Total 202 Hansli eggs were used for this study. Eggs were obtained from 96 female Hansli, all at 40 week of age. The birds were housed at ratio of 1 male/6 female. The values related to external quality traits such as; weight of egg (g), length of egg (mm), width of egg(mm), shape index, egg shell thickness (mm), egg shell weight (g), shell (%) were found respectively as 46.25±0.71, 52.08±0.36, 39.41±0.20, 75.84±0.53, 0.41±0.006, 5.72±0.06, 12.38±0.46 and the values related to internal quality traits such as; albumen index (%), yolk index (%), Haugh unit (H.U), albumen weight (g), yolk weight (g), albumen (%), yolk (%), yolk albumen ratio (%) were found respectively as 8.1±0.002, 44.8±0.007, 81.79±0.95, 27.14±0.52, 13.34±0.24, 58.68±0.62, 28.84±0.46, 49.35±0.48. Higher values for albumen height (6.10±0.14) mm and H.U. are attributed to the freshness of eggs and proper age of hens. The average shell thickness was significantly correlated with egg weight (0.77), albumen index (-0.402) and yolk index(0.856). Statistically significant correlation was found between the Haugh unit with albumen index 0.43 and yolk index- 0.41 respectively. Egg weight was also significantly correlated with albumen index (0.62). So egg weight can be used as an indicator to determine the quality of egg shell and albumen.

A field experimental trail was carried out in the kharif season 2011 year at Regional Research Station (RRS), CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Kaul, India to evaluation the comparative performance of scented/basmati rice variety (CSR 30) under five different methods of planting viz., machine transplanting under pudlled (M1) and unpuddled conditions (M2), direct seeding under vattar conditions (M3), direct seeding under zero tillage(with residue) (M4), conventional practice (nursery raising) (M5) in a randomised block design with three replications. Among different method of planting the growth indices like the leaf area index, relative growth rate, leaf area duration, , leaf weight ratio, specific leaf area, unit leaf area, leaf relative growth rate, relative leaf growth rate, relative leaf area growth were significantly higher in M1 planting method and relative leaf area expansion rate, and net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio, leaf area portioning factor were higher in M3 planting method. Agrometeorological indices like accumulated growing degree days, accumulated helio-thermal units, accumulated photo thermal units were obtained highest in M3, M2 and M5 planting method and highest radiation use efficiency were obtained in M5 as well as highest radiation use efficiency were obtained in M1 planting method.

This study was conducted in 2013-14 and aims to assess the socioeconomic status and their correlation with technological adoption in rice wheat cropping system in Milkipur & Amaniganj block of Faizabad district of eastern Uttar Pradesh. A total number of 200 farmers were selected through proportionate random sampling technique from eight sample villages. The structured schedule was developed keeping in view the objectives & variables under study. The respondents were contacted personally for data collection. The study depicted that the highest number of respondents (57%) were found in the age category of 35-45 years belonged to joint families and having 6-9 members in their families (54%). The general caste respondents were more in comparison to other categories of caste. The risk orientation was observed of low level while economic motivation and scientific orientation were observed of medium level. The contact of respondents with Gram Pradhan among formal sources, family members among informal sources and television was observed important among media. The agriculture was observed as main family occupation of the respondents (55%) and having annual income of up to Rs. 40000 (40%). An overwhelming majority of the respondents were using cellular phone as their main sources of communication.Among 14 variables studied seven variables namely Education, Landholding, Occupation, Family income overall material possessions, extension contact with information sources, Economic motivation had highly significant and positive correlation ship with technological adoption. Thus the study reveals socioeconomic status of the farmers and their correlation with technological adoption in rice – wheat cropping system.

The rice wheat cropping system (RWCS) may be age old practice but its present worth was triggered by the development of high yielding varieties in both the crops. In India Punjab, Haryana and U.P. are the core states where 95 percent of rice area is followed by wheat. The article discusses some of the constraints faced by the farmers in general-illiteracy, poor socioeconomic conditions, lack of technical knowledge and awareness, small landholdings, low precipitating come and underdeveloped physical infrastructures associated with the comparatively high cost of agricultural production. Even after producing rice-wheat they could not get good price due to lack of proper marketing system. The study was conducted during 2014-2015 in order to study extent of adoption of technology regarding rice-wheat cropping system. This paper, thus, aims to assess the constraints faced by the farmers in rice wheat cropping system in Milkipur & Amaniganj block of Faizabad district of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. A total number of 200 farmers were selected through proportionate random sampling technique from eight sample villages. The structured schedule was developed keeping in view the objectives & variables under study. The respondents were contacted personally for data collection. Thus this study promotes useful information about the constraints which calls for carrying out dissemination of the knowledge about constraints to the farmers of the other states

The field experiment was conducted at CRC, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut during rabi 2013-14 and 2014-15. Influence of organic and inorganic sources on nutrient uptake and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Western Uttar Pradesh. Addition of 100% NPK (2% Urea spray at tillering and jointing stage) (RDF-recommended dose of fertilizer i.e 150: 75: 60 kg NPK ha-1 was recorded significantly higher value of nutrient uptake and grain yield (49.51 and 47.23 q ha-1) was recorded yield, which was at par with 75% NPK + Vermicompost 2 t/ha (2% Urea spray at tillering and jointing stage) (48.93 and 46.83 q ha-1) grain was recorded yield. Nitrogen, phosphorous and potash content and uptake as well as agronomic efficiency was also increased with the application of 100% NPK (2% Urea spray at tillering and jointing stage). Which was at par with the 75% NPK + Vermicompost 2 t/ha (2% Urea spray at tillering and jointing stage). Highest organic carbon % in soil was recorded in 75% NPK + Vermicompost 2 t/ha (2% Urea spray at tillering and jointing stage).The integrating of 75% NPK + Vermicompost 2 t/ha (2% Urea spray at tillering and jointing stage)found more productive by maintain or improving the soil health.

The experiment was conducted for 02 years at the Horticultural Research Centre of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. The experiment consisted of three main plot treatments (Planting Techniques) (P1 -Narrow raised beds,P2 -Wide raised beds and P3 -Flat beds) and five sub plot treatments (Fertilizer doses/levels F1-100% RDF inorganic, F2-100% RDF FYM, F3 -50% RDF FYM+50% RDF inorganic, F4 -25% RDF FYM+ 75% RDF inorganic and F5-Control (No fertilizer). The findings of the experiment are summarized below. Among the interaction effects, wide raised beds method of planting along with integrated nutrient management produced higher bulb yield of garlic (174.83, 177.04 q ha-1) as compared to other interactions of methods of planting and nutrient management practices (120.87, 122.40 to 159.50, 161.52 qha-1). In narrow raised beds method of planting, 25% organic and 75% inorganic nutrient management produced higher bulb yield (163,93, 166.66 qha-1) as compared to either organic nutrient management (128.93, 130.56 qha-1) or inorganic nutrient management (152.94, 158.88 qha-1). In flat beds method of planting, integrated nutrient management produced more bulb yield (75.20, 76.42 qha-1) as compared to either organic nutrient management (37.83, 38.45 qha-1) or inorganic nutrient management (66.23, 67.30 qha-1).

A study was conducted during kharif and summer seasons of 2013-14 and 2014-15 in the Instructional-cum-Research Farm and Department of Crop Physiology of Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat (Assam) with twenty greengram genotypes to study their performance during kharif and summer seasons in relation to root parameters and yield under acidic soil condition of Assam with special reference to phosphorus use efficiency. Factorial completely randomised design was adopted with three replications. The mean monthly rainfall during crop growing season was 208.3 mm for kharif season and 82.35 mm for summer season and the mean monthly soil moisture content was 23.46% for kharif season and 12.95% for summer season. The soil was acidic with low in available N, P and K content. Significant variations in root parameters, phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiency, and yield attributing parameters were recorded in all the genotypes. The genotype Pusa Baisakhi was found to be the highest seed yielder during kharif season, which was followed by Pant Moong 4, Pratap, SGC 25 and SGC 20. The genotype Pusa Baisakhi showed the highest value for longest root length, root surface area, root volume, nodule numbers per plant, nodule dry weight, number of pods per plant and harvest index. On the other hand, during summer season the genotype SGC 25 was found to be the highest seed yielder followed by SGC 20, Pusa Baisakhi, Pant Moong 4 and Pratap. The genotype SGC 25 was found to record highest value for root volume, nodule dry weight, phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiency, number of pods per plant and harvest index. A significant and positive correlation of root surface area, root volume, nodule numbers per plant, nodule dry weight, phosphorus uptake efficiency, phosphorus utilization efficiency, number of pods per plant and harvest index with seed yield was found both during kharif and summer season. On an average during kharif season 27.21% higher seed yield could be obtained compared to that of summer season.

An attempt has been made in this paper to estimate trends in area, production and productivity of mango fruit cop in Dharwad district of Northern Karnataka. Secondary data on area, production and productivity were collected from Department of Horticulture. Compound growth rate analysis was employed to evaluate the objective of the study. The results revealed that the growth in area, production and productivity for mango were found positive (7.45%, 8.02% and 0.99% respectively).Factors contributing to variation of mango fruit crop were studied using multiple linear regression analysis using time series data collected from State Department of Horticulture, District Statistical Office and various issues of Dharwad district at a Glance. The results revealed that the factors responsible for the changes in area under mango fruit crop over the years were price, population, rainfall, net irrigated area, fertilizer, number of factories and number of commercial banks. Constraints faced by farmers in production and marketing of mango fruit crop were analyzed using the primary data collected from 60 sample respondents by personal interview method using pre-tested schedule. The results revealed that major constraints faced by mango growing farmers in production were adequate irrigation (water) facilities, rainfall, resources, non-availability of labour, irregular power supply and management. Major constraints faced by mango growing farmers in marketing were storage, high commission charges, high transportation cost, lack of availability of adequate market information, markets far away from farm, low price and mutual understanding between commission agents and traders.

The experiment was conducted with 110 genotypes of rice during Kharif 2012 in Randomized Block Design. The data were recorded for 19 quantitative characters and 5 qualitative character to study genetic variability, broad sense heritability, genetic advance, correlation coefficient and path coefficient. On the basis of mean performance highest grain yield per plant reported in Sugandha 3,followed by R 704, SPS 71, R 371, JR 201 and NR 3304.Analysis of variance revealed significant difference among 110 rice genotypes for all characters indicating the existence of variability. High GCV and PCV were observed for grain yield per plant and biological yield per plant. The values of PCV for all the traits were found to be more than GCV and close relationship between GCV and PCV also observed in the traits, revealing very little influence of environment for their expression. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent mean for maximum of the character except days fifty percent to flowering, days to maturity, panicle lenght, spikelet fertility percentage and hulling percentage. correlation and path analysis, it may be concluded that panicles weight per plant, biological yield per plant, culm length, spikelet density, panicle index, panicle length, grain length, flag leaf width, 1000 grain weight, number of tillers per plant and hulling % seems to be primary yield contributing characters and could be relied upon for selection for improve genetic yield potential of rice.

Potato is one of most important food crop of the world and ranks 4th in major food of the world after rice, wheat and maize. Entrepreneurial behavior is the functions of an individual’s personality characteristics i.e. risk taking ability, hope of success, persistence, feed-back uses, self-confidence, knowledge ability etc. The present study was carried out on the entrepreneurial behavior of potato growers in Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh, which covers 7004 ha area under potato cultivation and ranks first in Madhya Pradesh. This study revealed that majority of the potato cultivators had medium level of education, material possession, annual income, economic motivation, scientific orientation and contacts with extension agents

In a trial conducted at Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari putrescine was applied at three different levels (1, 2 and 3mM) to mango cv. Kesar, as preharvest spray (10 days before harvesting), postharvest dip (5-6 min) and preharvest spray + postharvest dip treatment. Methods of application and levels of putrescine had a significant impact on all parameters included in the study except pulp: peel ratio. Preharvest spray +postharvest dip of putrescine @ 2mM emerged as the best treatment combination for mango fruits exposed to this treatment could be stored for 20 days at 11±1°C & 90-95% RH. Fruits thus treated had the lowest spoilage, maximum firmness and the highest organoleptic scores. These results throw light on the potential use of putrescine in prolonging the shelf life of mango without any detrimental effect on fruit quality. This technology can be put to use when transporting fruits to high end and distant markets

Cyperus is the second largest genus of the sedges or Cyperaceae family, the plants of which are identified as one of the most common agricultural weeds. A total of eighty two sedge plants were collected from twenty one different places covering seven states of India. The plant species and morphological variations among different species were determined based on overall plant growth characteristics. The samples were identified as belonging to seventeen different species of Cyperus and related genera on the basis of UPGMA cluster analysis using Jaccard and Simple Matching coefficients. The mantel test coefficient between these two similarity coefficients was 0.97169. Based on morphological variations, plant samples were identified to be belonging to twelve different species of Cyperus, three species from genus Fimbristylis and two species from genus Kyllinga. Several morphological traits were assessed for identification of plants up to species level, among those spikelet was found the best to be used for the identification of sedge species.

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, to study effect of varying levels of nitrogen and intercropping on growth, yield attributing characters and yield of baby corn (Zea mays L.). The treatments consisted of C1: Sole baby corn, C2: Baby corn in paired row, C3: Baby corn in paired row + Soybean, C4: Baby corn in paired rows + Blackgram, C5: Baby corn in paired rows + Greengram in factor – A and N1= 100 % RDN, N2= 75% RDN and N3= 125% RDN in factor –B of Randomized Block Design with factorial concept and the treatments were replicated thrice. Significantly the highest baby corn cob yield (17048 kg ha-1), ear yield (5597 kg ha-1), husk yield (11450 kg ha-1), green fodder yield (58.8 t ha-1), nitrogen uptake (192.54 kg ha-1),were recorded in Baby corn in paired rows + Greengram. Application of 125% RDN gave the highest baby corn cob yield (17048 kg ha-1), ear yield (5597 kg ha-1),husk yield (11450 kg ha-1), green fodder yield (58.8 t ha-1), nitrogen uptake (207.77 kg ha-1). Gross and net return registered the lowest and highest gross & net returns (Rs. 1,38,146 &110809) and (Rs. 2,24,880 &195651) in baby corn sole crop with 75% RDN and baby corn + greengram with 125%,RDN respectively.

The term "Scheduled Tribes" refers to specific indigenous peoples whose status is acknowledged to by the Constitution of India. The term Adivasi also applies to indigenous peoples of this area. Tribal women play an important and significant role in watershed management programme. The study revealed that the total respondents of complete participation category, 43.75 per cent were having complete participation in contour bunding and majority of respondents showed a trend of partial involvement in underground water resource development (56.25%). Out of 11 independent variables education, extension contact, size of land holding, material possession, occupation, annual income, social participation and knowledge of watershed practices were significant with extent of participation in watershed practices while age, family size and farm power were non-significant association.

Trials were conducted at farmers field using various intercrops viz. blackgram, ginger, maize and paddy in 7- 8 years old mango (cv. Totapari and Baiganpalli) orchard under NATP-RRPS-8 Project at JNKVV, Jabalpur. It is observed that the intercrops influenced the yield attributing characters of the mango and black gram performed better as compare to other intercrops. Maximum number of fruits per branch, maximum number of fruits per plant and yield of mango per hectare were obtained with blackgram intercrop. Whereas, maximum fruit weight of mango was observed with intercrop French bean. The maximum LER was also recorded with blackgram intercrops without fillers.

There are three major components including nutritional security, ecological restoration and economized productivity for sustainable production. Intensification of agricultural land use has led to the development of multi-storied cropping system and crop mixtures. The introduction of multi-storied cropping system ensures the use of best combination of crop-tree intercropping to reduce the impacts of floods, landslides and droughts. Also, itensures a regular income and employment throughout the year from harvest of different tree crops in different seasons. A multi storey cropping system accommodates crops of different heights, canopy patterns and rooting systems to maximize the sunlight, nutrients and sustainable land use. Land cultivated in this way can maintain an ecological balance and facilitates the judicious and efficient use of all natural resources. In addition to this, multi-storied cropping systems are more amicable for horticultural crops as they include tree species, shrubs, climbers, annuals and shade loving or tolerant species. Such multi-storied cropping systems are predominantly practiced in Coastal regions of India

With a view to study the effect of initial soil fertility and Integrated plant Nutrition System (IPNS) on the yield of pearl millet (TNAU Cumbu Hybrid CO 9) on Vertic Ustropept of Tamil Nadu, field experiments were conducted during 2015-16 by following Inductive methodology (fertility gradient concept). Variations in soil fertility with reference to soil available N, P and K was established among the three fertility strips with the addition of fertilizers at graded levels and by growing fodder sorghum as gradient crop (first phase). The second phase viz., the test crop experiment with pearl millet, consisted of four levels each of fertilizer N, P2O5 and K2O and three levels of farm yard manure (FYM). The highest yield of 4079 kg ha-1 was recorded with 150:75:75 kg ha-1 of fertilizer N, P2O5 and K2O along with 12.5 t ha-1 of FYM in strip III with initial soil available NPK status of 218, 37, 392 kg ha-1 respectively. The grain yield as well as NPK uptake by pearl millet had increased with increase in initial soil fertility and with increase in the levels of fertiliser N, P2O5 and K2O and FYM

A pot experiment was conducted using Gerbera as a test crop to evaluate the importance of iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg) in production of Gerbera. The experiment was laid out with 15 treatment combinations including T1(H1 to H5) as control (complete nutrition), T2(H1 to H5)excluding magnesium and T3(H1 to H5) excluding iron, where H1 to H5 represents the days of harvesting at 115, 130, 145, 160 and 175 days after transplanting (DAT) respectively. Development of chlorotic spots started in T2H3 and T3H1, progressing gradually into interveinal chlorosis towards the end of the experiment as compared to control. Root length and the development of color in petals were found to be less in the treatment combinations where certain nutrients were excluded.

The focus of this study was to mass produce the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora as a bio-control agent (bio-pesticide) using its symbiont bacteria Photorhabdus luminescens on a solid media surface. The process of growing these nematodes was to upscale the surface area of a solid agar media, thus increasing the yield of the beneficial nematodes. The solid agar media was adjusted to conditions, which provided an ideal growing environment for these nematodes to maintain vitality for an entire life cycle. The bacterial symbiont was then inoculated by an in-vitro culture 24 hours prior to nematode inoculation and furthermore leading to the inoculation of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. The inoculated entomopathogenic nematodes have a 7-8 day life cycle .Once the nematodes develop into infective juveniles, the hermaphrodites can begin to self-fertilize its eggs and produce new offspring. Numbers of offspring then maximize after approximately seven days post-nematode inoculation. After harvesting, the nematodes are sanitized and stored for further use. The yield of H. bacteriophora was 5.5x105 IJs/gram with variation of 10%. The scale-up technology used in this study can be further improved by altering solid media and to optimize the growth conditions using larger surface area.

The Agriculture productivity is being affected by number of factors of climate change like rainfall pattern, temperature, changes in sowing time, water availability, evapotranspiration and land suitability. Temperature and rainfall are the key factors affecting agricultural productivity. During the study period 1950-2013 the Kharif and Rabi seasons maximum temperature indicated the negative trend while minimum temperature has shown positive trend. However, rainfall indicated the negative trend in monsoon season. The results of regression analysis have shown that increase in mean maximum temperature may decrease the rice yield. However, increase in mean minimum temperature may decrease the wheat yield.