In a study conducted during 2017-18, a comparative evaluation between traditional ridge-furrow irrigation system and modified irrigation practices was made. It was observed that innovative practices like PVC pipe with taps & valves and flexible rubber pipe with holes not only match with the costly micro irrigation system (drip, trikle irrigation) but also helpful in controlling water movement in the furrow, increasing time of concentration, providing uniform soil moisture profile throughout the furrow and in avoiding the over irrigation with lesser time and labour requirement in comparison to traditional ridge-furrow irrigation system. At the same time, these practices are having higher distribution efficiency as water in the furrow covering higher number of furrows simultaneously.

Turmeric varieties are grown with drip irrigation and fertigation. First, it was found that there is variability in the vigor and yield expression in Turmeric when irrigated and fertigated with drip. In subsequent years (2016 and 2017) two varieties, BSR -2 and Salem local were grown with 3 different levels of fertigation, 75%, 100% and 125% of recommended dose (RDF) of NPK. In both years it was found that Salem local is a better performer and 125% RDF is supporting the highest yield of the crop of both varieties. Of the varieties, Salem local seems to be superior in its response to fertigation. Drip fertigation enhances water and fertilizer use efficiencies and supports efficient precision farming

Indian agriculture is characterized by small fragmented land holdings, hill agriculture and shifting cultivation and proper matching of implements with tractor is very much important to minimize expenditure in farming operation. The objective of this paper is to match the tractor power with the implement size, some of the small size implements not utilize all available power of the tractor, that’s by it is necessary to select correct size of implement with tractor power which is helpful to reduce operational cost. To develop a visual basic program for design of farm implements (Cultivator, Disc Harrow and Rotavator) for Indian soil conditions. To match the suitable size of implement for a given horse power tractor using the developed program for optimum field performance. A computer programme is developed in visual basic language. This software consists of cultivator design, disc harrow design and rotavator design. The programme can predict the suitable implement matching with tractor power, the input parameters needed for running the software and it predicts the output parameters as size and dimensions of implements. Hence, the developed software can be used as a tool for designing farm machineries for different horsepower ranges of tractor and soil conditions.

The study was conducted to develop and standardize the scale to measure the sustainability of organic farming. Based on the review of literature and discussion with experts, 55 statements were enlisted out of which 34 statements were retained for the final scale. The scale was found to be reliable and valid with a score of 0.98 and 0.99 respectively. Final scale consists of 20 statements related to ecological sustainability, seven statements related to economical sustainability and seven statements related to social sustainability. With respect to overall sustainability of organic farming, 40.00 percent of farmers belonged to highly sustainable category followed by less sustainable (33.33 %) and sustainable (26.66 %) category of overall sustainability.

The study on termite attack patterns and biogenic structures produced in cocoa farms of different ages was conducted in the Oumé region (former cocoa loop). Thus, eight kinds of termites belonging to two trophic groups (Fungus-grow and xylophagous) are particularly harmful on the cocoa tree: Ancistrotermes, Coptotermes, Microtermes, Microcerotermes, Nasutitermes, Neotermes and Schedorhinotermes. Fungus-grow termites insert clay soil under the bark, which causes it to be stripped in the presence of the sun. On the other hand, xylophagous establish crop tunnels in the plant made of chewed sawdust of different hues according to the genera. In this group, only Neotermes does not construct veneers of external crops. It has direct access to the plant by undoubtedly perforating the secondary roots and invading the whole plant. Their presence is characterized by the walls of galleries in "necrotic" form.

Womens role in agricultural operations, animal husbandry and other economically productive activities is very significant. They work as labourers, cultivators doing labour on their own land, as manager of certain aspects of agricultural production by way of labour supervision and participation in postharvest operation. Total five districts of South Gujarat namely Navsari, Surat, The Dang, Tapi and Narmada were selected randomly for the study. Major four enterprises viz. Dairying, Vermicomposting, Value addition/food processing and beekeeping were selected for the study. Looking to these restrictions of selected agro-based enterprise handled by rural women under the study area, the size of respondents in South Gujarat were consider as total and made randomization by lottery method to get 40 sample size for each selected agro-based enterprises. In case of beekeeping 54 name of women enterprise owner were obtain from KVK, NGO, ATMA and Horticulture Department of GoG. As it is known that beekeeping is very sensitive enterprise, hence only 30 active women beekeepers were found in study area of South Gujarat. In a view of this fact the investigator has took all the owners for the present study. So total 150 respondents were selected for the study. Majority of rural women had medium level of participation in agro-based enterprises.

Drip irrigation has affect on root distribution and productivity of maize (Zea mays L.). An experiment was planned to determine effect of various drip irrigation regimes and planting methods on root growth and yield of spring maize at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana for two years. Experiment consisted of 11 (9+2) combination of treatments, out of which nine treatments consisted of three levels of drip irrigation i.e. 60 (DI60), 80 (DI80) and 100 (DI100) percent of cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) in combination with three methods of planting i.e. 1row per ridge, 1row per bed and 1row(zigzag) per bed. Conventional irrigated treatments i.e., ridge and flat sown were kept as control. Root density was higher in 0-30 cm under DI100 but below 30 cm, it was higher under DI60 and DI80. Each increase in drip irrigation regime led to significant increase in cob and grain yield. Among the control treatments, root density, cob yield and grain yield was higher under ridge sown control treatment. Averaged over drip irrigation treatments, root density was significantly higher in top 15 cm soil layer in comparison with control treatments. While, the trend reversed below 15 cm soil layer. Cob and grain yield was significantly higher under drip irrigated maize than conventional irrigated maize. Frequent drip irrigation at 100 percent of CPE kept maize crop in favorable soil moisture conditions thus produced shallow and higher root mass (especially in top 30 cm) which resulted in better yield attributes and yield as compared to conventional irrigation method.

The study was carried out in the state of Assam, India with 270 randomly selected rural women of 3 districts, viz., Tinsukia, Nagaon and Barpeta districts to find the existing knowledge level of respondents on nutrition. Majority of the respondents had medium level of knowledge on nutrition, namely Barpeta (67.78%), Nagaon (61.11%) and Tinsukia (61.11%). It was observed that Nagaon district had the highest number of respondents (23.33%) with low level of knowledge on nutrition in comparison to Barpeta (20.00%) and Tinsukia (20.00%). Among the three assessed districts, Tinsukia had the highest percentage of respondents (18.88 %) having high level of knowledge on Nutrition

A field experiment was carried out for two consecutive Kharif seasons (Kharif 2009 and 2010) at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle with different herbicides and time of application for management of weeds in direct sown drum seeded rice. The two years study revealed that maintenance of weed free environment by sand mix application of pre emergence weedicide anilophos @ 1.25 lt/ha at 3-5 days after sowing (DAS) or oxadiargyl @ 90 g/ha at 8-10 days after sowing resulted in higher number of ear bearing tillers / m2, higher weed control efficiency, higher grain and straw yields than other herbicides and proved as effective as two hand weedings at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS). The post emergence herbicide pyrazo sulfuron ethyl @ 375 g/ha was more effective than bispyribac sodium @ 250 ml/ha at 20 DAS and recorded higher yield. Reduction in grain yield to an extent of 46.4% was observed due to presence of weeds indicating the need for effective control of weeds in direct sown drum seeded rice.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum) is self-pollinated crop. It occupies a prime position among various seed spices grown in India. The plant leaves and seeds are widely consumed in Indo-Pok subcontinent. Fenugreek is high influence of environment on the morpho-physiological expression, therefore the aim of this work to develop new high yielding variety to perform uniformed under different environmental condition. High yielding genotype (NDM-69) was identified among the pooled germplasm of N.D. university of Agriculture & Technology, Ayodhya by selection methods. The NDM-69 was evaluated for alkalinity and disease tolerance under natural field condition. This genotype has been tested at 13 centres under AICRP on Spices for yield potential. On the basis of data collected from the different centre variety Narendra methi-2 (NDM-69) has been recommended for release in the workshop of AICRP on Spices. Narendra methi-2(NDM-69) has been tested with national check Hisar Sonali and found 14.74 percent high seed yield. The yield was found variable in location to location due to variance of environmental condition .On the basis of pooled seed yield of fenugreek entries tested under the coordinated varietal trial goes 1st rank to UM-354, 2nd to AFg-5 and 3rd to NDM-69.The variety has shown strong genetic stability under different environmental conditions which can face the natural challenges and remain sustainable to produce good seed yield.

The present investigation was undertaken in Kolar and Chikkabalapur Districts of Karnataka State. A total of 120 sericulture farmers were selected as respondents out of which 60 respondents from Srinivasapur Taluk and 60 respondents from Sidllagatta Taluk. The primary data was collected from the Sericulture farmers through pre-tested interview schedule. Study showed that 53 percent of sericulture farmers possessed high overall knowledge followed by 27 percent had low overall knowledge and 20 percent had medium overall knowledge level of improved cultivation practices in Sericulture. All the ten independent variables fitted together in the multiple regression models explained only 82.70 percent of the variation in the knowledge level of sericulture farmers.

Sericulture is one of the promising enterprises supporting agriculture. It is a labour intensive, employment creating and income generating agro based industry providing gainful employment to 8.51 million mostly rural people. The present study was conducted in Siddlagahatta and Srinivasapur taluks of Chikkaballapur and Kolar districts of Karnataka during 2017-18. It is reported that, 51 percent of sericulture farmers possessed medium overall adoption followed by 32 percent had high adoption and 17 percent had low overall adoption level of improved sericulture practices. Ten independent variables fitted in Multiple regression and indicated that 61. 30 percent of the variation in the adoption of sericulture practices.

The effect of change in climate on agriculture may accentuate at regional level creating more vulnerability in food security rather than global level as a whole. Vulnerability assessment is more than measuring potential harm using information about climate influence. It comprises an assessment of the region's or sector's ability to adapt. The assessment of vulnerability will give a comprehensive picture of current and future climate change risks with more stress factors to be anticipated. It will help identify opportunities arising from climate change, and provide information on how to assess adaptive capacity and cope with uncertainty. The study was carried out in six districts i.e., Ballari, Koppala, Raichur, Kalaburgi, Yadgiri and Bidar of Hyderabad- Karnataka Region in the year 2018-19 to assess vulnerability status of the districts due to climate change. The secondary data was collected to calculate the Vulnerability index of the districts. Various indicators are selected under three dimensions i.e., exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. It can be visualized from the data presented in the study that Yadagir (0.64) belonged to very high degree of vulnerability to climate change whereas Ballari (0.58) and Bidar (0.50) districts were belong to high and medium level of vulnerability. It is also depicting that Kalburagi (0.45), Koppal (0.19) and Raichur (0.25) belonged to low vulnerability category.

The 21st century force the policy makers, planners and farming community to rethink regarding advancement took place in agricultural sector. Farmers have to move towards economic aspects of their agricultural. One has to engage in more profit-making occupation enterprise instead of traditional approach. Such enterprises required a latest technical information / knowledge. The limitations of public extension system have provided the reasons for private extension services in India. Hence to understand the feeling of agricultural enterprise owners, a scale was developed to measure the attitude of agricultural enterprise owners towards Private Extension Services. A ‘Scale Product Method’ technique was chosen to construct the attitude scale which is combination of the Thurstone’s technique of equal appearing interval scale for selection of the statements and Likert’s technique of summated rating for ascertaining the response. 74 statements were sent to 60 judges for its relevancy by assigning the score for each item in five continuums. Based on the scale value (S) and quartile value (Q), total 12 statements were finally selected to constitute the scale to measure attitude towards Private Extension Services. Reliability of the scale found to be 0.8205.

The present study was conducted in Siddlagahatta and Chintamani taluks of Chikkaballapur district and Bangarpet and Srinivasapur taluks of Kolar district during 2017-18 in KarnatakaIt is reported from the study that majority (95.83%) farm women were attending weeding operation in sericulture followed by(91.66%) were attending intercultural operations 100 percent of farm women were participating in harvesting of cocoon. This study was undertaken to know the extent of farm women participation in Sericulture and identify problems faced in sericulture.

The study was conducted during 2017-18 in Tumkur district to assess the technological gaps in flower production. Madhugiri taluk from Tumkur district was purposefully selected. 30 flower growers from each of four villages were selected making total sample size of 120.Major gaps identified were use of micro nutrients, mulching and use of weedicides which secured first rank followed by drip irrigation, improved practices, fertilizer management, application of recommended FYM etc. Suggestions of flower growers to improve flower cultivation were protection from middle men, providing glabour saving technologies, timely and adequate information regarding inputs availability and prices, irrigation source etc.