Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn] is one of the important millet crops of India. In Gujarat, finger millet is the staple food of the tribal people of the Dangs district of south Gujarat and is grown as rainfed crop in kharif season on least fertile hilly soils. Finger millet is a rich source of protein, dietary fiber, minerals and amino acids. This crop is grown on an average area of about 12128 ha per year in the Dangs district of Gujarat. In kharif season due to continuous, heavy rainfall, high humidity and warm temperature, the crop is heavily infested by a soil borne foot rot disease incidence (up to 47%) and found to be a major constraint in the production of finger millet, resulting in direct crop losses mainly in The Dang district of south Gujarat. Since recent past, the Dangs district of south Gujarat was declared as organic district and thus, a field experiment on biological management of finger millet foot rot was formulated and conducted for three years. Two bio agents viz., T. viride 1.5% WP (2 x 10? cfu/g) (IIHR strain) and P. fluorescence 1.5% liquid form (1 x 10? cfu / ml) (NAU strain) were used as seed treatment and soil application. Among all the treatments, maximum disease control and grain production was reported in the seed treatment of P. fluorescence @ 10 ml / kg of seeds + two soil applications of P. fluorescence @ 2.5 l /ha in 250 kg FYM at transplanting and at 50% flowering with the minimum foot rot incidence of (9.63%) and highest grain (3415 kg/ ha) and fodder yield (7091 kg/ ha) which was found at par with the seed treatment of T. viride @ 10g/kg of seeds + two soil applications of T. viride @ 2.5 kg /ha in 250 kg FYM at transplanting and at 50% flowering with the foot rot incidence of (12.59 %) and highest grain (3226 kg/ha) and fodder yield (6173 kg/ ha) followed by all the other treatment and control with positive effect on average plant height (cm), average number of productive tillers per plant, average number of fingers, average finger length and bio agent cfu /gm soil at harvest with high cost benefit ratio

The Little millet (Panicum miliare L.) is an important cereal crop in hilly area of south Gujarat. The crop is particularly grown as a one of major cereal crop in The Dang district of south Gujarat. The crop is having its own significance as it is grown organically in this region with not much more use of agrochemicals. More over to this it possess fair levels of protein (22.50%), fat (27.50%), dietary fiber (30.00%) and calcium (0.377%) and thus an important nutraceutical grain for nutrient. Blast (caused by Pyricularia spp.) and grain smuts (caused by Macalpinomyces sharmae) are the common endemic diseases occurred on this crop and are regarded as one of the main constraints in high and quality yield production. The work on the screening of the varieties released and promising germplasms against major diseases is still lacking in the area. Thus keeping these points in view the present investigation will be taken up to screen different varieties and germplasms against blast and other diseases. Overall results of reaction against leaf, neck and panicle blast under natural condition revealed that out of seventeen genotypes or varieties screened against all the three stages of blast, nine entries viz., WV-124, WV-126, WV-130, WV-143, WV-145, WV-146, WV-151, GV-2 and GNV-3 showed resistant reaction while six entries viz., TNPSU- 163, TNPSU-171 TNPSU-174, GV-1, OLM-203, CO-2 and JK-8 exhibited moderately susceptible reaction, whereas, one genotypes WV-207 showed susceptible reaction to leaf blast disease. In case of neck blast all the entries screened showed resistant reaction except WV-207 showed moderately resistance reaction. None of entry was found susceptible to panicle blast as it was not observed and recorded from the last four year and thus regarded as highly resistant. The reaction of correlation studies between grain yield, fodder yield, plant height, numbers of tillers per plant and panicle length was found negative against leaf blast except maturity days where as correlation between grain yield, fodder yield, plant height, panicle length and maturity days was found positive against neck blast except number of tillers per plant. All the characters showed non-significant reaction against leaf as well as neck blast. Out of seventeen genotypes and or varieties screened against grain smut one entry viz., OLM-203 showed highly resistant reaction while twelve entries viz., WV-124, WV-126, WV-130, WV-143, WV-145, WV-146, WV-151, wv-207, GV-1, GV-2, GNV-3 and CO-2 showed resistant reaction. Three entries viz., TNPSU167, TNPSU-171 and TNPSU-174 exhibited susceptible reaction. Highly susceptible reaction was exhibited by the variety JK-8. The reaction of correlation studies between grain yield, fodder yield, plant height and maturity days was found highly significant and negatively correlated with grain smut severity index whereas numbers of tillers per plant and panicle length were found non-significant and showed positive and negative correlation against grain smut respectively

The present study was conducted to analysed the trade direction of paddy export from India to major importing countries by studying the structural changes in paddy export from India was examined. The trade direction has been explored by Markov chain analysis using export quantity and value during the period 2007-08 to 2016-17. The major importer countries from India viz., Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UK, UAE, Yemen Arab Republic, USA, Canada, and Belgium were considered for analysis. It was observed that UAE was the most stable market among the major importers of Indian paddy as reflected by the probability of retention at 0.6793, which means that UAE had retained its original export quantity share of 67.93 per cent during the period 2007-08 to 2016-17. The U.S.A. was the most stable market in terms of value among the major importers of Indian paddy, as exhibited by highest probability of retention at 0.7634, which means that U.S.A. had retained its original export value share of 76.34 per cent during the period 2007-08 to 2016-17.

The field experiment was conducted on a well leveled field at Agriculture farm of the Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya Chitrakoot, Satna, Madhya Pradesh during kharif season of 2019. The farm is situated under agro-climatic zone Kymore Plateau of Eastern Madhya Pradesh. Geographical Chitrakoot is situated between 25°10´N latitude, 80°32´E longitude and 190-210 meter above mean sea level. The experiment consisted of randomize block design in three replications. Eight treatment of foliar feeding nutrition of observation on the plant population, growth characters, yield attributes, yield and economics of treatment were recorded at different stages of crop. Foliar spraying of T?: RDF + 0.5% N:P:K (19:19:19) at flower initiation stage and T?: RDF + 2% urea at FI was found better treatment in term of growth , grain and stover. Foliar application of T?:RDF + 0.5% N:P:K (19:19:19) with RDF was found best treatment for production higher grain yield of pigeonpea (1364 kg/ha), treatment T?: RDF + 0.5% N:P:K (19:19:19) at FI, T?: RDF+ 1% MAP at FI , T?: RDF + 1% Pulse magic at FI , T?: RDF + 2% urea at FI , T?: 0.5% ZnSO? at FI , T?: RDF + 0.5% FeSO? at FI , T?: RDF + 0.5% ZnSO? + 0.5% FeSO? at FI produced higher grain yield by a margin of 209 kg (18.09 %), 47 kg (4.06 %), 124 kg (10.73 %), 138 kg (11.94 %), 102 kg (8.83 %), 47 kg (4.06 %), 65 kg (5.62 %) RDF, respectively

The field experiment was conducted at Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan during rabi season of 2022-23 on effect of irrigation regimes and hydrogel on Indian mustard. The experiment was conducted in split plot design within three replications having three irrigation regimes (0.4 IW/CPE, 0.6 IW/CPE and 0.8 IW/CPE) in main plots and four doses of hydrogel (control, 10, 15 and 20 kg ha-1) in subplots. Results revealed that maximum growth and yield of mustard was recorded by the 0.8 IW/CPE irrigation regime. Among hydrogel treatments, application of 20 kg hydrogel ha-1 recorded significantly higher plant height, branches plant-1 and yield of Indian Mustard

Early blight disease of tomato caused by Alternaria solani is one of the most destructive diseases which cause considerable loss in tomato production. The present study evaluated the efficacy of plant activators on tomato early blight disease and investigated the effects on the yield of tomato plants. The field experiment used a randomised block design, with seven treatments and three replications in subtropical climatic condition of West Bengal at Regional Research Sub-Station (R & L Zone), Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Sekhampur, Birbhum, West Bengal, India during Rabi, 2020-21 and Rabi, 2021-22. Among the plant activators, two foliar sprays at 30 DAS and 60 DAS with Chitosan @ 0.1 % were best followed by Salicylic acid @ 150 ppm and Benzoic acid @ 0.15 % to manage the early blight disease of tomato. The findings of the present study demonstrated a promising approach of management of early blight disease of tomato with plant activators

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of tree leachates on the growth performance of commonly grown oilseed crops. The experiment was conducted for two years in green house in University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. It was found that amongst the tested tree leachates, Eucalyptus tree leachates had more inhibitory effect on the emergence, dry matter, shoot and root length of the crops. Root + leaf leachate had significantly higher inhibitory effect than root leachate alone. The inhibitory effect of leachates was more during earlier stage of crop growth (15 DAS) than later stages (30 DAS)

The rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola belongs to the family Heteroderidae is one of the most economically important nematode affecting rice. It has been reported to cause significant yield loss of 20-50 per cent. The root knot nematode, M. graminicola infecting rice in Tamil Nadu was identified as race ‘b’ by North Carolina host differential test. The results of North Carolina host differential test showed that M. graminicola reproduced on both rice and wheat. However, when compared to wheat, rice had the highest rate of reproduction. In comparison to wheat (409.92), the number of second stage juveniles (J?) per gram of root in rice was recorded as 992.69. Similarly, number of galls on rice roots were significantly higher (72.69) compared to wheat (37.62) and size of galls were bigger in case of rice compared to wheat

Forty elite genotypes collected from different sources were evaluated for path analysis and genetic divergence studies. Forty genotypes were grouped into twelve groups with differing levels of divergence based on D? analysis. Thes genotypes were quite different, according to D? analysis, with D? values ranging from 6.94 to 26.25. The largest inter-cluster distance (28.25) was found between clusters IV and XII. The two clusters with the shortest inter-cluster distances, IV and V, were 6.94. Cluster VI (12.88) has the largest intra-cluster distance. In contrast, clusters III, IV, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, and XII only had one genotype. From the path analysis studies, we can conclude that the quantity of seeds produced per plant had positive direct effect with the traits like days to maturity, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of branches per plant, weight of 100 seeds, and protein content. The genotypes KDS-344, DS-228, JS-335, JS-9305, HIMSO-1691, NRC-128, MACS-1701, MAUS-768, MacS-450, MACS-NRC-1647, may be useful for upcoming crop improvement programmes based on the examined divergence classes during this research project

This research probes the adoption of advanced dry farming technologies in resource-scarce Western Maharashtra. Focusing on factors shaping their uptake, data is garnered from 90 farm households in Solapur district. Using the Technology Adoption Index and regression model, adoption of various technologies is assessed: Improved Livestock Management, Crop Production, Energy Management, Soil and Water Conservation, and Land Use Systems. Results unveil differing adoption levels. Highest is Improved Livestock Management, trailed by Crop Production and Energy Management; Soil and Water Conservation lags. Conversely, Land Use System adoption is lowest. Regression analysis identifies key factors. For Soil and Water Conservation, irrigated land, land size, and diversification index are vital. Enhanced Crop Production links to irrigated land proportion. Diversification index primarily drives Improved Livestock Management, followed by land size and farm area. These findings empower policymakers and stakeholders. Insights aid in tailored interventions and extension services, expediting widespread and effective adoption of sustainable agricultural practices in Western Maharashtra. Ultimately, this enriches rural livelihoods and promotes sustainable agriculture, countering resource scarcity

The experiment was conducted by Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vellore district of Tamil Nadu to study the effect of foliar spray of micronutrients on growth and yield parameter of Banana. The investigation was carried out in simple Randomized Block Design with three replications and 12 treatments in the experimental field at Kavasampattu village, Vellore district. The Phosphorus was applied by basal. The Micronutrients viz., Zn(0.5%), Borax (0.1%), Fe (0.2%) and Cu (0.2%) were applied singly or in combination as foliar spray at 3, 5 and 7?? month after planting of suckers. Control plants were sprayed with water only. Observation on plant height, leaf number and flowering percentage were recorded at shooting. From the findings of the present investigation, the yield per hectare was significantly higher in high density population of plant height, number of leaves and flowering percentage with application of foliar spray of Zinc (0.5 %) and Boron (0.1%) followed by Boron (0.1 %) and Iron (0.2 %). It can be adopted for higher yield of banana

The current study was prompted by the need to improve the CI engine's performance and emission characteristics. It is possible to improve performance by increasing the compression ratio below detonating values. Internal combustion engines' performance characteristics are influenced by the compression ratio. The effect of the compression ratio on the brake power, brake thermal efficiency, brake mean effective pressure, and specific fuel consumption of the variable compression ratio compression ignition engine is investigated experimentally and theoretically in this study. In this study, compression ratios of 12, 14, and 16, were utilized. The comparative results show that as the compression ratio increases, the specific fuel consumption decreases averagely by 5.25%, and improvement was observed in volumetric efficiency of 0.4 %, brake power of 2.30%, brake thermal efficiency of 8.15 %, indicated power of 2.46%, mechanical efficiency of 0.5 %, IMEP of 1.1% and BMEP of 1%. Similarly, as compression ratio increased value of CO and exhaust gas temperature was decreased. While CO? and NOx emissions increased

India is the largest producer of Organic large cardamom and constitutes lion share of world market. The total cost of production of cardamom per hectare was Rs 3,18,836 and the marketing margin for grower was found to be Rs 64274 per ha of Cardamom. The marketing margin for trader was found to be Rs 450 per Kg of Cardamom. The marketing efficiency was very high (10.14) for Cardamom. The average export of cardamom was 884 tonnes (2011-17) and average export value was Rs 75.44 Crores. Pakistan, UAE, UK and USA were the major importers of large cardamom from India. On the contrary, the average import of cardamom was 3376 tonnes (2012-17) and the average import value was Rs 220.12 Crores and concluded that India typically imports more cardamom than it exports due to high domestic consumption. Prices of cardamom for Siliguri and Gangtok markets were very high from April to June months. Premium price for Cardamom, storage godown, auction centre, laboratory for analysis of diseases, improved scientific Cardamom curing device and Cardamom grading and packaging units are essential for cardamom market stakeholders. Separate organic commodity market and sales outlets should be setup and market intelligence and market information system should be strengthened

Biological control of root knot nematode with antagonistic fungiis a promising technique which may be incorporated in integrated nematode management. Hence, the bio control based technology involving for the management of bhendi nematodes were investigated. An experiment was conducted under glass house conditions for the management of root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in bhendi with different bio-control agents. Bhendi seed (cv.co2) were planted @ five seeds/pot filled with 5 kg steam sterilized soil mixture. The pots were watered periodically and one week after planting, seedlings were thinned to one per pot and inoculated with freshly hatched second stage juveniles of M. incognita. Various treatments tested were T?-Seed treatment of Purpureocillium lilacinum@ 10g/kg, T?-Seed treatment of Trichoderma viride @ 10g/kg, T?-Seed treatment of Pseudomonas fluorescens@ 10g/kg, T?-Soil application of P. lilacinum@ 2.5kg/ha, T?-Soil application of T. viride@ 2.5kg/ha, T?-Soil application of P. fluorescens@ 2.5kg/ha, T?-Soil application of Carbofuran 3G @ 33kg/ha and T?-Untreated control. At 90 days after planting, the plants were uprooted with roots intact and observations of height of the shoot (cm), length of root (cm), fresh shoot weight (g), and fresh root weight(g) dry shoot weight (g), were recorded. Besides, nematode population/200 g soil, number of adult female/g root, number of eggs/egg mass and root knot index were also recorded. Among the bio control agent, soil application of P. lilacinum@ 2.5kg/ha recorded the maximum shoot length of 35.27 cm, fresh shoot weight of 16.45g, dry shoot weight 6.18g, fruit yield 54.34g and increase the root length of 28.22 cm, fresh root weight 12.50g and dry root weight of 5.54g was recorded. The treatment was on par with seed treatment of P. lilacinum@ 9g/kg. Among the different types of bio-control agents, highest reduction in root knot index (1.0), Maximum reduction in number of M. incognita adult females (12.42), number of egg masses/g root (5.47), number of eggs per egg mass (92.22), and soil nematode population (98.33) was recorded in soil application of P. lilacinum@ 2.5kg/ha followed by seed treatment of P. lilacinum@ 10g/kg