Indian agriculture dependent on monsoon, which is always uncertain, it leads to operating risk in crops cultivation. Natural calamities may effect on the yield from agriculture sector. To cover the risk, which may occur in future, there, is need to some provision and crop insurance is only mechanism available to safeguard against production risk in agriculture. For fulfilling this need the Government of India has made experiments & efforts by introducing various schemes of crop insurance. Since the year 1999-2000, National Agricultural Insurance Scheme has been launched by National Agricultural Insurance Scheme Corporation of India. His research paper has made attempt to study the Impact of National Agriculture Insurance Scheme in risk minimization. The family type of sample respondents under different size group overall type of individual family occupied greater percentage than joint family in both the categories. Young farmers were 33.33% under beneficiary category, which is more than under non beneficiary category. Similarly, percentage of old respondents was higher (22.66%) under beneficiaries than non-beneficiaries (16%). The maximum difference in actual and expected yield was noted on large farms (580 Kg/ha) followed by medium farm (550 Kg/ha) for beneficiaries category. On the other hand, the lowest yield gap of 150 Kg/ha was recorded on medium farms followed by large farms for non-beneficiaries. Amongst non-beneficiaries 56 % farmers of medium size group adopted the technology at high level while moderate adoption was observed by 60 % farmers of large size group. On an average the cost of cultivation of beneficiary farmer was 33191/- as compared to non-beneficiary farmers ( 28967/-). The maximum and minimum benefit cost ratio of 1.94 and 1.53 was noted for small and large farmers in beneficiaries. In case of non beneficiaries it was again highest for small size group (1.86) followed by medium (1.66) and lowest for large size group (1.34). The probit regression analysis that education and news are not so effective to create awareness about crop insurance schemes/products. Diversification index influenced the premium paid by the farmers negatively. On an average the cost of cultivation of beneficiary farmer was 33191/- as compared to non-beneficiary farmers ( 28967/-). Increase in cost of cultivation is due to additional expenditure on improved seed, fertilizer, irrigation, plant protection measures and premium. It is suggested that sincere effort be made by the extension personnel to motivate the farmers to adopt improved production technology to minimize the yield gap.

Rainfall is the most important but variable climatic parameter in suitable crop planning especially in the regions of rain fed agriculture. Rainfall data of 36 years (1980-2015) of Keonjhar district were analysed to find out the weekly, monthly, seasonal and yearly meteorological drought occurrence. The overall mean Annual Rainfall at Keonjhar district was worked out to be 892.53 mm, the maximum being 1859.9 mm is in the year 2011 and the minimum rainfall of the region is 455.3mm which was recorded in the year 1980. The highest drought frequency was observed in the 34th week and in the month of December to a tune of 21 and 25 times respectively. Based on Rainfall analysis, it was found that during 36 years no severe or extreme drought year was experienced. However, there were 9 moderate drought (1980, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1993, 2002, 2007, 2009) and 16 mild drought (1981, 1983, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2006) years.

A level of adoption and constraints of backyard poultry rearing practices study was conducted in rural areas of Katihar district of Bihar. The data were collected on the basis of questionnaire from 130 respondents on the basis of interview schedule. It is revealed from study that before the project 32.19 percent farmers were aware about the improved health practices while majority 67.80 percent of the respondents were unaware about the improved management practices like brooding, cleaning and use of disinfectant for unit, feeding ready made feeds, post-mortem of dead birds by vet doctors, segregation of diseased birds, provide mineral mixture, timely treatment of sick birds and consulting vet doctors. However after training farmers were knowing about poultry health improvement techniques and most of the respondents practiced about these poultry rearing management methods . It is obtained from the data that highly significant and positive response recorded for Timely treatment of sick birds, Segregation of diseased birds and consulting vet doctors. Low egg price in summer, heavy cost of inputs and problem in finance indicated major constraints. It indicates government should design a module to provide soft loan, training facilities and proper marketing facilities to the backyard poultry farmers for their betterment.

Toxic residual effect of different synthetic chemicals has been reported in produce obtained from conventional farming practices that may cause health and environmental hazards. In the present study, an attempt was taken into account to cope up with such adverse effects of conventional farming. The farmers of Chhotanagpur plateau of Jharkhand mostly characterized by their poor resource availability as well as their utilization and meagre scientific knowledge on modern agricultural practices. Keeping view in mind, the present investigation has been conducted on the influences of traditional, integrated and organic management approaches over the yield and quality attributes of onion cv. Arka Niketan during rabi season of 2011-12 and 2012-13. The experiment was designed after CRBD with three different management practices as treatments viz. Traditional (T1), Integrated (T2) and Organic (T3) along with their eight replications for each treatment. The findings highlighted that the yield and its attributes perform better under integrated management condition culminated with the highest yield (26.52 t. ha-1), but the quality parameters perform well under organic management condition. Similarly, the integrated management approach recorded higher net income (Rs. 170028.00. ha-1) but in terms of benefit-cost ratio organic management, practices (T3) emerged as the best (3.63). Therefore, organic package of practices may be recommended for growing onion even in commercial scale under the Chhotanagpur plateau region of Jharkhand.

Chrysanthemum is the significant cut flower in the Indian market. It is a short day plant where flowering occurs when existence of long nights and short days. A greenhouse study was conducted to find out the physiological response of chrysanthemum due to interrupted photoperiodic regime at a Private garden Salem Green Plants Limited, Yercaud, Salem District in Tamil Nadu. The study was carried through in a Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with 21 treatment combinations and three replications. The first factor (L) comprised of seven long day regimes (3h, 4h & 5h extended light along with 6h, 8h & 10 h interrupted LD regime) including control and three levels of SD regimes (13 h, 14 h & 15 h dark) constituted the second factor (S). The results revealed that 10 min of continuous light in every 30 min cycle for 8 h (4 h extended light) along with 13 h short day regime (L6S1) had improved the plant growth parameters like crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), relative growth rate (RGR) and IAA oxidase activity at the critical stages of the crop (66.34, 186.31 and 166.07 µg of un-oxidized auxin g-1 h-1). This is followed by L3S1 (4 hours of extended light continuously) which registered the lowest level of auxin content at vegetative stage and higher amount at bud appearance and flowering stage respectively. Total carbohydrate content was highest (L6S1) at bud appearance stage of about 3.35 % followed by plant receiving interrupted lighting for 8 hours duration. The improvement in physiological parameters influenced the number of quality grade flowers (73.90 stems/m2) and cut stem yield (78.60 stems/m2).