Several sp. of Pseudomonas are recently included in the list of nitrogen fixers, on the basis of physiological properties and nitrogenase assays. Here, we report information regarding the cluster of nif genes in Psuedomonas putida MB-L using nif H, nif D and nif K degenerate primers based PCR amplification assays and southern hybridization using the nif probes derived from plasmids containing the fragment of nif HBKTY from K. pneumoniae. Further, we reconstructed the nitrogen metabolism network using Cytoscape software 2.7.0 and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) biological database. Our results reveal several enzymatic similarities with the Rhizobium leguminosarum, implying its utility for the improvement and development of economically important crops. This framework provides a novel model to explore the metabolism of P. putida, besides contributing useful information regarding plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere.

The use of enzymes in clarification of various types of fruit juices has contributed in increasing the yield and production of them in the industry. Apple juice treated by crude extracts of Pectinase, Cellulase and Amylase enzymes produced in laboratory for its clarification and quality improvement. Juice was treated with enzymes at different pH, temperatures and time as individual enzyme and as a mixture of enzymes. Apple juice clarification measured by its percent clarity and reducing sugar produced. Enzymes show activity in acidic pH range between 3 to 6 and the temperature range 30 to 60°C. Mixture of enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 5.0 and Temperature at 40°C. Mixture of enzymes found to have more effective clarification of juice as compared to independent enzymes and also shows improvement in juice quality.

Organisms producing cellulase play a key role in the recycling of cellulose, and thereby maintain the carbon cycle on earth. Members of the genus Trichoderma are well known to secrete active cellulase into the culture broth. Present study aims to isolate and characterize indigenous cellulytic Trichoderma spp. from Bangladesh. In this study, decaying wood samples were screened for the isolation of Trichoderma spp. capable of producing cellulase using CMC (Carboxymethyl cellulose) as a substrate. Cellulase production by the isolates was examined at different conditions. Ten filamentous fungi capable of producing cellulase were isolated. Based on morphological characteristics they were identified as member of Trichoderma sp. The results showed that all the selected isolates produced detectable quantities of cellulases on plate screening medium. The effect of various physical parameters such as temperature, pH, rotation, incubation time etc. on enzyme production of the isolates were determined. All the strain exhibited over all good cellulytic activity after 72 hours of incubation at 30± 2ºC at pH 4.0. Rotation has shown to affect enzyme productivity and productivity was higher at RPM 100. Cellulase productivity can be improved further through strain mutation and optimization of the fermentation process.

Members of the genera Bacillus are a source of diverse antimicrobial peptides and have been reported to typically exhibit antibacterial activity against several Gram positive and negative bacteria. Therefore, they have attracted the greatest attention for present day researches for providing alternative sources of pathogen control as opposed to the conventional strategies of chemical antibiotic usage. Commercially, several strains of Bacillus are already extensively being used as probiotics. These bacilli are promising probiotic candidates commonly isolated from human, porcine, and avian gastrointestinal tracts (GIT). However the present attempt was to identify native, indigenous Bacillus strains from terrestrial environments which have antipathogenic potential, hence having an option for being used as probiotics. During the study soil isolated bacilli, which fulfilled the basic probiotic parameters, were tested against various enteric and non-enteric pathogens. The HPLC of their crude extract showed multiple peaks indicating more than one bioactive component in them. Such bacilli can be potentially exploited as biotherapeutants which may successfully mitigate widely observed side-effects of the new-age broad-spectrum antibiotics including antibiotic resistance amongst pathogens. Such biotherapeutants may not only promote naturalistic treatment but also alter the conventional disease management strategies.

The study was focused on to assess the rapid detection and typing of P. multocida isolated from HS affected cattle and buffaloes in and around Mathura, Uttar Pradesh (India). Ten P. multocida were recovered from the HS cases and were confirmed as P. multocida by species specific PM-PCR, further subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization. The multiplex capsular PCR has typed all of them into serogroup B. These PCR based techniques were specific and sensitive for rapid detection and typing of P. multocida isolates. The results indicated that PM-PCR could be used for rapid detection and epidemiological investigations of HS. The multiplex capsular PCR can be useful for serogrouping of P. multocida isolates.