Genetic variability parameters were studied in 64 mungbean genotypes for different phenological, morpho-physiological, yield and related traits. None of the trait was found with high estimates for GCV and PCV, while moderate estimates were observed for number of pods/cluster, biomass/plant, number of clusters/plant, number of pods/plant, 100-seed weight, plant height, grain yield/plant, chlorophyll content, plot yield and number of secondary branches. High heritability estimates were observed for most of the traits except % flower shed and pod length. Hence, direct selection may be exercised for improvement of these traits. High estimates of genetic advance were recorded for chlorophyll content and plot yield, whereas moderate for plant height and remaining traits had low estimates of genetic advance and indicated that most of the traits were controlled by polygenes. Maximum genetic advance as per cent of mean was registered for number of pods/cluster, biomass/plant, number of clusters/plant, number of pods/plant, 100-seed weight, plant height, grain yield/plant, chlorophyll content and number of secondary branches.

Among the different integrated potash management treatments, application of MPKV KMB strain as seed treatment (25 gm kg-1 of seed) along with the 75 percent recommended dose of potash significantly increased the growth and yield attributes of maize including plant height, number of green leaves at harvest, dry matter per plant, number of cobs per plant and grain yield which were at par with 100 percent recommended dose of fertilizer treatment.

In developing countries large number of people still lives in rural and remote area like in India where the grid electricity is unavailable or available for few hours. In these areas the vaccine preservation becomes an important issue and it is the basic need. The four components of the refrigerator, were designed separately (i.e. condenser, evaporator, compressor and the capillary tube) for 60 litre capacity. Eco-friendly refrigerant R-134a was selected. The nano-refrigerant (R-134a+Al2O3) was also used in this SPV operated refrigeration system to evaluate its performance and the results obtained are compared with the refrigerant R-134a. The per cent drop in the temperature among evaporator and condenser section of all various tests in two months (i.e. January and March) by using nano-refrigerant (R-134a+Al2O3) was observed to be 1.98 to 6.54 respectively. Average COP obtained varies from 1.95 to 2.26 and 2.13 to 2.46 by using refrigerant R-134a and nano-refrigerant (R-134a+Al2O3) respectively. The per cent increase in the value of COP and per cent saving in the power consumption of compressor varies from 8.85 to 10.19 and 14.03 to 18.36 respectively, during various test conditions using nano-refrigerant (R-134a+Al2O3) in place of refrigerant R-134a. The average monthly efficiency of solar photovoltaic system varies from 14.4 to 16.3 per cent for experimental duration.

Investigations on seasonal incidence of okra shoot and fruit borer and its relation with weather parameters in summer okra was carried out at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during summer 2016 and 2017. The data on seasonal abundance of Earias vittella on okra showed that, in first season (2016), the pest activity of this noctuid commenced from 11th standard week (0.9 larva/ plant) and continued up to 24th standard week (0.93 larva/ plant) and in next season at 11rd standard week (0.7 larva/ plant) to 24th standard (0.10 larva/ plant). Shoot damage was observed from 11th standard week whereas fruit damage was started during 5th week after sowing during both the years of study. While in correlation study maximum and minimum temperature showed significant positive correlation and bright sunshine showed negative correlation with okra shoot and fruit borer population.

Three representative soil pedons belonging to village Madava of Block Sohagpur, district, Shahdol were characterised and classified. The soils were moderately deep. The soil colour varied from dark brown to dark grayish brown. The texture of deep soil was clay while moderately deep soil was clayloam. The deep soil showed typical characteristics of Vertisols. Sub angular to angular blocky structure were also observed in middle horizons of most of the pedons. Effervescence was observed in almost all the pedons in lower horizons. Well-developed intersecting slickensides were noticed in pedon3. The soils were neutral to moderately alkaline in reaction. The organic carbon contents in these soils were medium in surface and decreased with depth. Cation exchange capacity (CEC), Ca++ and Mg++ ions were found high in horizons where clay was more. Considering morphological, physical, and chemical characteristics pedons 1, 2 and 3 were classified as Typic Haplustepts, Vertic Haplustalfs and Typic Haplusterts, respectively.

Sugarcane is one of the main cash crops used for production of sugar on large scale and other by products like ethanol. Sugar is a product which is largely consumed by the people and with the increasing population; the consumption rate will be increased. To fulfil the consumption needs enhancement in sugar production could be done by enhancing either yield or production. This will be achieved by using the proper method and procedure of seed during planting. Techniques like bud chip transplanting, spaced transplanting could be beneficial in this aspect. Also usage of disease free cane seed through various effective treatments will also help in increasing the production. Besides multiplication of better yielding commercial varieties through three tier system developed by Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow is like an icing on the cake for enhancing yield and productivity through increased seed production. Thus this review paper highlights on the methods, procedures and techniques required for increased seed production with higher quality.

Thirty-three diverse genotypes of finger millet were studied for genetic diversity on the basis of eight quantitative characters using Euclidian distance between genotypes. On the basis of non-hierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis, all the 33 genotypes of the present study were grouped into six non-overlapping clusters. Among the different clusters, cluster I contained maximum of 11 genotypes and cluster VI contained a minimum of 2 genotypes each. Cluster II was characterized by highest mean value for plant height and cluster III had highest mean value for number of productive tillers per plant, number of fingers per ear, grain yield and fodder yield. The cluster IV was characterized by highest mean value for main ear length and days to maturity. The cluster VI was characterized by highest mean value for days to 50% flowering. The highest inter cluster distance was observed between cluster IV and V while the lowest between I and III. The lowest intra cluster distance was observed in cluster III while highest intra cluster distance was observed in cluster II. Among the characters days to maturity followed by days to 50% flowering, grain yield and main ear length contributed maximum towards the total divergence and collectively contribute to more than 90% of the divergence. There is good scope to bring about genetic improvement in finger millet through hybridization and selection by crossing genotypes from different clusters.

In this paper, a model for predicting the leaf area has been developed for pomegranate (Punica granatum L) using 44 genotypes. Multiple regression analysis for the pomegranate leaf area was performed. The proposed leaf area (LA) prediction model is: LA = -0.00682 + 0.152 x L + 0.235 x W + 0.6209 x L x W; R2 = 0.95, where LA is leaf area, W is leaf width and L is leaf length. The model was validated by measuring leaf samples of pomegranate genotypes. The developed model can be estimated pomegranate leaf area without the use of expensive instruments and destructing the leaves of tree.

It has been reported earlier that paddy crop responded well to irrigation and fertilizer application through drip (drip-fertigation). The study was extended to different paddy growing environments located in different States of India. Working with farmers in these ecologies, some 15 rice cultivars were grown with drip fertigation. These were planted either by direct seeding (DSR) or by transplanting seedlings from nursery (TRP). These studies were conducted in the rainy season (kharif) or rain –off season (rabi or early summer). Location specific irrigation and fertigation schedules were followed. For comparison, normal flooded rice was also grown in adjacent plots with traditional method of irrigation (flood) and fertilizer application. The results confirmed that drip-fertigation offers clear advantage for rice production; yields are higher and water consumption lower in drip compared to flood, irrespective of the cultivar, planting method, season and location. While rice yields in drip were as high as 11.61 t/ha, the incremental yield enhancement due to drip-fertigation (over that in flood method) ranged from 14.7 % to 29.9%.

Bread is an important ready-to-eat processed food. It is closely related to people’s daily life. Bakery sector contribute a wide margin for innovations. An attempt has been made to improve the quality of bread by coupling with spices for gaining benefits. Garlic, onion, black pepper and coriander powders are blended together for preparation of masala mix. Formulations were made by incorporation of masala mix like; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and compared with control. According to sensory evaluation up to 2% fortified masala bread was acceptable. Fortification of masala mix showed textural characteristics as increase in hardness of masala bread from S0 to S4. Storage study revealed that the bread can be stored for 4 days without any additives.

The Plant Growth Regulators are chemical compounds which can regulate some important metabolic activities in plants. They influence growth and development of plants which is also accompanied by increase in yield, quality of product, flowering and some other parameter. Application of PGR in different concentrations on some economically important crops proved as beneficial. Application of Ethrel, CCC and GA3 confirm an effect on reproductive character, more specifically in their reversal from male to female. The growth retardant and promoter are equally significant in their performance in some fruit yielding crops.

An experiment was undertaken during 2016-2018 to study the effect of Benzyl Adenine as postharvest treatments on physical and sensory changes of Nendran banana. Nendran banana treated with Benzyl Adenine at 30 ppm, 50 ppm and 80 ppm for an immersion time of 10 minutes along with distilled water as control and without any treatment (absolute control) were stored in Corrugated Fibre Board boxes under room temperature (30±°C, RH 80-85%) till the end of shelf life. Nendran banana fruits treated with Benzyl Adenine at 50 ppm for 10 minutes delayed increase in pulp percentage, peel percentage and pulp to peel ratio and also recorded highest sensory score for appearance (8.97), Colour (8.97), flavour (8.93), taste (8.97), texture (8.90) and overall acceptability (8.93) after 15 days of storage as compared to fruits treated with distilled water and without any treatment.

Erosion is a common feature in Gird region of Madhya Pradesh, rendering large expanses of arable land, uncultivable and uninhabitable. Erosion in the area was classified into two types: Deep erosion (Chambal Ravine), medium (Kunwari and other tributaries of Chambal and Yamuna) and minimum erosion (Agriculture field). The current study aimed at providing insight into physical and chemical properties of soil that promote soil erosion and determine the ravine/gully formation type. Field studies were conducted at 3 sites (2 eroded and 1 Minimum- eroded). Physical (particle size distribution, structure stability and dispersibility), and chemical (pH, exchangeable cations, total-C, and total-N) properties of soil samples collected from the sites were analyzed in the laboratory. The results showed High infiltration rate and higher soil dispensability resulted to loss of heavy soil mass due to fragile soil structure and hollow out at the soil layer of stream floor might induce the fall down of the above soil mass successively are major factors contributing to the formation of deep and medium type of ravine erosion. Soils of the eroded sites and the non-eroded sites differed mainly on the basis of soil structure stability, water infiltration rate, and soil dispersibility and low organic carbon content in eroded soil. Susceptibility of soil layers to erosion also depended on the magnitude of ESP and sand content.

Genetic variability, correlation & path analysis studies were carried out for 10 characters on 17 elite rice hybrids along with 7 different checks. The magnitude of genetic variance was high for majority of traits except for panicle length, panicle number, 100-grain weight, harvest index and grain yield per plant. The higher magnitude of genetic variance for plant height, grain number, fertility % and plot yield, which have bearing on yield may be sorted out as important selection criteria for realization of higher productivity in hybrid rice. Plot yield exhibited positive association with plant height, panicle length, panicle number, grain number, harvest index & grain yield per plant. Grain yield per plant was positively correlated with plant height, panicle length, panicle number, grain number and harvest index. Out of all the traits, plot yield and grain yield per plant have positive association with other traits like plant height, panicle length, panicle number, fertile grain number and harvest index. There is positive association between panicle number and grain yield. But the association of panicle number was observed to be low, negative and insignificant with majority of characters under study. The association between grain yield per plant & grain number was positive but the grain number exhibited negative association with 100-grain weight. Plant height exhibited maximum positive direct effect on grain yield per plant followed by panicle number, harvest index, fertility %, days to 50% flowering, fertile grain number & panicle length. Thus, indicating the importance of such traits as criteria for selection in that order for realization of higher productivity. Harvest index exerted greatest indirect effect on yield via other traits following 100-grain weight, panicle length, plant height and fertile grain number.

The present study was taken up in Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu. The main objective of the study was to analysis the constraints experienced by the sugarcane growers. The results revealed that majority of the constraints experienced in sugarcane cultivation were unable to attend the training on sugarcane technologies, high cost of inputs and labour non-availability of laborer’s, crop lodging and lack of road facilities.

The experiment was conducted at Instructional Dairy Farm, Nagla, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar of district U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand to see the effect of Aloe vera on feed intake efficiency and internal parasitic load on twelve newborn female crossbred calves. The weekly mean for DMI of crossbred calves fed on ration with or without Aloe vera supplementation. The DMI in the initial phase were almost equal (2.44±0.01, 2.48±0.07 and 2.52±0.01 kg) in control and treatment groups. In the end of experiment DMI in groups were 6.87±0.03, 7.83±0.18 and 9.30±0.15 kg in control, treatment group 1 and treatment group 2 respectively. The results show that the Aloe vera had the statistically significant effect (P<0.05) on DMI in treatment groups. Treatment groups started trend of significantly (P<0.05) higher intake over control from 4th week onwards and retain until the end of experiment. Beside this, treatment group 2 (T2) also showed significantly (P<0.05) higher intake as compare to treatment group 1 (T1) from the same extant. There was no internal parasitic load in groups in the beginning of experiment. At the end of experiment lower egg per gram was observed in treatment group 2(87.5±23.93) as compare to treatment group1 (100±20.41) and control (100±14.43).

Black pepper crop in Kerala suffers prolonged drought from December to May and the resulting water stress in combination with high temperature is the major factor for its low productivity. Black pepper vines will not have tap root system because of vegetative propagation and hence the effect of drought is more pronounced in black pepper. Selective fertilization technique by artificially imposing desired selection pressure during pollination and fertilization is an effective and simple alternative in developing high yielding water stress tolerant black pepper hybrids. Hence, this experiment was done to identify the critical water potential as the selection pressure for male gametophytic selection in black pepper. The critical water potential for pollen germination in black pepper was -0.3 MPa. The ability of pollen to germinate and grow well at critical water potential could be used as a tool to identify water stress tolerance in black pepper cultivars.

A field experiment under Ph.D programme was conducted during Kharif season of 2013 and 2014 in Alfisols at Instructional cum Research of Shaheed Gundadhoor College and Agricultural Research Station, Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh, to study grain yield of red rice as influenced by the use of inorganic, organic and micro nutrients .Results indicated that application of N80P60K40 + Zn25 + S4 + B10 h-1 (T11) registered significantly highest yield attributing characters and rice grain yield (q ha-1) but at par with treatment N120P80K60 FYM5t h-1 (T4) during the year 2013 and mean basis .However, the highest straw yield (q ha-1) during both the years and on the basis of registered treatment N120P80K60 FYM5t h-1 (T4) over rest of treatments but at par with treatments N80P60K40 + Zn25 + B10 h-1 (T9) and N80P60K40 + Zn25 + S4 + B10 h-1 (T11) during 2013 and on mean basis, an additional treatments N120P80K60 (T2) and N80P60K40 + S4 + B10 h-1 (T10) 2014.

Inactivation of microorganisms exposed to Hurdle technology (HT) is a promising food preservation technology. This paper demonstrates and validates the inactivation of microorganism in raw milk subjected to combined effect of pulsed electric field and mild heat. The raw milk was preheated to 40°C and 50°C before it was subjected to various voltage gradients viz., 10KV/cm, 20KV/cm and 30KV/cm with different treatment time viz., 3 and 6 minutes. The pasteurized milk samples were taken as control samples. The HT treated samples were compared with pasteurized (control) milk samples to determine the efficacy of HT treatment. The initial microbial load present in the raw milk was 6x106 cfu/ml whereas the microbial load present in the control samples were 3x104cfu/ml. It was found that the standard plate count values were highly significant (p<0.01) in HT treated samples when compared to control samples. It was also found that there was significant difference in standard plate count values between treatments. It was observed that the E.coli was not present in HT treated samples and during the storage period.

Artemia cyst production using brine of different salinities was studied. Brine of different salinities viz., 120, 140, 160 and 180‰ were used as culture medium for Artemia cyst production. Cysts production increased with increasing salinity up to 160‰, but declined in 180‰ salinity. About 32.34 and 40.60 per cent higher production of cysts was observed in 140 and 160‰ salinity rearing tanks respectively over 120‰, while 16.40% less production was observed in 180‰ rearing medium than 120‰. Significantly higher (p>0.05) cyst production of Artemia franciscana was observed in the rearing medium of 160‰ salinity.

The small-and marginal farmers are dominated in agriculture. Raising productivity is likely the single most important factor, if incomes of farmers group are to be doubled. To overcome the problem, here is need to focus on irrigation, seeds/ planting materials, reduction in input cost and new technological based interventions coupled with a shift into high-value commodities such as horticulture. Despite the scope and importance for cultivation of various horticulture crops, farmer in mass are not adopting the latest production technologies comprising of Precision Horticulture Practices related to soil, water and selection of planting material. The various districts of Uttar Pradesh classified under nine different agro-climatic zones viz. Central Plain Zone, South Western Semi Arid Zone, Bundelkhand Zone, Eastern Plain Zone, North Eastern Plain Zone, Vindhyan Zone, Bhabhar & Tarai Zone, Western Plain Zone, Mid western Plain zone. To increase the income with horticultural crop, there is need to adopt the horticulture based interventions with agro-climatic zone wise strategic action plans e.g. Establishment of new orchard, Management of old and unproductive orchards-Mango, Guava, Hi-tech horticulture nursery management technologies, Production technology of tissue culture banana, Improved production technology of vegetable crops, Flower production, Production of medicinal, aromatic and spices, Resource conservation technologies for enhancing production of horticultural crops and Role of ICT in doubling income of farmer through horticultural crops.

The study was conducted so as to understand the status and functions of Common Service Centres (CSCs), Village level entrepreneur (VLE) and their customers. And it was found that mobile recharge, online result, Aadhar seeding and Aadhar prints were mostly delivered and demanded services in the CSCs. Most of the VLE have gain benefit in their income, enhanced experience and also improved their social status. Customers also gain benefits saving cost & time and easy access to internet services. Most of the VLEs faced certain challenges due to less support from government officials and slow update of new services and customer respondents also mention of lack of knowledge and technical skill was the constraints they faced at CSCs. It can be suggests that active monitoring team should form to evaluate the role and functions of all stakeholders for better performance of CSCs and also need training and proper awareness programme for the customers to exploit more services from the CSCs.

Common bean is a staple food and the major source of iron and zinc for human consumption. Bean iron and zinc concentration is high and can be further increased by bio-fortification. Common bean also needs to be improved for biochemical traits viz., soluble protein, starch, sugar, phenol content etc. Breeding is guided by principles of market-driven approaches to develop client-demanded varieties. Through gender-responsive participatory variety selection, market- demanded varieties needs to be released. These new approaches will be key component of sustainable food systems in the world.

This study has examined trends in area, production and yield of major pulses in India through growth rate and instability analysis for the last 20 years from 1996-97 to 2015-16, which were further divided into two sub-periods characterising the period of before and after NFSM. The growth rates were calculated by fitting the exponential growth function and instability were analysed by generating Cuddy Della valle index for the five major pulses of India and pulses as a whole. The results have shown a highly significant but low growth rate of 2.14 percent in pulses production during this period. This growth rate is significantly higher in the sub period II. The area and yield under pulses have also shown a marginal but significant growth rate of 0.44 and 1.19 percent respectively. But yield growth rate was found higher than the growth rate in area implying that area allocation under pulses is increasing poorly even after NFSM while improvements in yield are there.

Five year old male Chippiparai dog was reported to Small Animal Medical unit of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli with the complaint of respiratory distress, gradual distension of thorax and unable to lie down for the past two days back. It showed restlessness, extended head and neck, oral breathing, abducted elbow, elevated temperature and pulse, cyanotic mucous membrane and inspiratory dyspnoea. Muffled heart and lung sound on auscultation and hyper-resonance sound on percussion over thorax were observed. Radiography of the thorax revealed collapsed lung lobes (atelectasis), elevated heart from sternum, free air in the pleural space. Thoracocentesis was performed and three litres of air was removed. The animal was treated with oxygen therapy, enrofloxacin and flunixin meglumine. The animal showed complete recovery on sixth day of presentation.

Next to yield, grain quality is the most important factor considered by plant breeders. Although the demand for rice is likely to increase, the rice breeding stations and institutions had tried to improve indigenous rice for yield parameters along with cooking qualities. In the present study, we performed experiment to record the physicochemical and cooking properties of landraces cultivated in Aus season. We assessed the physico-chemical and cooking quality characteristics in selected land races grown in foot hills of Himalayan region (31.1048 °N; 77.1734 °E) mainly Himachal Pradesh. The main objective was to analyze the various quality aspects in terms of physiochemical and cooking quality of selected germplasm. Significant variation (P<0.05) was detected among the 20 rice varieties for all the traits evaluated. Among the 11 landraces, Saaldhan has the highest kernel width (2.98 mm), Hulling recovery (83.24%), milling recovery (82.58%), milled kernel length (2.73 mm) and water uptake ratio (4.15%), while as, Karad had lowest hulling recovery (70.88%), milled kernel length (4.21 mm), cooking grain width (3.41 mm). Amylose content (23.24-29.24) showed non-significant differences between the varieties, Head rice recovery was below 60% in the all the varieties.

The present investigation entitled "Effect of feeding Azolla (Azolla pinnata) meal on feed intake and feed conversion efficiency of Vanraja poultry birds” was carried out to assess the feeding effect of Azolla meal on feed intake and feed conversion efficiency of vanraja poultry birds production. One hundred and fifty day old chicks were procured and equally distributed into five treatment groups T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 with 30 numbers of chicks in each treatment. Azolla (Azolla pinnata) meal was added in experimental ration at different levels. The dietary treatments consisted of without supplementation (T1), supplemented with 3, 6, 9 and 12 per cent azolla meal in treatment T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. The average total weekly feed consumption gram/bird during the experimental period at the end of seventh week was recorded as 629.7, 600.02, 670.00, 584.83 and 614.25 g. For T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments groups, respectively. The cumulative feed consumption at seventh week of age was 2612.8, 2653.04, 2723.1, 2440.5 and 2653.8 g, in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments groups, respectively. The average weekly feed efficiency at seventh week age was 2.77, 2.66, 2.53, 2.36 and 2.85 under treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. The cumulative feed efficiency of various groups at seventh week from T1 to T5 was 2.73, 2.64, 2.49, 2.33 and 2.63, respectively.

Cassava, popularly known as tapioca, is grown in India for more than a century; and a staple food, consumed by 500 million people world wide. In South India tapioca is widely grown in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. To achieve the growing demands of increasing population in our country by 2000 AD, the tapioca production will have to be raised. This could be possible by adopting all the recommended cultivation practices for tapioca. A study was conducted with a sample of 120 tapioca growers at Salem district of Tamil Nadu to study the technology wise differences between the knowledge and adoption levels of tapioca growers. The analysis namely 'Z' test was used in this study. The study revealed that the following technologies viz., ‘right time of harvesting’, ‘intercropping’ and ‘depth of planting’ exhibited significant difference between knowledge and adoption. For all other practices studied there was no significant difference between knowledge and adoption. Further the study indicated that the tapioca farmers who know the recommendation for the ‘right time of harvest’, ‘intercropping’ and ‘depth of planting’ did not adopt these practices in their farm due to various constraints.

The present study was conducted in Cuddalore district of Tamilnadu state during the year 2015-2016 to assess the knowledge level of recommended cultivation practices of sugarcane growers. Two blocks namely Annagramam and Panruti were selected based on the maximum area under sugarcane cultivation. From these two blocks, six villages namely Poongramam, Chithirachavadi, Kanisapakkam, Kandanpalayam, Siruvathir and Eripallayam were selected. 120 respondents were selected based on the proportionate random sampling. Well structured and pre-tested interview schedule was used for the collection of relevant data. The results revealed that majority of the sugarcane growers (40.80 percent) had medium level of knowledge category followed by 25.00 percent and 34.20 percent of the respondents in low and high level knowledge categories, respectively. Regarding the relationship of characteristics with the knowledge level of farmers the results of multiple analysis indicated that educational status, experience in sugarcane cultivation, extension agency contact, innovativeness, risk orientation and scientific orientation were found to be positive and significant relationship with knowledge level.

Socio economic status is the essential factor in the modern world, especially for the developing nations. Socio economic status in rural areas is gradually increasing over a period of time. Developmental programmes and policies have to be implanted to improve the socio economic status of rural population. In this research paper an attempt made to study the rural population economic status and housing conditions. This study is entirely depending on primary data which have been collected door to door survey with suitable interview schedule. The major occupation of the study group is farming activity and their income also greatly depends on agriculture. Majority of the respondents having pukka house but which lacking in furnishings.

A field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm, Main Campus, Chatha of SKUAST–Jammu during the year 2012-13 and 2013-14 to evaluate tillage practices, cropping systems, mulching and fertilizer on growth, yield attributes and yield of marigold (Tagetes erecta) under intensive cropping system” The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with two crop establishment methods (Minimum/Zero tillage and conventional tillage) and three cropping systems (Rice-Wheat, Rice-Marigold-French bean and Maize + soyabean -Wheat) and two fertilizer rates (Rec. Dose of Fertilizer and 75% RDF + 25%N through FYM) with and without mulching in sub-plots under clay loam soil having alkaline in reaction (pH-8.1), medium in soil organic carbon, available P & K and low in available N. The results revealed that Rice-Marigold-French bean cropping system, recorded higher REY (223.39 q/ha and 198.48 q/ha), system duration (309, 315 days), system profitability (Rs. 662 /ha/day and 838/ha/day), land use efficiency (85% and 86%) and production efficiency (Rs. 72 and 63 kg/ha/day) during both the years. The maximum net return of Rs. 240372 and Rs. 239015/- was recorded under Rice- Marigold- French bean cropping system with B: C ratio of 2.18 and 2.03. while application of paddy straw as mulch @ 5 ton/ha during Rabi season with INM under conventional method of sowing to Rice-Marigold-French bean has yielded maximum REY of 210.93 q/ha with net returns (Rs 239693) and B:C ratio of 2.10 as compared to non mulch treatment.

Diversification is an integral part of structural transformation of an economy. In brief it is the shift of work force either from one sector to another sector (Macro level diversification) or from one branch to other branch of a particular sector (Micro level diversification). So far as diversification within the agricultural sector is concerned it may be in terms of less profitable crop to high profitable crop i.e. crop to crop diversification or may be in terms of crop production to animal husbandry, fishing etc. i.e., crop to non-crop diversification. The present study mainly concentrates on crop-to-crop diversification in India for the period of 1980-81 to 2000-2001. Both food and nonfood crops have been considered here. The total period of discussion is subdivided into two sub-periods viz. pre reform period (1980-81 to 1989-90) and post reform period (1990-91 to 2000-2001).To measure the extent of diversification Herfindahl- Hirschman Index (HHI) has been used. HHI is a simple yet sophisticated way of measuring the nature of diversification not only in the agriculture sector but also in any other sector of an economy. The value of HHI varies from zero to one. It takes a value of one when there is complete specialization and approaches to zero with the increase in the extent of diversification. Zero value of HHI indicates perfect diversification. Besides studying the nature and extent of diversification, attempt has also been made to study the sub period growth rates of the different crops and crop groups using best fitted kinked model. As a concluding remark it can be said that crop diversification is no doubt a healthy picture of an agro-based country like India towards its modernization. However, as compared to the other developing countries the process of crop diversification in this country is lagging far behind. To make the crop diversification more beneficial proper government attention, research support, proper water management, enhancement of credit and input supply etc. are very much necessary in the present competitive environment of globalization and liberalization.

A new born kid was presented at Veterinary Polyclinic of Allipur village (Jagityal district, Telangana) with a history of straining, unvoided meconium and urine since birth. Abdominal palpation revealed firmness of perineal region along with bulging which was due to the absence of anal orifices and agenesis of genitalia. The present case report describes successful surgical intervention of atresia ani with atresia of vulva in a new born female kid.

The cluster front line demonstration of sunflower was conducted at Tiruchirapalli district during 2016-17 in the farmers field in different locations through cluster front line demonstration. An area of 20 ha at 40 beneficiaries field of three blocks. Results revealed that average highest yield 16.9 q/ha found in demonstration plot followed by 13.8 /ha in control plot. The same trend found in case of CFLDs gross and net monetary returns, was Rs. 71501/- and Rs. 43508/- ha and for control Rs. 44662/- and Rs. 19912/-ha, respectively. Benefit cost ratio for demonstration and control was 2.55 and 1.80 respectively. It can be concluded that the oilseed production could be enhanced by encouraging the farmers through adoption of recommended technologies which were followed in the CFLDs. with latest technologies.

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2014 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem, to find out priority input for kharif grain sorghum and percentage of yield loss when one of the priority input missed due to various reasons. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications and eight treatments. The results revealed that full package of practices treatment (T2) recorded significantly higher number of grains per panicle (1939), 100 seed weight (3.97 g), grain yield (2072 kg ha-1), and net returns (Rs 22289 ha-1). Among the different resource constraint treatments significantly the highest yield reduction was observed when fertilizer (-47%) was not applied to the sorghum crop followed by non-adoption of weed control measures (-31%), thinning (-30%) and plant protection (-28%). Adoption of only improved hybrid without any inputs (T1) recorded significantly the lowest number of grains per panicle (953), grain yield (756 kg ha-1), stover yield (4883 kg ha-1) and net returns (Rs 8117 ha-1).

Work related musculoskeletal disorders cause the loss to various body parts that might be the muscles, ligaments, joints, tendons, nerves and also affects the blood circulation system. Work related musculoskeletal disorders are making more serious effect on performance of work and working environment where the work is being performed. Sample of 120 healthy women working in cashew processing units were selected for the present study from Raigad and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra state belonging to age group 25 to 45 years having 5 years work experience. Six cashew processing activities i.e. cutting of cashew nut, separation of cashew shell, drying and cooling of kernel, peeling of kernel, grading of kernel and packing of kernel were purposely selected. This study was investigated to assess, occupational work related musculoskeletal problem of women workers. The intensity of musculoskeletal problem while working in cashew nut processing units while cutting of cashew nut Nordic pain score in different body parts showed the highest mean score in the elbow i.e., 46 in the category of medium pain score, while separation of cashew shell was recorded highest in shoulder i.e., 52 and 49 in wrist/hand. The body parts pain mean score while grading of cashew shell was recorded highest in shoulder i.e., 55, elbow i.e., 45 and 53 in wrist/hand. In peeling of cashew kernel, the highest mean score were recorded in shoulder (57), elbow (58), and wrist (55) in the high level of Nordic body pain score.

A study was conducted to estimate the Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) content of soil, feed, fodder and serum in Pune district of Maharashtra during different seasons of the year. Minerals in soil, feed, fodder and serum samples were estimated by AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry). Mean levels of soil Cu, feed Cu, fodder Cu and serum Cu in all tehsils were above the critical value. The Zn content of soil from all tehsils in rainy season were below critical value. Zn levels below critical value were also seen in soil (winter samples from Shirur and Purandar), feed (rainy season samples from Purandar and Baramati), fodder (samples of all three seasons of Purandar; samples of winter and rainy season from Baramati) and serum (samples of all three seasons of Purandar and rainy season from Mushi). In all tehsils, highest mean levels of Cu & Zn in soil, feed and serum values were seen in summer, followed by winter and then by rainy season. Percent Deficient Samples (PDS) for Cu were 7.55% in soil, 3.4% in fodder and 19.71% in serum samples; whereas PDS for Zn were 63.21% in soil, 29.5 feed, 51.02% in fodder and 30.77% in serum samples, respectively. Highest PDS for Cu & Zn in serum were found in Purandar tehsil. To conclude, it is necessary to supplement these minerals in ration by formulating area specific mineral mixture in order to sustain normal levels and maximize production of cattle.

The aim of the present investigation is evaluation of twenty genotypes of American cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) for estimating the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance besides, yield and yield components and drought tolerance trails during kharif 2016-17. The data revealed statistically significant variation regarding seed cotton yield (kg/ha) (1883.35) and boll per plant (44.0). Genotype, GSHB-185 was noticed maximum (3.85g) boll weight per plant. The data regarding drought tolerance parameters was shown that the highest value of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll was found in genotype TCH- 1199 and relative water content in the genotype TSH-327. The highest value for Chlorophyll stability was recorded in genotypes L-1060. However, the estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were found high for number of bolls plant-1 and boll weight (g) and drought tolerance parameters viz., chlorophyll b, leaf water potential, chlorophyll a and photosynthesis rate. The high heritability estimates were observed for yield and yield components viz., seed cotton yield plant-1, bolls plant-1 and boll weight and drought tolerance traits viz., relative water content, proline content, total chlorophyll and leaf water potential. Genetic analysis revealed that promising genotypes JK- 4 and TCH 1199 led as tolerant genotypes and could be used in future yield improvement for drought tolerance with high yield potential. This study will be useful for the development of new drought tolerant verities for enhancing cotton yield.

Eighteen common bean genotypes were studied for six morphological traits during Rabi 2016 and Kharif 2017. The Correlation coefficients at phenotypic level envisaged that yield per plant was having significant and positive correlation with pods per plant, seeds per pod and 100 seed weight while 100 seed weight has negative correlation with seeds per pod and pods per plant. These traits will help in improving yield of Bhaderwah common bean which has good market value and is of great importance to bean growing farmers.

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the effect of different land configurations and weed management practices on growth and yield of soybean at Instructional Farm, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Aron, Guna (M.P.). The results revealed that the number and dry weight of weeds was significantly lower under S2, S3 and S4 land configurations as compared to the flat bed sowing (S1) at harvest stage. The total number of weeds/m2 ranged from 52.20 to 57.32/m2 under S2, S3 and S4 as against 76.54 weeds /m2 under S1 land configuration. Consequently, the dry weight of weeds was also recorded in the similar range according to their number/m2. The weed free (W6) performed the best where only 4.49 weeds/m2 were observed up to the harvest stage as against 194.82 weeds/m2 under unweeded control. Amongst the applied herbicides, Aceloflorfen + Clodinafop (W2) performed the best where 21.68 weeds/m2 were observed as against 194.82 weeds/m2 under control treatment. Among land configurations, raised bed furrow sowing gave significantly higher seed yield (13.04 q/ha) and maximum net income (Rs 24125/ha) with 1.93 B: C ratio. weed free condition recorded significantly higher seed yield (15.78 q/ha) as compared to the remaining treatments except Aceloflorfen + Clodinafop (W2) which produced 15.36 q/ha seed. Application of Aceloflorfen + Clodinafop (W2) resulted in highest net income up to Rs 34091/ha with B: C ratio 2.42.