The effect IBA and NAA concentrations were examined to mass multiply plus trees of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) by vegetative propagation via rooting of stem cuttings. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. One-year old leafless branch cuttings were taken from selected superior phenotypes from the surrounding environs of Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Cuttings were treated with 0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg L-1 concentrations of Indole 3- Butyric Acid (IBA) and Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and planted in poly bags kept under a phyto-environmentally controlled mist chamber. A limited rooting was achieved in untreated cuttings (control), while rooting of cuttings of significantly increased with an increase in concentration of IBA and NAA. Among two auxins tested, IBA was most effective in inducing rooting, sprouting and associated traits. Out of different concentrations, 2000 mg L-1IBA concentration was found to be best and achieved over 75% rooting in cuttings. It also triggered more number of roots, higher root length, shoot proliferation, maximum shoot and root biomass. This paper discusses the role of auxins in influencing rooting of stem cuttings. This has a practical implication for the development of protocol for asexual propagation and establishing clonal plantations of Terminalia arjuna for promoting tassar cultivation.

An experiment was conducted at All India Net work project on Biodiversity and Bio-fertilizers Department of Soil Science, OUAT, Bhubaneswar during kharif season, 2013 to find out the influence of “Integrated nutrient management on of on yield, secondary nutrients content and uptake of bitter gourd” (Momordica charantia L.,) under Bhubaneswar condition. Experimental factors includes T1-Absolute control, T2-50% recommended dose of fertilizers, T3- 50% NPK+ Vermicompost (@2.5 t ha-1), T4 - 50% NPK+ VC+ Bio fertilizers ( Azotobacter, Azospirillum and PSB @ 4kg ha-1), T5-75%NPK, 75%NPK +VC(T6),75%NPK+VC+BF(T7), 100%NPK(T8), 100% NPK+VC(T9), 100%NPK+ VC+BF(T10). Vermicompost (2.5t/ha) and Bio fertilizer mixture were (i.e., Azotobacter, Azospirillum, PSB @ 1:1:1 ratio) applied @ 4kg/ha three times i.e., at the time of sowing, at 30DAS and 45DAS replicated three times in RBD. Among different tratments100% NPK+ Vermicompost+ Bio-fertilizers (Azotobacter, Azospirillum & Phosphate Solubilizing bacteria) (T10) was recorded maximum yield (4036 kg/ha) and yield/plant (1514g/plant). However, same treatment obtained highest Ca concentration (by vine0.82%, than by fruit 0.26%), and uptake of Calcium by shoots (12.7 kg/ha) than by fruit (7.91kg/ha), Magnesium content (by vine 0.80%, by fruit 0.41%). and uptake by shoots (15.4kg/ha) than by fruit (1.47 kg/ha) followed by T7 of the crop.

The study was carried out in Hassan district to know the structure of market, conduct and performance of market for cabbage vegetable seeds. Convenient sampling technique was adopted for this study. Hassan district of Karnataka was selected and structured questionnaires administered to dealers, nurserymen and distributors for collecting the required data. Four vegetable seed companies were selected based on the higher market sales volume. Herschman-Herfindal index model was used for analyzing the market structure. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the market conduct and performance. The Herschman-Herfindal index, for determining the level of concentration in relation to the structure of the cabbage vegetable seeds in the market shown that there was high degree of market concentration in the district, this suggested no easy way for new firms to enter market. The promotional activities of different vegetables seeds companies were calculated by percentages and to know the market performance, sixteen parameters ranging from product display to distributors depth were devised during the study. Each company was ranked on 1 to 5 scales. A comparison on individual parameter was done and the overall performance of each of the company was calculated with help of a grid. The study indicated that, the company had employed agricultural graduates in the district who had created good relationship with the dealers, nurserymen and vendors in the market. The overall performance of Syngenta seeds was topmost, followed by Seminis seeds, Mahyco seeds and Nunhems seeds.

The study was conducted in Madurai district of Tamil Nadu to study the best optimal plan for sewage affected farms.In seriously affected farms of Avaniyapuram and Sakkimangalam study area, optimal plan I revealed that by optimization of available resources, an increase of net income of 6.95 per cent and 7.18 per cent respectively as compared to the existing plan could be attained. The optimal plan II revealed that an increased net income of 49.87 per cent and 51.25 per cent respectively could be attained as compared to the optimal plan I by inclusion of diary and poultry enterprises. In low affected farms of Avaniyapuram and Sakkimangalam study area, optimal plan I achieved an increased net income of 10.69 and 8.66 per cent respectively as compared to the existing plan. Optimal plan II revealed still higher net income of 30.51 per cent and 31.91 per cent respectively as compared to the optimal plan I could be attained with inclusion of diary enterprise alone. Hence by optimization of available resources and by practicing subsidiary enterprises of dairy and poultry, farmers can manage sewage pollution.

Experiment was laid out with Randomized Block Design consisting of three pruning times i.e. first week of January, third week of January and first week of February and four pruning severities i.e. control, 20 per cent, 40 per cent and 60 per cent removal of previous season growth comprising 12 treatment combinations altogether. During the course of studies, it was found that pruning time did not affect any parameter significantly except time taken for fruit ripening. Early fruit ripening observed with the delay in pruning time. Among different treatment combitions the minimum (83) days for fruit ripening were recorded in trees pruned at 60 per cent severity in 1st week of February. The minimum days to sprouting (30.2), time taken for flower initiation (38.9 days) and acidity (0.271 %) were observed under 60 per cent pruning severity. The maximum bud sprouting percentage (83.9 %), shoot length (282 cm), shoot diameter (2.64 cm), number of leaves per shoot (15.4) and leaf area were observed under 60 per cent severity of pruning. The maximum yield (20.5kg) was recorded in plants pruned at 40 per cent of previous season growth. Pruning severity had also significant effect on fruit size and fruit quality. Highest fruit size (fruit length and diameter), TSS (28.8 %), total sugar (18.3 %), reducing sugar (12.0 %) and ascorbic acid (49.3 mg/100g) were observed under pruning level of 60 per cent whereas these values were minimum in control.