This paper tests the extent of co-integration of wholesale prices of brinjal among the markets (Surat, Bharuch, Vyara, Ahemadabad and Vadodara) of Gujarat by using ADF tests examined the causality by Granger causality tests. Monthly wholesale price data were used for the study. Out of Surat, Bharuch, Vyara, Ahemdabad, and Vadodara integrated were with at least three co-integration vectors. The Pairwise Grangers Causality test for Surat, Bharuch, Tapi, Ahmadabad and Vadodara market was carried out. Out of the five market pairs analyzed, 9th pair had co-integrating relationship, while 11th pair had no co-integrating relationships. The result indicates that Bharuch and Vyara market was the leader market and Surat and Vadodara markets are price influenced to each other and there existed bidirectional causality from Surat market price and Vadodara market price.

Sustainability is the widely use to describes ability of a system. It depends to the large extent on the maintenance or improvement in the soil quality and health. Soil quality is conceptualized as the foremost linkage between the strategies of soil conservation management techniques and achievement of the major aims for sustainable agriculture. The sustainable agriculture systems unless for improving the soil quality indicator viz. physical characteristics. Soil quality is the ability of a situation soil to function, within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain the plant and animal community to improvement water and air quality and support human health and surroundings. The major problem in crop production at higher level to meet the increasing demands for the food, fiber and fruit quality attributes for increasing population day by day. The restricted sources land and water resources are the input constituent of Indian farmings. The most favourable the genetic yield potential of a crop cannot be realized even when all the other requirements are fulfilled. In the soil for physical quality indicator are enhanced by different technologies like optimal uses of minimum or conservation tillage practices and organic and inorganic mulching could favorably modify the soil physical parameters like bulk density, porosity, aeration, soil moisture, temperature, soil aggregation, water retention properties and water transmission properties and soil processes like evaporation, infiltration, runoff and soil loss for better crop growth and yield. The balance /optimum dose of manure and fertilizer for increasing the soil fertility and buildup carbon for sustainable agriculture crop production. Hence there is need to improvement of sustainable soil health management through these eco-friendly shall lead to efficient use of inputs and help in sustaining farming systems for agricultural crop production at higher level to meet the demand in humans and animals community.

Direct and indirect effect of various abiotic factors on population build-up of H. armigera indicated that maximum temperature exerted very high negative direct effect (-1.1428) while morning relative humidity registered positive and high direct effect (0.4842). Negative high indirect effect was noticed of minimum temperature (-0.8909), morning (-0.4419) and evening relative humidity (-0.3891) through maximum temperature. While remaining weather parameters showed moderate to low positive indirect effect except evening relative humidity on population build-up of H. armigera during 2011-12. Minimum temperature (-0.5537), morning relative humidity (-0.9521) and wind speed (-0.4425) exerted negative high direct influence while, evening relative humidity (0.9534) exerted positive high direct influence on population build-up of H. armigera. Morning relative humidity exerted high negative indirect effect (-0.8193) through evening relative humidity and high positive indirect effect through wind speed (0.4493) and evaporation (0.6588) during rabi, 2012-13.

The composite flour bread would be a healthy alternative for wheat flour bread. This study was conducted with a view of producing fortified wheat flour bread to increase the nutritive value of wheat flour bread. The soya bean, ragi and flax seed flour were composited with different fortification levels. The whole wheat flour was fortified with 15, 20 and 30% with equal ratios of all the three flours. The fortified bread was evaluated for its nutritional, sensory, physical characteristics with control bread prepared from wheat flour. The bread characteristics like loaf expansion, specific volume, crust colour and crumb firmness showed bread fortified with 15% composite flour was comparable with control bread. The sensory analysis again revealed that bread fortified with 15% of soya bean, ragi and flax seed flour was as good as control bread.

The study was undertaken to develop linear regression equations for prediction of body weights of Sahiwal cattle. The average height at wither (HT), body length (BL), and heart girth (HG) measurement were 124.25±0.38, 127.82±0.53 and 169.45±0.67cm, respectively. Linear regressions indicated that combination of HT, BL and HG measurements can be useful in predicting body weight. HG was the most accurate predictor as a single explanatory variable (R2 = 0.626) compared to HT (R2 = 0.539) and BL (R2 = 0.526). Effect of the three body measurements (HT, BL and HG) on BW was significant (P<0.05).The live body weight can be estimated using the multiple regression equation of Y= (-508.530*)+2.100*(HT)+1.567*(BL)+2.187*(HG). The present study showed that heart girth measurement can be used to predict the live body weight of Sahiwal adult female cattle.Linear regressions method for prediction of live body weight is quick, cheap and practical under field conditions.

Forty genotypes of high-biomass sorghum lines identified in the US-Indo Consortium for Development of Sustainable Advanced Lignocellulogic Biofuel Systems (JCERDC) project on characterizing high-biomass sorghum were evaluated at four locations in marginal lands of Madhya Pradesh to know the nature and magnitude of genetic diversity for biomass yield. The genotypes were grouped into four clusters. The cluster II and III were the largest cluster with fifteen genotypes each. Cluster I was represented by genotype IS16529 showing mean biomass yield of 44.3 t/ha over four locations with highest yield of 61.1t/ha at Dewas location. Cluster II was represented by genotype IS23101 showing mean biomass yield of 43.4t/ha with highest yield of 63.3 t/ha at Gwalior location. Cluster III was represented by genotype CMS x S630 showing mean biomass yield of 25.0 t/ha with highest biomass yield of 40.0 t/ha at Gwalior location. Cluster IV was represented by genotype GIRD39 showing mean biomass yield of 35.9 t/ha with highest yield of 44.6 t/ha at Gwalior location. Study found that considerable genetic diversity exist in the study material. Whereas Gwalior was the ideal location for all the genotypes as all three high yielder i.e. IS23101, CMS X S630 and GIRD39 in cluster I, II and III respectively were out yielded at Gwalior location.

The present experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research Farm of the Department of Applied Plant Science (Horticulture), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow (UP) to study the variability, heritability, expected genetic advance, inter characters association and direct and indirect effect of components on fruit yield per plant. The result of experiment showed that the analysis of variance of the designed experiment indicates that the mean square due to genotypes were highly significant for all the characters. The genotypes Parbhani Kranti recorded highest yield per plant followed by VRO-6, VRO-5 and Punjab-7. High magnitude of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was recorded for fruit yield per plant, number of fruits per branch, number of leaves per plant while, fruit diameter showed lowest genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation. The highest heritability (%) was noted in number of flower per plant followed by fruit yield per plant, number of leaves per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, number of fruit per branch and plant height where as the lowest heritability was observed in number of branches per plant, stem diameter and number of days taken to flower. The highest genetic advance was observed for number of fruits per plant followed by number of leaves per plant, number of flower per plant, plant height and number of days taken to flower while, lower genetic advance were recorded for fruit length, number of fruits per branch, fruit diameter, number of branches per plant and fruit yield per plant. Path coefficient analysis carried out of phenotypic level. Positive and direct effect on fruit yield per plant exerted by number of fruits per plant followed by stem diameter, fruit weight, number of days taken to flower, number of leaves per plant, number of fruits per branch and number of branch per plant. However, negative and indirect effect on fruit yield was observed

Respiration rate of tomatoes at light red stage was measured at several storage temperatures ranging from 10°C to 30°C using closed system respirometer. The study involved the quantification of the effect of time, temperature and gas concentration on the respiration rate of tomatoes and the models were developed, showing the relationship among them. The experimental data were fitted to mathematical models; Peleg model and an uncompetitive inhibition based enzyme kinetics model, for the prediction of respiration rate within the given experimental range. The temperature dependence of the model parameters was established by Arrhenius equation. The suitability of models to predict the respiration rate was examined with the help of relative deviation modulus by calculating the difference between the actual and the predicted respiration rates at 12°C. The difference (relative deviation modulus) between the predicted and the experimental respiration rates was found to be 8.3% and 9.2% for oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) respectively respiration expressions for regression model and 7.5% and 8.4% for O2 and CO2 for uncompetitive inhibition based enzyme kinetics model, respectively.

The study was carried out with two purposes. The first objective included the market structure of vegetable seeds; study the market performance of vegetable seeds. Convenient sampling technique was adopted for this study. Haveri district of Karnataka was selected and structured questionnaires administered to dealers, nurserymen and distributors. Four vegetables namely; tomato, cabbage, green chilli and brinjal was selected for study. For each crop four vegetable seed companies were selected based on higher market sales volume. Descriptive statistics and Herschman-Herfindal index model were used for analyzing the objectives. From the Herschman-Herfindal index, which determined the level of concentration in relation to the structure of the selected vegetable seeds in the market, there was high market concentration in all the selected vegetable seed market in the district. Which suggest that it is very difficult for new firms to enter in the selected vegetable seeds market in district. To know the market performance, Sixteen parameters were devised during the study those are ranging from product display to distributors depth. Each company was ranked on 1 to 5 scales. A comparison on individual parameter was done and the overall performance of each of the company was calculated with help of a grid. With respect to market performance of tomato, cabbage, green chilli and brinjal; Rasi seeds, Seminies, Beejo Sheetal and Rasi seeds were shown higher performance during the study period.

The experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, (U.P.) during the period from March to November (2013) to investigate the Effect of different concentration levels of NPK on growth, flowering and yield of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) cv. Shringar. Twelve treatments were included in the trial viz; T0 (Control), T1 (25:50:20), T2 (50:80:40), T3 (75:110:60), T4 (100:140:80), T5 (125:170:100), T6 (150:200:120), T7 (175:230:140), T8 (200:260:160), T9 (225:290:180), T10 (250:320:200) and T11 (275:350:220) N,P,K kg ha-1 were tested in three replication. The experimental design was Randomized Block Design. The results reveal that fertilizer treatments had significant response on all parameters. The maximum plant height (70.90 cm), number of leaves/plant (33.53), number of tillers/clump (3.40), number of spike/clump (5.67), yield of spike/ha (656.31), number of bulbs/clump(17.38 g), weight of largest bulb (77.74 g) and diameter of largest bulb (5.58 cm) were produced by the treatment (T9) of N:P:K in the ratio of 225:290:180 kg/ha. It was the best treatment for good vegetative as well as reproductive growth. Application of N, P2O5 and K2O at 225:290:180 kg/ha may be applied.

Tomato is most significant protective food because of its specific nutritional value. It is most versatile vegetable with vast usage in Indian culinary tradition. Tomato is mostly for soup, salad, pickles, ketchup, puree, sauces and salad vegetable. Udaipur district of Rajasthan was selected for present investigation. There are total eleven tehsils in Udaipur district, out of which Sarada tehsil was selected on the basis of maximum area under tomato cultivation. Six villages from identified tehsil were selected on the basis of maximum area under tomato cultivation. For selection of respondents, 120 tomato growers (60 tribal and 60 non-tribal farmers) were randomly selected from identified villages (20 from each village) for data collection. The study revealed that, majority of respondents 55.00 per cent fell in medium level knowledge group whereas, 23.33 per cent tomato growers were observed in the low knowledge level group and remaining 21.67 per cent respondents possessed high level of knowledge about improved tomato production technology. The findings of the study indicated that majority of tomato growers had adequate knowledge regarding method of sowing followed by harvesting and storage techniques, whereas they had less knowledge regarding plant protection measures, seed rate and spacing.

To evaluate the influence of seed designed with different seed management techniques in rice, the seeds of rice cv. ADT 39 were imposed with physiological (seed hardening with KCl one per cent for 16h and drying back to original moisture content), physical (seed coating with polymer @ 3 ml that followed with sequential application of imidacloprid @ 2 ml, P. fluorescens @ 10 g and Azophos @ 120 g kg -1 of seed) and their combinational seed treatment (designer seed) (seed hardening with KCl one per cent for 16h and drying back to original moisture and combined with seed coating treatments viz., polymer @ 3 ml + imidacloprid @ 2 ml, P. fluorescens @ 10 g and Azophos @ 120 g kg-1 of seed) and were evaluated for their production potential in comparison with untreated seed. The results revealed that the field emergence was four per cent higher with designer seed than untreated seed and hardened seed. The yield attributing characters measured through number of panicles plant-1, panicle yield plant-1, seed yield plant-1 and the seed yield ha-1 were higher with designer seed which exerted a percentage increase of 4.0, 29.1, 61.1 and 22.5 per cent in comparison with untreated seed on seed yield. The resultant seed quality characters observed germination, shoot length and vigour index were also higher than untreated seed by 3.2, 0.71 and 9.1 per cent.

A field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2015-16 to study the effect of time of sowing, spacing between plants and fertilizer levels of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) on seed yield attributing characters. Five levels of fertilizer doses, three different time of sowing and three spacing levels were imposed along with control under split plot design with three replications. Field data were recorded on pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant, seed yield per ha. and 1000 seed weight were recorded. Analysis revealed that all the characters are significantly different among the treatments. Early sowing during summer i.e on march 20 th with the spacing of 25 X 10 cm recorded higher pods per plant ( 18.40 ), number of seeds per pod ( 13.08 ), seed yield per plant ( 6.9 gm ), seed yield per ha.( 8.9 q.) and 1000 seed weight ( 39 gm ). Late sowing of green gram during April 10 th recorded lowest in all the characters. Seed treatment with Rhizobium and Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria + 150 % RDF as basal + Borax spray ( 100 ppm ) at flower initiation recorded significantly highest in pods per plant (19.9 ), number of seeds per pod ( 14.06 ), seed yield per plant ( 8.5 gm ) and seed yield per ha.( 10.6 q ). Early sowing with march 20 th with the spacing of 25 x 10 cm and Seed treatment with Rhizobium and Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria + 150 % RDF as basal + Borax spray ( 100 ppm ) at flower initiation is recorded best among all the treatment combinations for achieving higher seed yield.

The present investigation was carried out to assess the effect of grafting date and preconditioning on graft success of guava (Psidium guajava L.) under wedge grafting during October 2014-June 2015. It was observed that deblading of leaves 8 days prior to grafting operation gave best results in all the attributes. The observation were recorded on days taken to graft sprouting, percent graft sprouting, percent graft success, shoot length and number of leaves per graft 90 days after grafting. It was found that minimum days (7.25 days) taken to graft sprouting and maximum bud sprouting percent (44.76%) was recorded in 5th March grafting and graft success per cent (69.08%), shoot length (14.00 cm) and number of leaves (18.40) observed maximum in plants grafted on 20th February recorded after 90 days of grafting

Ginger is an important spice and medicinal crop. The present study was conducted in Udaipur district of Rajasthan. There are total eleven tehsils in Udaipur district, out of which two tehsils namely, Jhadol and Gogunda were selected on the basis of maximum area under ginger cultivation. Five villages from each identified tehsil were selected on the basis of maximum area under ginger cultivation. For selection of respondents, 100 ginger growers were randomly selected from identified villages (10 from each village) for data collection. It was found that majority of respondents (45.00%) fell in medium level of constraint group whereas, 28.00 per cent ginger growers were observed in the low level of constraint group and remaining 27.00 per cent respondents were possessed high level of constraint about adoption of improved ginger production technology. Study shows that major constraints for ginger growers were lack of knowledge about high yielding varieties, on-availability of improved high yielding varieties of the ginger crop, perishable commodities and resources poor farmers.