In the present study, the influence of weather parameters on larval parasitoid of H. armigera investigated in chickpea ecosystem. Results revealed that, maximum and minimum temperature (°C) are playing had a highly negative significant role (r = -0.756) and (r = - 0.760) with larval parasitization of pest. Whereas, Relative humidity (%) have had a significant positive correlation, on the contrary rainfall was negatively correlated with larval parasitization of pest. Considering the effects of weather parameters on the larval parasitisation by C. chlorideae can suitably be exploited by means of mass multiplication and mass release under favorable set of agro-climatic conditions for pest management.

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 2012-13 and 2013-14 to study the bio-efficacy of various herbicides on weeds, yield and economics of pigeon pea. The predominant weed flora were Sorghum halepense, Echinochloa crus-galli and Cynodon dactylon L. among monocot; Cyperus rotundus L. among sedges; and Amaranthus viridis L., Digera arvensis and Portulaca oleracea, Physalis minima, Euphorbia hirta, Corchorus olitorus and Alternenthara sessili among dicot. Significantly the lowest weed population and dry weight of weeds were recorded with a plant population of 83,333 plants/ha. Significantly higher grain (1043 kg/ha) and stalk (2734 kg/ha) yields with net returns of 29,452 Rs/ha and benefit: cost ratio of 3.13 were recorded with a plant population of 41,666 plants/ha and remained at par with plant population of 55,555 plants/ha. The lowest dry weight of weeds (407.05 kg/ha) and weed control efficiency (79.64 %) at harvest were recorded in weed free check which produced, the highest yield of grain (1200 kg/ha) and stalk (3319 kg/ha). An application of pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha + hand weeding at 40 days after sowing was remunerative in pigeon pea as it had given the higher net return (33211 Rs/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (3.03).

A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Parbhani during kharif season of 2012-13 and 2013-14. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three main plot treatments and four sub plot treatments. The main plot treatments were irrigation schedules as rain fed (no irrigation), two irrigations (at bud initiation and pod development stage) and three irrigations (at bud initiation, flowering and pod development stage). Sub plot treatments were four plant geometries i.e. 120 x 45 cm, 60-120 x 60 cm, 75-150 x 45 cm and 90-180 x 45 cm. All the growth, yield and yield attributes viz., plant height, number of functional leaves, leaf area, number of branches, dry matter production, number of pods plant-1, seed yield (q ha-1), straw yield (q ha-1), gross monetary returns (Rs ha-1), net monetary returns (Rs ha-1)and benefit to cost ratio were significantly higher with application of three irrigation (I2) treatment than two irrigation (I1) and rain fed pigeon pea (I0).The plant geometry of 90-180 x 45 cm recorded significantly higher number of functional leaves, leaf area, number of branches, dry matter, pods plant-1, pod weight (g) and seed yield plant-1 during both the years but plant height, seed yield (q ha-1), straw yield (q ha-1), gross monetary returns (Rs ha-1), net monetary returns (Rs ha-1)and benefit to cost ratio were higher with plant geometry of 75-150 x 45 cm than any other due to higher plant population ha-1. Treatment combination of three irrigations (I2) with 75-150 x 45 cm plant geometry recorded significantly higher seed yield (q ha-1), net monetary returns (Rs ha-1)and benefit to cost ratio during both the years. Interaction effects of irrigation and plant geometries on different growth, yield and yield attributes were not visible during both the years of experimentation.

An experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2012 and 2013 at Research Area of College Farm, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari to study the efficacy of pre and post emergence herbicides in controlling weed flora of pigeon pea under south Gujarat condition. The weed free treatment produced the highest seed yield and was at par with pendimethalin at 1000 g/ha (pre-emergence). However, among the other treatments, Pendimethalin @ 1 kg ha-1 (PE) + Quizalofop ethyl @ 40 g ha-1 (POE) at 40 DAS was found superior in controlling the weed flora and increasing the seed yield. Unweeded check produced the lowest seed yield. Field experiment was conducted during 2012 and 2013 in the Research Area of College Farm, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari to study the effect of residual behavior of pendimethalin applied in pigeon pea on succeeding green gram crop grown in rotation. Residual effect of pendimethalin was assessed by conducting bioassay studies on green gram in a randomized block design with three plant population levels 83,333 plants/ha (P1)' 55,555 plants/ha (P2) and 41,666 plants/ha (P3) and eight weed management practices viz. (W1) Unweeded control, (W2) Weed free (HW at 20 and 40 DAS), (W3) Pendimethalin @ 1 kg ha-1 as pre-emergence (PE), (W4) Imazethapyr @ 75 g ha-1 (POE) at 20 DAS, (W5) Quizalofop ethyl @ 40 g ha-1 (POE) at 20 DAS, (W6) Pendimethalin @ 1 kg ha-1 (PE) + Imazethapyr @ 75 g ha-1 (POE) at 40 DAS, (W7) Pendimethalin @ 1 kg ha-1 (PE) + Quizalofop ethyl @ 40 g ha-1 (POE) at 40 DAS and (W8) Pendimethalin @ 1 kg ha-1 + hand weeding at 40 DAS were evaluated in factorial randomized block design with three replications. After harvest of pigeon pea, green gram crop was planted after slight disking without disturbing the original layout. pendimethalin applied in pigeon pea was found to persist even after 35 days after its application in pigeon pea and its residues in the soil medium do not caused phytotoxicity to succeeding crop of green gram. Plant population, plant height, number of branches per plant, dry matter weight and yield of green gram were non-significantly by pendimethalin. The residual effect of pendimethalin on green gram was not found to be significant. Neither the growth parameters nor the yields of green gram were not affected significantly by plant populations in wheat. Therefore, it can be inferred that increasing plant populations not helped in degradation of pendimethalin and green gram should be planted in rotation with pigeon pea where pendimethalin has been applied in pigeon pea.

A field experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2010-11 and 2011-12 at College Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat to study the effect of irrigation at vegetative and reproductive phases with and without organic manures on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Significantly maximum values of growth attributes were obtained with irrigation applied at 0.8 IW: CPE + 1.0 IW: CPE (I3) during vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively. Similarly, all the yield attributes of fenugreek viz., the significantly higher number of pods plant-1 (55.98), number of grains pod-1 (16.48), grain yield plant-1 (7.40 g) and test weight (12.33 g) were recorded under the treatment receiving irrigation at 0.6 IW: CPE +1.0 IW: CPE (I2) over I1 and I4 and remained at par with I3. In addition, grain yield of fenugreek was recorded significantly higher (1827 kg ha-1) with the irrigation applied at 0.6 IW: CPE + 1.0 IW: CPE (I2) over all other treatments except the treatment I3 (0.8 IW: CPE + 1.0 IW: CPE) which was also found equally effective in respect of grain yield. It also fetched significantly higher nitrogen uptake in grain (59.34 kg ha-1) over the treatments I4 and I1 and remained at par with I3 in pooled mean. With respect to organic manure treatments, the significantly higher grain yield (1831 kg ha-1), straw yield (2712 kg ha-1) and significantly higher nitrogen in grain (3.29 %) and straw (1.40%) and their uptake by the plant (60.18 kg ha-1 by grain and 37.93 kg ha-1 by straw) was recorded under treatment M2 (FYM 5 t ha-1 + CC 1 t ha-1) over no FYM treatment but FYM alone (M1) also remained as good as M2.