A field experiment was conducted in kharif season at farmers field of village Khatla in district Burhanpur to study the effect of drip fertigation and mulches on growth and yield of chilli. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three fertigation level 75,100 and 125 percent recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) and three mulching treatments 25, 50 micron black plastic mulch and no mulch with three replication. Total nine treatments and three replications were taken. Among the various treatment, black plastic mulch 25-micron thickness and drip fertigation with 125 % RDF recorded maximum plant height and number of primary branches i.e., 85.11cm and 8.10 respectively. Maximum yield of 465.12 q.ha-1 was observed for the treatment T3 followed by T6 (440.44 q.ha-1). Black plastic mulch with drip fertigation showed positive response on moisture conservation, high yield, maximum water & fertilizer use efficiency and higher weed control.

Changing extreme weather and climate events directly affect the crop condition and ultimately on crop yield/production. In the recent decades, in-season fluctuation of extreme weather has been increased which affect the crop at their crop growth stages. It is important to develop a fast and inexpensive method to assess crop condition and yield behaviour in a frequent interval at peak crop growth stages to help the policy makers and manage the buffer stock of food grains. This study explored the suitability of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) obtained over ten cropping year (Kharif) from 2008–2017 to understand the behaviour of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) yield in mid-season (at peak crop growth stages) and total production. Pre-harvest crop yield forecasting plays a vital role in coping with the challenges of the impacts of climate change on agriculture. NDVI product of MODIS-MOD13Q1-250m [1] of 16 days composite (fortnightly) is a freely available remote sensing product. The product was analysed in predominant groundnut growing mandals of Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Since Anantapur is a perennially drought prone district and the major kharif crop is Groundnut, contributing around 6000 km2 area in kharif season per year. It is essential to frequently monitor the Groundnut crop condition within crop growing season and assess the yield prospect. The peak vegetative growth of Groundnut crop is mainly occurs in August and September month in Anantapur district. The average yield of nine years (2008 to 2016) of selected mandals is varying from 136 kg/ha. to 496 kg/ha. The regression models were developed between NDVI and yield for each mandal fortnightly from June to September and the significant relationships were observed between NDVI and yield in selected mandals only in 1st fortnight of August, 2nd fortnight of August and 1st fortnight of September varying from R2 = 0.08 to 0.44, R2 = 0.09 to 0.52 and R2 = 0.05 to 0.52 respectively. The NDVI values of 2017 were used to predict the yield in mid-season and a significant correlation were observed between predicted yield and observed average yield (2008 to 2016) for 1st fortnight of August, 2nd fortnight of August and 1st fortnight of September with R2= 0.74, R2 = 0.82 and R2 = 0.48 respectively. The total production was estimated in mid-season using groundnut actual crop sown year up to 12th September, 2017 at mandal level.

Rice-Rice cropping system is one of the major cropping systems of Odisha occupying an area of 3.31 lakh ha with a productivity of 2.5 t/ha which is much below the national average (Odisha Statistics). Zinc deficiency is a common under rice cultivation. The soils of Odisha are deficient in Zn up to the extent of 28 %. Nutrient transformations under submerged condition are different from that of other aerobic systems. Zn utilization efficiency is 5-10 %.Losses of yield of 20% or more as a result of hidden zinc deficiency can have an economic impact on the farmer. To find out the optimum dose and frequency of Zn application a field experiment was conducted by taking 4 graded doses of Zn applied through 3 frequencies of once in six year ,alternate year up to 6 year ,every year upto six year to the first crop of a rice - rice cropping system grown in an Inceptisols of central farm, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. After every 2 year of Zn application Zn fractionation study was conducted to find out the possible fate of Zn application on various Zn pools and on yield of rice - rice cropping system. Results after 5 cropping cycles revealed that Rice crop responded to Zn application with respect to increasing dose and frequency with a highest mean grain yield of 4.3 t/ha as well as cumulative yield of 21.3 t/ha in the treatment of every year Zn application @ 5 kg/ha with highest gross return of 1.33 per rupee investment . Among the pools affected by Zn application was organic and amorphous oxide bound forms .Residual fraction constituted the highest percent of total Zn among all fractions .Hence for rice growing lowland soils of Odisha application of Zn @ 2.5 kg/ha every year to the first crop of a rice-rice cropping system can produce a sustainable yield.

Market integration in agricultural commodities is important for both developed and developing countries. If prices are not perfectly transmitted, then it may lead to mismatch and distortions in production and distribution. A sample of six domestic groundnut markets from the traditional groundnut growing states of Karnataka, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu were selected along with one major international groundnut market, namely Rotterdam market, Netherland. Analysis was carried out using the monthly price data between January 2000 and December 2018. Findings revealed that the prices became stationary only upon first differencing. The estimated error coefficients revealed that in Bijapur and Rotterdam markets disequilibrium got corrected within a month by changes in its own prices with speed of convergence at 20 and 76 per cent in the long-run path. But for other markets the speed of convergence ranged from 9 per cent to 69 per cent for short-run price movements to become stable along long-run equilibrium path in one or two-month lagged period.

The experiment was conducted during the period from November to April in 2016-17 and 2017-18 in the experiment field of Research Farm at BSP (Soybean) unit, Department of Physics and Agro-meteorology, College of Agricultural Engineering, J.N.K.V.V, Jabalpur (M.P.) to find out the effect of irrigation under varying sowing dates on yield performance of wheat. The experiment was laid out in Double Split Plot Design with three replications. Main treatment: Sowing date (3 levels at 15 days interval): D1: 30 November; D2: 15 December; D3: 30 December. Sub plot treatment: Varieties (2 varieties used): V1: GW-366 and V2: MP1202. Sub-sub plot treatment: Irrigation (3 levels): I1: crown root initiation +flowering stage; I2: crown root initiation + late jointing +milking stage; I3: crown root initiation+ tillering+ flowering+ milking stage. The highest days to maturity was recorded from D1 while the lowest days to maturity was observed from D3. D1 recorded the highest length of ear head, grain per ear heads, weight of 1000 grains, grain yield, straw yield, biomass yield and harvest index respectively compared to D3.Within varieties less difference found, GW-366 variety produced higher results as compared to MP-1202 variety in length of ear head, grain per ear heads, weight of 1000 grains, grain yield, straw yield, biomass yield and harvest index. I3 produced the highest results than that of I1 in length of ear head, grain per ear heads, weight of 1000 grains, grain yield, straw yield, biomass yield and harvest index respectively. Better grain yield performance of wheat was obtained from 30 November sowing date with GW-366 variety and with irrigation crown root initiation+ tillering+ flowering+ milking stage.

A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during November, 2016 to April, 2017 to assess the effect of plant growth regulators on growth and yield of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum var. grossum). The experiment was laid out with Randomized Block Design and replicated three times. There were seven treatments consisting of T1 (PCPA @ 50 ppm), T2 (PCPA @ 75 ppm), T3 (NAA @ 25 ppm), T4 (NAA @ 50 ppm), T5 (2,4-D @ 1 ppm), T6 (2,4-D @ 3 ppm) and T7 (Control). The results revealed that growth characters were significantly influenced by the application of NAA treatments. The highest plant height (96.90 cm) and number of leaves per plant (49.64), were recorded in T4 (NAA @ 50 ppm) followed by T3 (NAA @ 25 ppm). The highest number of seeds per fruit, pericarp thickness and fruit yield per plant (1581.13 g) were found in treatment T4. All the growth and yield parameters were significantly poor in T7 (Control).

It is well-known fact that trees influence the different soil properties. The leaf litter fall promote the permanent input to increase the organic matter content of the soil and positively influence the soil quality. Eucalyptus is an evergreen tree and it sheds its leaves though out the year which is the prime source of organic matter. Previous studies based on different properties of soils under Eucalyptus are inconsistent and contradictory. Several properties such as drying up of water courses, affecting the soil physico-chemical properties, tendency to deplete soil nutrients and fertility, suppression of other vegetation, reduction of forest biodiversity and reducing crop yield under Eucalyptus have been made. The physical, chemical and biological properties under different age Eucalyptus plantations had showed beneficial effect on the soil particularly during the later stages. The short rotation period will not allow accumulation of soil organic carbon and other soil chemical nutrients as reflected by the different results. Based on these facts it is worth to mention that if the crop planted with Eucalyptus did not receive any fertilizers, the soil nutrient status led to a reduction and also the yield of the intercrop. Therefore, supplementation of enough available nutrients is required for the intercrops in the initial stage along with Eucalyptus.

A field experiment was carried out to study the performance of All India Co-Ordinated Vegetable Improvement Project (AICVIP) varietal trial (AVT-II) on growth, yield and quality of Amaranthus were conducted from 2012 to 2013 at the Department of Vegetable Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications, which included Ten Amaranthus AVT II genotypes viz.2012/AMVAR- 1, 2012/AMVAR- 2, 2012/AMVAR- 3, 2012/AMVAR- 4, 2012/AMVAR- 5, 2012/AMVAR- 6, 2012/AMVAR-7, Arka Suguna (C) and Arun (C) and CO5 (LC). The Amaranthus genotypes were sown with care in the field during the year 2012 to 2013 at the spacing of 60 x 10 cm with the plot size of 3.0 x 2.5m. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes for growth and yield parameters. Among the entries tested (AVT-II), the highest leaf yield (152.1 q/ha) was recorded in 2012/AMVAR-1 followed by 2012/AMVAR-2 (140.4 q/ha).

The bioefficacy of insecticides mixtures against chilli thrips and mites were evaluated at College of Agriculture, Vellayani and Kalliyur Panchayath,Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Fipronil 40% + imidacloprid 40% WG @ 175 + 175 g a.i ha-1 was found to be effective in controlling both thrips and mites simultaneously followed by betacyfluthrin 8.91% + imidacloprid 19.81 % OD@ 15.75 + 36.75 g a.i ha-1. Spiromesifen 22.9 SC @ 96 g a.i. ha-1 was found to be effective in reducing chilli mite population alone. The leaf curling symptom due to the feeding of mites and thrips was least in spiromesifen and Fipronil 40% + imidacloprid sprayed plants.

The aim of this study was to explore the changes in the annual and seasonal rainfall and temperature using the long term time series data of Tamil Nadu. Trend analysis made through the non parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator for historic climatic period (1981-2017) and future time scales such as near century (2010-2039), mid of century (2040-2069) and end of century (2071-2099). Trend analysis of observed maximum and minimum temperature indicated an increasing trend at the annual and seasonal scale while rainfall showed no clear cut trend over Tamil Nadu. Annual and seasonal maximum and minimum temperatures are predicted to have more variability and significant warming trend in the future. In future, the projected annual and seasonal rainfall tread indicated a mixed pattern over Tamil Nadu.

Indebtedness has been a consequential issue in India mainly due to its social and economic dimensions and consequences. An excessive accumulation of debt along with reduced income would cause decline in economic well-being thus followed by social exclusion and poverty. In this context this study is an attempt to measure the extent of indebtedness and to bring out the factors that cause indebtedness among rural households. For this study, on the basis of composite index, a highly developed district (Erode) and least developed district (Dharmapuri) has been chosen. Debt income ratio and Debt asset ratio has been used to find the ability of households to repay debt and probit model has been used to bring out the factors that influence indebtedness. The survey shows that non-agricultural labour households were more indebted and most of the sample households were indebted to institutional sources.

The present study attempts to estimate the climate risk as measured by monthly rainfall deviation from the normal rainfall in different agricultural production risk zones of Tamil Nadu as followed under PMFBY insurance programme (G.O(M.S).No.227). The study has employed panel data covering 45 years district wise monthly rainfall and measured the trend in actual and normal rainfall. Based on the results, the occurrence of extreme weather events was accounted and interpreted. The finding reveals that the ongoing process of climatic change will lead to increase the extreme events occurrence in High risk zones by 53 percent. North East and south west monsoon which arethe important rainfall source for Tamil Nadu, fluctuating more compared to other seasons. These changes will affect the sowing and harvesting of crops. This study suggests that suitable technologies and policies should be developed to reduce the effects and to overcome the climate extremes.

Tripura is a tiny and land locked hilly state of the North-East India with a geographical area of 10492 sq. km and a total population of 36, 71,032 (as per 2011 census).The State Tripura characterized by varied physiographic and climate is endowed with a variety of land use types and agricultural systems. With over sixty percent area under forests and wastelands, the cultivated area is hardly 25 percent. The per capita availability of land is about 0.97 ha. Notwithstanding small arable land resource, the agriculture remains to be main source of livelihood to the people of the state. Rice (Oryza sativa L) is the major crop of the state which covers an area of 2,54,254 ha. Out of total paddy land 19,7502 ha area is under rainfed lowland (77%) and 56,752 ha area is irrigated (23%). The state receives high rainfall during kharif season. The root zone of the most agricultural farms of the region remain saturated or over saturated through kharif as well as rabi season, and farmers can hardly grow any crop other than rice under such situation. The productivity of paddy in the state is low (2.8 ton/ha). Since, rice farming is not remunerative and majority of crop land is under rice farming, doubling the farmers income as per Governments target by 2022 is a major challenge for the state. Under the above circumstances, a package of eco-friendly and economically viable technology for crop diversification and higher economic return in medium and low lands of Tripura is the need of the hour. In earlier study it has been found that rose and sunken bed technology have the potential to increase the net profit of the farmers by modification in field topography through construction of alternate raised and sunken beds which improves physical environment, particularly aeration status of the soil and creates proper condition for growth of crops other than rice. High value arable crops like vegetables, flowers etc. on raised beds and rice, fish during rainy season and pulses or other crops during dry season are the choice on sunken beds for enhancing income of the farmers Besides crop diversification this technology also found to have positive influence on income and employment generation, as well as meeting the nutritional security in changing climate. The technology is mainly suitable for the small holding of paddy lands where drainage is either inadequate or proper drainage is not available.

Grain properties are important during the post-harvest operations like cleaning, grading, drying, storage and milling and also mainly used for design and operation of the material handling equipment. In this study, the effect of three levels of moisture content on engineering properties of black gram grains (Vigna mungo) were studied and presented. Properties like dimensions of grains, sphericity, surface area, bulk and true density, porosity, angle of repose and frictional coefficient. The three levels of moisture content 10.31%, 12.39% and 14.19% were taken for the study as it is safe storage levels for storing either grains or seeds. As the moisture content (w.b.%) increases, the grain dimensions like length, width, thickness were also increased linearly which ranging from 5.08 ±0.26 mm to 5.50 ±0.21 mm, 4.50 ±0.28 mm to 4.97 ±0.28 mm and 3.31 ±0.21 mm to 3.66 ±0.23 mm respectively. As the results of increase in three axial dimensions, the sphericity, surface area, arithmetic and geometric mean diameter of the grains were also increased with increasing moisture content. In contrast to the bulk density and true density, which were decreased with increase in moisture content of the grains ranging from 823 to 761 kg/m3 and 1340 to 1284 kg/m3 respectively. Increase in porosity and angle of repose were measured with increase in moisture content. Co-efficient of friction of black gram grains on different surfaces at various moisture content were also investigated and it was found to be increased with increase in moisture content, also it was varied with material to material because of the wetness and texture of the grains.

The present study was undertaken to assess production performance traits of Sahiwal cows, maintained at the Bull Mother Experimental Farm, Anjora, Durg (Chhattisgarh). The objectives were to evaluate the effect of various non-genetic and genetic factors on some important production traits generated during the 9 years (from 2001 to 2009). The selected traits considered were Total Lactation Yield (TLY) and Lactation Length (LL). The overall least squares means for TLY and LL were found registered as 1322.135±33.141 kg and 293.294±3.416 days, respectively. The analysis of variance revealed that season had no effect on TLY and LL. The period effect was found to be highly significant (P<0.01) for TLY and LL whereas the effect of parity was found non-significant for both traits. The sire effect was found to be non-significant for all traits. The TLY increased from period 1st to 3rd period. The results indicated gradual improvement of milk yield from 2001 to 2009 in Sahiwal cows and remained similar during different seasons and among different parities. The progenies of different sires had also similar productive performances.

The present study was conducted in Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu to analyze the economics of groundnut crop and to estimate the compound growth rate of area, production and productivity. The present study was carried out in four blocks of Trichy viz., Musiri, Thottiyam, Thathai- Iyyengarpettai and Thuraiyur, selected on the basis of highest area and production under the specified crop. About 72 per cent of total production cost in Groundnut was contributed by variable cost. Rental value of owned land has contributed the highest (15 per cent) to the total fixed costs. The cost of production of Groundnut was calculated using cost concepts and was found to be Rs.58, 589. The average gross income and net income from groundnut cultivation was estimated to be Rs.72, 618/ha and Rs.8, 170/ha respectively. The study revealed that the area and production of groundnut in Tiruchirapalli district was found to depict a declining trend indicating the shift of groundnut cultivation over other crops in the locality. The compound growth rate of Productivity in the study area shows a positively increasing trend which is mainly due to better adoption of new cultivation strategies.

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Killikulam (TNAU) during rabi season (2018-2019) to study the effect of different plant geometry and graded NPK levels on growth and yield of transplanted finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design and replicated thrice with eight treatments. Treatments comprised of three plant geometry (30 × 10 cm, 25 × 25 cm and 30 × 30 cm) in combination with three graded levels of NPK (100%, 125% and 150% RDF, respectively). All the treatments are significantly influenced the growth, yield characters and yield of transplanted finger millet over the absolute control. Adaption of wider spacing with increased level of NPK (25 × 25 cm + 150% RDF) showed significantly higher growth characters, yield attributes and yield followed by treatment 25 × 25 cm + 125% RDF. The lowest growth characters, grain and straw yield was recorded in absolute control.

Pyrroloquinoline-quinone (PQQ) has been implicated as a plant growth regulator in several studies. However, a detailed mode of action of the molecule is yet to be described in plants. It is known to be an antioxidant and a redox cofactor. Natural and nature identical molecules that improve the seed germination and plant growth are helpful in designing novel organic inputs. In order to assess the usability of PQQ to design such formulations, we studied the effect of various concentrations of synthetic PQQ on the seed germination and growth characteristics of groundnut. We found that in groundnut, PQQ treatment shows significant difference in root development. Remarkably, the seedlings arising from 1.00 mM PQQ treated seeds showed triple the fresh weight of roots as compared to the controls. There was also an improvement in seed germination and other growth characteristics in the PQQ treated seeds. Our results show that PQQ is a promising molecule in designing novel formulations for plant growth and development.

ICT always playing a key role in agriculture. Forever since public have full-grown harvests, elevated livestock, and fixed fly-fish, they have required information from one another. What is the most real implanting policy on sheer hills? Where can I purchase the better seed or food this year? How can I obtain a land-living name? Who is disbursing the maximum amount to the market? How can I contribute to the government’s recognition package? Manufacturers hardly find it informal to gain responses to such requests, even if alike ones rise term after term. Agriculturalists in a community may have implanted the “same” harvest for epochs; but completed time, climate designs and soil situations transform and spates of vermin and illnesses come and go. Efficient data permits agriculturalists to manage with and even advantage from these variations. Providing such information can be thought-provoking, though, as the extremely local countryside of agriculture means that data must be tailor-made precisely to unique conditions. Five key tendencies have playing the key role for the use of ICT in agriculture, mainly for deprived manufacturers: (1) low price and universal connectivity, (2) flexible and more reasonable technological tools, (3) emerging and huge volume support in data storing, (4) advanced commercial models and businesses, and (5) the democratic of data, counting the open connection through social media. These are playing key role as predictable to endure determining the predictions for using ICT efficiently in emerging nation farming.

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2017 to study the effect of different land configurations and establishment method on physiological parameters of aerobic rice. The experiment was conducted in split plot design using rice variety ANNA (R) 4. Land configurations viz., ridges and furrows, raised bed and flat bed assigned as main plot and establishment method of direct sowing, transplanting of 14 and 21 days old seedlings as sub plot. The results revealed that among the land configurations raised bed with transplanting of 14 days old seedling has recorded higher values of physiological parameters of aerobic rice.

The present study attempted to estimate the growth rate of area, production and productivity followed by cost of cultivation of Black gram in Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu with a sample of 120 respondents. The Multi stage random sampling procedure was adopted. In First stage, Villupuram district was selected based on Black gram area. In Second stage, four blocks having highest area under Black gram were selected. Later three revenue villages from each block having highest area under Black gram were selected. Finally sample of thirty farmers from each block were selected randomly. The results revealed that the area, production and productivity of Black gram showed the increasing trend in the study area and recorded positive growth rates of 5.58 percent, 4.41 percent and 1.70 percent respectively. The total cost of cultivation of Black gram for small, medium and large farms were (Rs. 37,873/ha) and (Rs. 53,887/ha) respectively. The gross returns obtained by small farms will be (Rs.43,423/ha) and for medium and large farms will be (Rs.61,437/ha) respectively. The Net returns per hectare was highest in medium and large farms (Rs. 7,550/ha) compared to small farms (Rs.5,550/ha).

A five-year-old pregnant cross bred Jersey cow at nine months of pregnancy in second parity with dystocia due to dicephalic fetal anomaly was presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex and the fetus was delivered by caesarean section. The fetus was dicephalic with bicardia and dam recovered without any post-partum complication.

Risk is seen as an important and ever present factor influencing the optimizing behavior of farm adjusting to disequilibria in agriculture. Farming in India is with risk and uncertainty. At micro level, risk in agriculture affects farmer's decision and often results in technical and allocative in efficient level of resource use. The main sources of risk and uncertainly prevailing in crop production are yield, price and gross income instability. The present study was undertaken in Krishnagiri and Ramanathapuram districts of Tamil Nadu to analyse the various risk factors in agriculture and its management strategies adopted by the farmers. The Primary data from 180 sample farmers were collected through personal interview method. It is found that majority of the crop damage in Krishnagiri and Ramanathapuram districts was mainly due to insufficient rainfall/ drought & drought like situation. Nearly 50 percent of the sources of market risk were due to Fluctuations in the prices of inputs and outputs in the market. Majority of the farmers in Ramanathapuram district adopt livestock management strategy as one of the risk management practices which include change in number and feed management. Most of the households from Krishnagiri district borrowed from their friends and relatives to manage the expenditure against risk.

Advancement of nanotechnology raises the scope and hope of the researchers to invent new technologies for sustaining the productivity and production in agriculture. Nano-fibre is a versatile technique and acts as a carrier to entrap bio-active molecules for sustained release and improved use efficiency. The objective of this study was to encapsulate the systemic fungicide tebuconazole in biodegradable polymer nano matrix for smart delivery at targeted site. Tebuconazole at 250 ppm concentration was loaded in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nano-fibres. The samples were further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR). Increased diameter of the nano-fibre in SEM and TEM morphological study suggest that the Tebuconazole loading alter the internal structure of the PVA polymer matrix. The results were supplemented with qualitative analysis done with UV-Vis and FTIR where the data indicated that the tebuconazole could be effectively entrapped in PVA nano-fibre by showing the peaks and functional groups of the fungicide at respective wave length and wave numbers. EDAX results added value to this by conforming the elemental composition in tebuconazole entrapped PVA nano-fibre. The study concludes that tebuconazole can be successfully loaded in e-spun PVA nano-fibre and certainly this would be an alternative, viable and effective method for sustained release of fungicide molecules against pathogens.

Due to pressure of meeting energy demands of large population, India is shifting its focus from use of fossil fuels towards renewable-energy applications. being world’s second largest biogas programme operator, India is looking at biogas as a mission to fulfil rural energy demands. although family size biogas plants are achieving its peak; institutional biogas plants are not very popular throughout the country. the government is trying to persuade large-scale goshalas (cattle farms) to install institutional biogas plants. there is a vast potential for installation of biogas plant as large counts of animals are present under one roof. furthermore, this will have large effect as compared to smaller family-size units. the initial assessment has examined that institutional biogas plant requires heavy infrastructure with net energy investments along with financial ones. by using multi appraisal methodology, the biogas generation and utilization pathway were observed for various end utilizations. multiple appraisal methodologies involved determination and prediction of net embodied energy use, environment impact analysis using life cycle assessment methodology and financial investment assessments. family size biogas plant has more environmental impacts per m3 biogas production as compared to institutional biogas plant. the embodied energy suggests that energy investment required for producing biogas in family size biogas plant is more with more energy payback period and energy required for producing energy. an institutional scale biogas plant contrary to family size biogas plant can process large amount of waste at one utility.

The path coefficient analysis showed that, the number of pod clusters per plant had the highest direct effect on seed yield. Hence, this character seems to be important contributor of seed yield and must be considered in selection for high seed yield. Whereas, the characters namely number of pod clusters per plant and days to maturity had the highest indirect effect on seed yield. Hence, the indirect selection of these traits may lead to be the development of high yielding genotypes.

The present study examines the impact of new technologies viz., System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Direct-Seeding of Rice (DSR) in paddy cultivation in Thanjavur District. Result indicates, the yield and profit were higher in DSR and SRI as compared to conventional method. The gain in yield was 13.32 % in SRI and 15.60 % in DSR as compared to conventional method. The estimated cost of production was lower in DSR and SRI than conventional due to its fewer requirements of inputs and labour. The realized profit was more in DSR (₹ 45825.41/ha) and SRI (₹ 40791.20/ha) than conventional method (₹ 20721.63/ha). However, lack of skilled labour in transplanting young seedlings and line sowing, more weed infestation and poor germination of seeds were the major constraints faced by the farmers while using DSR and SRI technologies.

Sugarcane area is shrinking in Tamil Nadu due to rainfall variability. Future climate projections indicate more extreme weather events; hence, potential adaptation strategies need to be developed to sustain sugar production. To understand the sugarcane farmer’s insight, challenges and response to climate change, a survey was conducted with 410 farmers in Sathyamangalam, Villupuram and Thiruvannamalai regions that supply sugarcane to Bannari Amman Sugar mills. Study revealed that 38% of respondents are well aware of climate change. About 96.1% of the respondents reported continuous increase in temperature and consecutive drought for 2–3 years, that resulted in increased irrigation requirement and decline in sugarcane yield. To manage the climatic variability, creating more water sources, developing drought and disease resilient cultivars with high yield potential, popularizing climate resilient agro-techniques including Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative, increasing area under drip fertigation, making crop insurance as mandatory and increasing the effectiveness of climate services are recommended.

The study was conducted to investigate the constraints faced by farmers in production and marketing of selected pulses farmers in Mahabubnagar district of Telangana State. The State of Telangana was selected purposively for the study as the investigator hails from the state. Out of 31 districts of Telangana State, Mahabubnagar district was selected purposively for the study. In this district, the blocks recorded highest area was selected. In each block two villages with highest area under cultivation of particular crop were selected. The sample frame work incudes selection of three crops, three blocks and six villages purposively. From each selected village, 10 percent respondents were selected randomly thus making a sample of 145 respondents for the study. The study has revealed that the Redgram farmers in Narva block, Production related constraints results that the problem of labour scarcity during peak time with rank first, Garret value 86 and Average score (80.82),among the Marketing constraints faced by Redgram farmers in Narva block, the most important constraints was frequent price fluctuations first major among all the constraint faced by them, Garret value 80 and Average score (81.06).The Bengalgram farmers in Utkoor block, Constraints related production results that the first major constraint they faced was lack of knowledge of scientific crop production, Garret value 81 and Average score (82.00),among the Marketing constraints faced by Bengalgram farmers in Utkoor block said that frequent price fluctuations is major and is ranked first among the all other constraints, Garret value 85, Average score (78.62). The production constraints faced by the Greengram farmers in Damaragidda block results shows that the first major constraint they faced was lack of knowledge of scientific crop production, Garret value 80 and Average score (80.02), the marketing constraint faced by Greengram farmers in Damaragidda block said that the frequent price fluctuations is major and is ranked first among the all other constraints, Garret value 85, Average score (80.05).The finding of the study indicate that there is need to call from Government and policy makers to pay attention on effective planning that would overcome the constraints faced by farmers.

Turmeric, the rhizome of Curcuma longa L. is one of the most widely used spices of the family Zingeberaceae. Turmeric will require cleaning of rhizomes to improve the efficiency of operations like boiling, drying and polishing. The main components of turmeric washer are feeding mechanism, cylindrical rotary drum, water spray assembly, washed turmeric outlet, motor, pump and water collection tank. The collected waste water was filtered and re-circulated with the help of a pump. The design of feeding mechanism and turmeric washer were discussed in this paper.

A study was carried out to categorize the prospective zones for cultivation of Rice and Maize in Tamil Nadu at the Agro Climate Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The data on area, production and productivity of the study crops for 30 years (1981 to 2010) were collected from the Season and Crop Report, Government of Tamil Nadu. Two indices such as Relative Spread Index (RSI) and Relative Yield Index (RYI) were computed and the potential cropping districts for the test crops were identified. In Tamil Nadu, seven districts were found to be prospective regions for rice and four districts for maize as in these areas both the RYI and the RSI were more than 100 per cent. The decadal analysis indicated that the Virudhunagar district showed a potential shift from In- Efficient Cropping Zone (IECZ) to Yield Efficient Cropping Zone (YECZ) for rice and Tiruneveli and Tutucorin districts showed a potential shift from IECZ to Area Efficient Cropping Zone (AECZ) for maize.

A study was carried on lambs showing clinical picture of respiratory diseases under organized and unorganized intensive rearing system. Clinically, the lambs suffering from respiratory diseases presented nasal discharges (89.30%) which were unilateral in 76.3%, ocular discharges (41.32%), inspiratory dyspnea (80.34%), crackles (42.19%), increased respiratory rate (86.99%), pulse rate (84.97%) and temperature (77.16%).