Weeds cause stern concern on yield diminution in legumes worldwide. Losses caused by weeds vary from one country to other country, depending on the being there of leading weed flora and control methods adopted by farmers, consequently a field experiment was conducted in urdbean during Kharif season of 2013 in subtropical zone to investigate integrated effect of seeding rates and weed management regimes on weed dynamics, crop performance and production potential in Alluvial plain zone of India. The results disclosed that 15 kg seed rate ha-1 measured highest growth attributes at harvest viz., dry weight, number of branches, and 1000 grain weight, while tallest plant at harvest was measured in the treatments where 25 kg ha-1 seed rate was applied, besides suppressed the density and their dry weight of Echinochloacolona, Cyperusrotundus, Trianthemamonogyna and other weeds than the other treatments. Moreover, 15 kg seed rate ha-1 produced significantly higher grain yield (1329 kg ha-1). Furthermore, highest N, P and K content of urdbean in grain and straw and weeds were also observed in 15 kg seed rate ha-1 over 20 and 25 kg seed rate ha-1. Likewise, in weed management practices, both mechanical and chemical method of weed management was found superior over weedy check to achieve more above parameters. Among the herbicidal treatment Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.iha-1 PE + one hand weeding was shown it ssuperior in respect to above values of performance and weeds as compared to their counterparts. Thus 15 kg seed rate ha-1 combination with Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i ha-1 as Pre-emergence + one hand weeding at 40 DAS may be suggested for effectively control of weeds in urdbean and also for obtaining maximum economical grain yield, net return, and benefit: cost ratio of urdbean crop.

The experiment was carried out during Rabi season 2011-12 on sandy loam soil to evaluate “Effect of irrigation and fertility balance on performance and production economics of barley crop” by using split plot design with three replication. Result revealed that significantly maximum growth attributes viz., plant height, fresh weight and dry weight/plant at 30 DAS and at maturity while number of tillers only at 30 DAS, yield and its contributes traits viz., length of ear and number of grains per ear were recorded in treatment where irrigation was applied thrice (tillering, flag leaf and milking stage), besides obtained highest grain and biological yield (40.48 and 97.24 q/ha), respectively as against two and one irrigation. Besides, shown its superiority to removed nitrogen and build protein yield in plant. Besides, fetches more B:C ratio (2.66) and economic efficiency (309.44 Rs/day/ha). Likewise Balancing the recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers (NPK-60:30:30) along with biofertilizers (Azotobacter and PSB) and FYM helpful in yield maximization over other fertility levels i.e. RDF + Biofertilizer + Vermicompost, RDF + Biofertilizer and RDF applied alone, besides achieved maximum performance, uptake and production economics.

In current study, the control of septoria leaf blotch of wheat by different seed treatment from indigenous methods during November to April. 2014-2015. In this study, the different seed treatment applied viz. Control, Sun drying, Polythene solarization, Brine solution, Allium sativum leaf extract with cow urine and Hot water treatment for control of septoria leaf blotch of wheat respectively. In the pots, the result was obtained the highest control 54.64 % was recorded from Allium sativum leaf extract with cow urine treatment in the T5 where as lowest control 9.01 % was recorded from sun drying in the T2. In the plots, the result was obtained the highest control 48.71 % was recorded from Allium sativum leaf extract with cow urine treatment in the T5 where as lowest control 12.82 % was recorded from sun drying in the T2. I was noted, Allium sativum leaf extract with cow urine is best treatment for control of septoria leaf blotch of wheat from 1:2 ratio in pot and plot

An investigation was made to determine the “effect of bio-fertilizers and organic manures on growth and yield of turmeric during Kharif and Rabi season of 2012-2013. On the basis of present investigation, it is concluded that the turmeric variety Guntur responded well in terms of morphological, yield and its attributing and quality characters. The finding will help to a great extent in treatment of bio-fertilizers and organic manure, the treatment O4 (Poultry manure) was found significantly superior as compared to other treatments of organic manures. Highest growth characters (viz., plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, number of clumps per plant, length of clumps per plant treatment) and yield attributes (viz., weight of primary and secondary rhizomes per plant, fresh weight of rhizomes per plant, dry matter recovery (%), leaf area index, leaf area duration, dry leaves per plot, rhizomes yield per plot and per hectare) were found in the treatment O4 (Poultry manure @ 5 t/ha) as compared to O1 (O1 i.e. control). Under the treatment of biofertilizers, B2 (PSB 5 kg/ha) obtained maximum yield over all other doses and the lowest yield was reported under treatment B0 (No biofertilizer). Hence it was identified that Poltry manure 5 t/ha and biofertilzers @ 5 kg/ha individually proved the best for “Kymorepleatue and Satpura hills” of Madhya Pradesh.

We conducted a Sensitivity Analysis of MODFLOW used for the simulation of ground water table fluctuations. Sensitivity analysis involves varying model input parameters and evaluating how model results change with these variations. The study was undertaken in the Krishna western delta to compute the simulation of groundwater table fluctuations using MODFLOW. Water balance study was used for estimation of net groundwater recharge. Simulation of ground water table fluctuations was done for the year 2010 for increased and decreased recharge for both pre and post monsoon seasons. In case of decreased recharge, simulation was done without considering the canal. Groundwater model can play an important role in conducting such studies and analyze the future scenarios. The study area KWD (Krishna Western Delta) is covered between 15o 32΄ N latitude to 160 34΄ N latitude and 800 09΄ longitudes to 800 55΄ E longitude. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by decreasing and increasing recharge component by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% to study the sensitivity of the model to recharge. The model MODFLOW is found sensitive to recharge component with an index value ranging from 0.59 to 0.66 for 10, 30, 40 and 50% decrease of recharge and found very less sensitive to 20% with an index of 0.25, from which it can be inferred that an initial decrease of 10% increment after initial 10% reduction did not cause much change in the process of aquifer recharge. For the same temporal limits, if the recharge gets decreased by 20% and henceforth 10% resulted in much sensitivity of the model till 50% reduction.

Vegetables belonging to family Cucurbitaceae, Brassicaceae and Solanaceae are important due to their nutritional and have also cost-effective values. Farmers bearing heavy yield losses both in their quality and quantity of these crops due to various diseases. Diseases caused by Alternaria species are common and are worldwide in their occurrence. The different crops plants as a host viz. apples, broccoli, cauliflower, carrots, potatoes, Chinese cabbage, tomatoes, bok choy, citrus and many plants used as ornamentals and a no. of weeds. These crops inflicted serious damage as a early blight diseases caused by fungal pathogen Alternaria spp. Different Alternaria spp. was found to be associated with various Angiospermic families but A. alternata (with a few morphological differences) usually infects members of these three vegetable providing families. Besides these pathogenic infections are reported due to A. tenuissima and A. cucumerina on cucurbitaceous; A. brassicae, A. brassicicola and A. raphani on brassicaceous and A. solani, A. longipes and A. crassa on solanaceous plants. For controlling the diseases a number of new chemicals were synthesized and evaluated and so also the biological control agents including bacteria, Actinomycetes and fungi. Some plants and plant products were also found to be useful in controlling Alternaria infection.

An insight into the correlation coefficient and path analysis study was made with 130 traditional landraces of rice for quality and yield attributing traits. From the results it was observed that, highly significant and positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations for grain yield kg/ha with days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, panicle length, number of panicles per meter row, panicle weight, number of grains per panicle, test weight and L/B ratio. On the other hand, significant and negative correlation was observed for grain yield with iron content at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. The phenotypic and genotypic path-coefficient analysis indicated highest positive direct effect on grain yield per ha was contributed by number of productive panicle per plant followed by panicle weight, L/B ratio and plant height, days to 50 % flowering, grain iron, grain protein, grain zinc concentration had negative direct effect of on grain yield (kg/ha). Test weight, number of grains per panicle, panicle length, had positive direct effect on grain yield per ha at phenotypic level, whereas same traits viz., test weight, number of grains per panicle, panicle length had negative direct effect of on grain yield (kg/ha) at genotypic level.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of R. leguminosarum biovar TF17 inoculation on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants treated with four different heavy metal salts. A pot experiment used complete randomized block design pattern with three replicates. Prior to pot study the rhizosphere of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) plant was screened for efficient Rhizobium leguminosarum biovars. From the 152 bacterial isolates screened, 11 biovars of R. leguminosarum were identified and screened for PGPR traits. The isolated R. leguminosarum biovar TF17 with multi plant growth promoting traits was selected for pot study. Effect of heavy metals on tomato seed germination was also studied. Treatment of CoSO4, CuSO4, HgSO4 and ZnSO4 with or without R. leguminosarum TF17 inoculum was provided to tomato seeds at the dose of 20 mg Kg-1 soil. The final observation of 14 weeks showed highest (96.41 cm) and the lowest (50.47 cm) plant length (shoot and root length) from ZnSO4 and CuSO4 treatments, respectively. Similarly, the highest (0.947 g) and the lowest (0.401 g) plant dry weights were recorded with ZnSO4 and CuSO4 treatments, respectively. Application of R. leguminosarum TF17 along with heavy metal salts mitigated the plant growth retarding effect to some extent. In a separate experiment spectrophotometric analysis showed negative relation between heavy metal concentration and R. leguminosarum TF17 growth. The lowest bacterial growth, in the form of optical density (OD) drop, was observed with 40 mg L-1 CoSO4 treatment, followed by CuSO4 of same concentration.

Wild species of wheat belonging to different ploidy groups namely Triticum timopheevi (2n=28), and Triticum sphaerococcum (2n=42) were crossed. Very few seeds obtained from the cross between T. timopheevi as female and T. sphaerococcum as male, which were small in size and shriveled in nature. These seeds were raised and the viable hybrids were studied for their chromosomal behavior during meiosis. They showed abnormal pairing and irregular separation thus leading to sterile pollen grains. The morphology of the hybrid was almost similar to the female parent except for the dominant character like anwness, which showed pollen parent inheritance. Abnormal tetrad formation, micronuclei formation leading to polymorphic pollen grains leading to sterility was commonly observed.