 100% and 125% of recommended dose of fertilizer, respectively laid in sub plot replicated thrice. The crop transplanted on 20th July took maximum duration to attain physiological maturity (143 days). Highest growing degree days (2651) for maturity and photo thermal units (31498 degree day hours) accumulated when transplanted on 20th July. Planting on 20th July with application of 125% recommended dose of nitrogen produced maximum grain yield of 47.02 q ha-1.

Synthetic pesticides have an effect in the quantitative formation of their bio molecules which are used to control the pests of various crops. The present study was carried out to study the effect of Insecticide on the growth and nutritive composition of crop plants, formation of carbohydrate, total free amino acid, protein, total phenol and total chlorophyll contents of Millet (Bajra) and Sorghum (Jowar). A decrease in Protein, Lipid, Phenol content and Chlorophyll content was observed in the Sorghum and Millet Crop plants sprayed with insecticides Profex and Imidacloprid but no effect or increase in content was observed with bio insecticides used which were Pseudomonas and Trichoderma based.

Stevia is one the most popular natural low calorie sweeteners used extensively in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The leaves of herb have been used to substitute the sugar to counteract the bitter taste of plant based medicine and for treatment of diabetic person. It is 10-15 times sweeter than sucrose, but its metallic bitter aftertaste after use limits its overall acceptability for general consumers. In order to reduce or mask the bitter aftertaste of stevia extract ten adjuvants were used before hot water extraction (first method) and after hot water extraction (second method) and compared with control (hot water extraction without adjuvants).Evaluation of masking effect was done using organoleptic/sensory test along with quantification of sweet principle (stevioside content) in extracts using two methods. Further, seasonal variation in stevioside content in leaves of along with proximate analysis of stevia and adjuvants were done. On the basis of sensory evaluation, the second method was found more effective. In this method stevia leaves were extracted individually and adjuvants were mixed while leaf extract was hot and kept it for 24hrs before filtration. After that it took for sensory evaluation test. On the other hand in first method stevia leaves mixed with adjuvants (10) and extracted and filtered before sensory evaluation test. In both the methods sweet basil, activated charcoal, wood charcoal, lemon grass and mint leaves were found better in overall acceptability in organoleptic test. Maximum stevioside recovery in extracts was found in sole stevia extract. Mixing adjuvants reduced steviosides (the sweet principle) content in final extract. Using sweet basil, activated charcoal, wood charcoal, lemon grass, mint leaves improved sensory properties of extract without much sacrifice in stevioside content. Minimum stevioside recovery was found in extract with wood ash, tulsi leaves, mint and coffee using first method of extraction. Minimum stevioside recovery was found using second method with Tulsi. December picking of stevia leaves gave maximum stevioside in their leaves than August and April picked one.

The present study is conducted with a view to analyse the growth in area, production and productivity of groundnut from 1965-66 to 2016-17 and also to analyse the acreage response of groundnut from 1985-86 to 2016-17 of major groundnut producing states in India. During the implementation of Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO) significantly increases the area, production and productivity of groundnut and it get decreased during the post- TMO period. The result of the acreage response with respect to MSP is negative for groundnut in short run, and their adjustment mechanism towards reaching the desired level is slow for the majgrownut or growing states except in Gujarat. This study also compared the growth in cost of production and MSP of groundnut and found that the announced MSP for groundnut in India in the year 2017-18 was found more than the cost of production in all the states except in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The study suggested that policy intervention of government is required to encourage the area and production of groundnut in India.

Cluster Front Line Demonstration is a systematic and replicable tool to disseminate and evaluate recommended technologies among the farmers. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chitrakoot comes under Bundelkhand Agro climatic condition of UP had conducted Cluster Front Line Demonstration on Pigeon pea at 5 adopted locations on 195 farmers field covering 44.58 ha area since 2012-13 to 2016-17. The critical inputs were prioritized on existing production technologies through Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), farmer’s interaction and feedback. The 5 years data revealed that an average higher yield of demonstration field was obtained 13.07 q ha-1 over local check (8.38 q ha-1) with additional yield of 4.69 q ha-1. Similarly, net average economic return of demonstration plot was found Rs. 28720 ha-1 over local check (Rs. 15655 ha-1) with additional return of Rs. 13065 ha-1. The average technological gap, extension gap, technological index and increased B: C ratio were found 14.94q ha-1, 4.68 q ha-1, 54.34% and 0.54, respectively.

A field experiment was conducted on clay soils of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur during kharif and rabi of 2016-17, 2017-18 & 2018-19 to find out best crop sequence that is easily adaptable and economically viable for the vertisols of NSP right canal areas of Krishna zone. Among the kharif crops foxtail millet followed by pearl millet performed better with higher grain yield while finger millet recorded lower grain yield with longer crop duration (110 days). Among the rabi crops bengalgram recorded higher grain yield while both greengram and blackgram recorded very poor grain yield. As a crop sequence foxtail millet followed by bengalgram (2.6) and pearl millet followed by bengalgram (1.43) recorded higher BCR followed by finger millet-bengalgram crop sequence. All crop sequences with blackgram and greengram were recorded lower BCR due to poor yield of succeeding blackgram and greengram.

In the current trend of looming unemployment status in our country, entrepreneurship is the need of the hour to have an effect on the social and economic status of the people, especially in the rural areas. One such initiative to support such cause is the Diploma in Agri Inputs course offered through ODL by TNAU. It provides sufficient knowledge on various agricultural technologies to the learners, which would be useful to setup an agro-enterprise. As a whole, in order to study the inducing factors responsible for joining this diploma course, a sample size of 120 respondents who had already pursued the course were selected for the study. The study brings out the different intrinsic and extrinsic inducing characteristics that influence the people to join the course thereby looking for various suggestions to improvise the course related aspects in order to increase the enrolment in the course.

This study investigates relationship between profile variables of trainees and selected indicators of Trainings effectiveness. Present study conducted in Uttarakhand state, total 10 training programmes conducted by SAMETI were selected purposively under the present study. Out of total 107 trainees 73 trainees gave the responses. In order to provide answer to selected research questions, analytical research design was used. The Study results positive correlation between total duration of trainings received and level of learning which implies that as total duration of trainings received increases, level of learning also increases. Achievement motivation of the trainees had positive and non-significant relationship with perceived usefulness of content. Findings had positive and significant relationship with level of learning at five percent level of significance. Positive relationship implies that higher the achievement motivation of trainees, higher is the level of learning. Majority of the trainees suggested field visits as the most preferred training method.

India is a land of contradictions which produces about 11 percent of total global agriculture and, at the same time, is host to the world’s largest number of malnourished people. Our country perhaps has the world’s largest agricultural community consisting of 60% of the population engaged in some kind of agricultural related activity and basically the use of digital technology to integrate agricultural production from the field to the consumer. These technologies provide the agricultural industry with instruments and data to make more informed decisions and improve productivity and yield. Thus, diversification of agricultural sectors has been enhanced by livelihood opportunities, strengthened resilience and led to considerable increase in infrastructure, knowledge and preparing for the future. In this paper, a review of the technologies is provided with tools that are applicable in real-time decisions from data.