Rainfall is the major source of water. Rainfall pattern and moisture availability in root zone under rainfed condition is closely linked with the success or failure of crops. Distribution of rainfall is not uniform and occurrence of frequent dry spells is a common phenomenon observed. The spatial and temporal variability of rainfall and its uneven and inadequate distribution determines the failure of crops especially in drought prone areas. For this the rainfall analysis was carried out by different research workers for onset of effective monsoon, and dry and wet spell analysis for various places in dry land agriculture. Geospatial analysis techniques such as Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System were used for studying the spatial and temporal variation of dry spells and spatial variability of soil moisture. The knowledge on onset of effective monsoon (OEM), its withdrawal, period of occurrence and distribution of dry spells during the monsoon period is most important to the farmer for successful planning. Analysis of historical weather data and its soil moisture variability helps to develop and modify the management practice to increase and stabilize the agriculture production in the rainfed ecosystem

The present study was conducted during 2021-22 to analyse the attitude of farmers towards information and communication technology tools. One hundred and ninety-six farmers in Bangalore rural and Ramanagara districts were interviewed for the purpose using a pre-tested interview schedule. The findings revealed that a larger number of farmers (38.77%) had more favourable attitude towards ICT tools, whereas 33.16 of the farmers had favourable attitude towards ICT tools and the remaining 28.07 per cent of the farmers had less favourable towards ICT tools. Education, land holding, annual income, innovative proneness, mass media participation, extension participation and extension agency contact of farmers had significant to highly significant relationship with their attitude towards information and communication technology tools. The ranking of percentages of distance measured by the important independent variables revealed that the first seven ranks comprising, annual income (21.61%), education (20.16%), mass media participation (13.12%), innovative proneness (11.10%), extension participation (9.61%), extension agency contact (8.01%) and land holding (3.06%), had contributed in developing more favorable attitude among farmers towards information and communication technology tools

Sixty Rajma landraces and four local checks collected from different regions of the India were evaluated at Bioversity International, Bengaluru against major diseases namely angular leaf spot, rust, powdery mildew, Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (BYMV) and Common Bean Mosaic Virus (CBMV) diseases under field condition. The results indicated that there is a significant genetic variability in the landraces collected against major diseases and showed varied degree of resistance to different pathogens. BFB-23 showed immune reaction to all the five major diseases. BFB-14 recorded immune reaction to rust, powdery mildew, BYMV and CBMV. BFB-38 exhibited immune reaction to Rust, BYMV and CBMV. Other landraces showed varied range of disease reaction from resistance to highly susceptible. Sources of resistance identified from this study will be utilized in crossing programme and incorporation of the desirable traits for developing resistant varieties in future breeding programs

Muga silkworm, (Antheraea assamensis) is a polyphagous insect that is endemic to the northeastern parts of India. Semi-domesticated muga silkworm is multivoltine in nature and commercial rearing is conducted during the spring and autumn seasons. Muga silkworms feed on different kinds of host plants. These host plants are divided into three categories as Primary, Secondary, and tertiary host plants. Som (Persea bombycina) and Soalu (Litsea polyantha) are the primaries, dighloti (Litsea salcifolia), mejankari (Litsea citrata) are secondary and Cinnamomum obtusifolium, Cinnamomum glaucescens, Actinodaphane obovbata, Michelia champa, Zizyphus jujube, Xanthoxylem rehsta, Celastrus monosperma etc. are tertiary host plants. All food plants are distributed in India's Northeastern states (Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, and Mizoram). A healthy host plant is needed for getting a good quality of leaves, these good qualities of leaves play a very important role in larval growth and development. These reviews mainly focus on the performance of muga silkworms on different host plants

Water is basis for life on this planet, determining the existence and survivability of every species. However, the availability and sustainability of this natural resource has been questionable since past few years. Any good involves utilization of water during its production process but is generally not assessed or quantified in terms of produce. Therefore, in recent years, the measurement of the water footprint (WFP) in food, agriculture and its related sectors has been recognised as a significant measure of sustainability. Hence this paper signifies the water foot print assessment in livestock and other related products which is essential for determining the water use for production of milk, meat and other products

The multi-trait Enterobacter hormaechei strain was isolated from Jeevamrut (an organic manure prepared from cow dung, cow urine, jaggery and gram flour) prepared at Indore Biotech Inputs and Research Pvt. Ltd. The strain was identified using 16s RNA sequencing and was found to have the ability to solubilize minerals such as phosphate, potassium and zinc, calcite solublization, and oxidize sulphur in vitro. The isolate also produces Indole Acetic Acid, and siderophores. Furthermore, the Enterobacter strain reported here can retard the growth of Fusarium oxysporium significantly in vitro. All these properties make this strain a strong candidate for use as a bio inoculant

Sericulture in India dates to 15th century. Silk is one of the world’s finest natural fibres and is called “the queen of fibres”. India along with China accounts for 60% of the world’s silk production. Andhra Pradesh is the second largest producer of silk in India. With its vast benefits sericulture provides employment in many ways including growing of mulberry crop, cleaning and maintaining the sericulture unit and cutting the leaves to feed worms, reeling of silk etc. Present study was undertaken to study trends and growth rates of area under mulberry cultivation, silk production and productivity. Study revealed that, growth rates for mulberry cultivated Area, silk production and productivity of silk are positive and significant in India. In Andhra Pradesh growth rates in area and production were positive but remained non-significant whereas productivity shown positive and significant growth indicating that, sericulture industry is growing day by day and increasing its profitability. Positive trend was observed in mulberry cultivated area, production and productivity of silk. With the limited available land productivity should be increased by utilizing advanced technologies

Sanitation and hygiene are essential for good health and well - being, survival and development of any individual. Most of the countries are facing challenges in providing minimum sanitation facilities to its people as there are certain factors like population explosion and resource depletion which hinder the provision process. Due to this, people are becoming vulnerable to risks in terms of their health, nutrition, and basic survival. In India, there are many interior areas where the tribal population is dominant. Most of them do not follow or maintain basic sanitation and hygiene practices due to various issues like lack of education; gender biased disparities; improper access to basic facilities like water, toilets etc., which effect their well-being, nutritional and health status. The study tried to explore and compare the sanitation, hygiene and nutritional practices of tribal children and women in the district of Bhadradri Kothagudem, Telangana State, India

The present investigation was carried out for fifty-four diverse genotypes of Rajmash bean and was conducted at ZARS, Ganeshkhind, Pune during rabi, 2019 (October to February) in a Randomized Block Design with three replications. The study revealed that seed yield per plant recorded highly significant positive correlation with harvest index (0.8837) followed by number of pods per plant (0.7422), number of seeds per pod (0.6217), 100-seed weight (0.5779), plant height (0.5114), number of secondary branches per plant (0.3337) and protein content (0.2067) at genotypic level. However, days to 50 per cent flowering (0.0550) and plant spread (0.1046) showed non-significant positive correlation with seed yield per plant. The number of secondary branches per plant, plant spread, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, protein content and harvest index showed highly significant correlation with each other. Number of secondary branches per plant (0.3982) recorded highest positive direct effect on seed yield per plant followed by harvest index (0.3815), number of pods per plant (0.2498), 100-seed weight (0.2392), number of seeds per pod (0.1832), plant height (0.1773) and days to maturity (0.1459) and correlation of these characters with seed yield was positively significant. While, the characters days to 50 per cent flowering (-0.2387), number of primary branches per plant (-0.0800) and plant spread (-0.1139) showed negative direct effect with seed yield per plant

Total number of 36 SMI demonstrations were conducted with adjacent plot of local practices by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mandla (Zone-III, Northern hill of Chhattisgarh) in 14 villages in an area of 15 hectors. Farmers were selected through their knowledge basis. Cultivation of improve variety of mustard RP-09 was grown with transplanting method. This technology requires small quantity of seed as compare to normal sowing (i.e., 250 g seed/ha). After 15 to35 days of transplanting nipping was done thrice at an interval of seven days. The crop was harvested after 110 -120 DAT at maturity stage. Out of nine parameters, full gap was found in six parameters i.e., use of traditional varieties & degenerated seeds, higher seed rate, no seed treatment, no use of plant protection measures and without inoculation. Whereas, partial gap was observed in two parameters i.e., Manures, Fertilizers, method of sowing and spacing. However, no gap was found in land preparation. Average plant height 176 cm. in SMI while in traditional method it was 127cm.Mean number of branches/plans clearly indicate the effectiveness of branches i.e., 11 in SMI however 04 branches in farmers practice. Mean of thee years760siliqua/plant in SMI as against 64 in farmer’s practice. Yield/ plant were found 485g. in SMI while only 86g. in farmers practice. SMI showed better response in all yield attributing characters and yield. Yield of 36 SMI demonstrations gave 33.05q/ha yield as against 9.08 q/ha in traditional practice. The percent increase in yield over farmers practice was 265.50 % over farmers practice (FP). Average extension gap was 23.98 q/ha., technological gap + 12.99 q/ha indicate that technology provide more yield than potential yield. Mean of three yearsyield index indicate i.e., 63.93% higher over farmer’s practice. Average cost of cultivation of SMI and traditional practice indicates that cost of cultivation Rs.26,166/-ha-1 in SMI and 13,667/- ha-1 in traditional practice. The average gross return Rs.168572 under SMI as against Rs.46291/- ha-1 in farmer’s practice which was just 25% of SMI. Average net return Rs.142405/-ha-1 was found in SMI demonstrated plots as against Rs. 32624/-ha-1 in farmer’s practice. The pooled mean of three years B:C ratio revealed that it was 6.45 in SMI and 3.39 in farmers practices

The influence of four planting dates [10th July (D10J), 25th July (D25J), 10th August (D10A) and 25th August (D25A)] and three spacings [20 × 10 cm (S20×10), 15 × 15 cm (S15×15), and 20 × 15 cm (S20×15)] on small-grain non-Basmati aromatic rice (cv. Gobindabhog) was studied during kharif season at BCKV, West Bengal. Gobindabhog rice planted on 10 July required 152.0 days to maturity, which was reduced by 8.2, 13.3 and 19.7 days for delayed plantings on D25J, D10A and D25A, respectively. Mean accumulated GDD, HTU and PTU for entire life cycle were 2608ºC day, 15554ºC day hour and 31598ºC day hour. With positive correlations (P<0.01) of GDD, HTU and PTU with number of filled grains/panicle at ripening stage, Gobindabhog rice planted on 25th July produced the highest grain yield (3.02 t/ha), which was 4.1, 14.4 and 17.5% greater over D10A, D25A and D10J plantings, respectively. Planting in second fortnight of July could be adopted for better yield (3.02 t/ha), moderate duration (143.8 days), greater head rice recovery (62.7%) and amylose content (18.1%); while square planting (S15×15, 44 hills/m2) improved grain yield (2.89 t/ha) and aroma (score 2.7) over closer (S20×10, 50 hills/m2) and wider spacing (S20×15, 33 hills/m2)

The field experiment in morphological characterization of 86 potato germplasm under Mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh was conducted at Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, in collaboration with ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), at the Kufri Potato Research Center (CPRI), Shimla, during 2019–20 and 2020–21 to investigate the genetic variability present in this germplasm. Analysis of variance revealed that mean sum of squares due to genotypes was significant for all selected traits except leaf width. The tuber yield per plant was recorded on freshly harvested potato tubers. The mean of two-year data showed that tuber yield per plant among the genotypes ranged from 0.06 kg to 0.42 kg, with a general mean of 0.23 kg. Maximum tuber yield was observed in CP-4107 (0.42 kg) followed by CP-1867 (0.41 kg) and CP-4126 (0.40 kg), while minimum tuber yield per plant was observed in CP-1704 (0.06 kg). High PCV and GCV (>30%) were observed for tuber yield per plant, number of tubers per plant and number of eyes per tuber. High heritability (>80%) coupled with high genetic advance over mean (>20%) was reported for all parameters except leaf length and petiole length. From this experiment, high yielding genotypes with desirable characteristics will be considered for future breeding activities

Gardens cannot be finished without the ostentatious, expensive investments of decorative plants. Human life is significantly impacted by ornamental plants, particularly flowering ones. They provide the surrounds with fresh air and let the environment's negativity to escape. Humans were fascinated by ornamental plants because of their unusual and alluring smell. Aside from aesthetics and the mentioned tradition. l practises, many ornamental plants also have additional economic purposes. A variety of drinks contain edible herbs that also have therapeutic benefits. Important domestic plants are very nutritious and can be cooked or eaten as salads. With these plants' numerous pharmaceutical uses, we hope that this review will raise awareness of their alternative applications

The present study was undertaken with a view to examine the yield gaps in the major crops in Saurashtra region of Gujarat state. In all, 180 farm households were personally interviewed, spread over 12 villages of Amreli, Junagadh and Rajkot districts, for the rear 2020-21. yield gap analysis was carried out adopting the procedure developed by International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines. This investigation revealed a wide yield gap in major crops of the Saurashtra region. The average Yield Gap II was realized about 605 kg/ha in both bunch and spreading cultivars of groundnut, which ranged from 459 kg/ha in spreading to 691 kg/ha in bunch groundnut. In cotton, wheat, sesame and pigeonpea, the Yield Gap II was realized about 845, 1345, 487 and 652 kg/ha respectively. The Yield Gap I was also high in groundnut and pigeonpea. The yield gap statistics indicated that the sample farmers have harvested nearly 76, 70, 78, 70 and 52 per cent of farm potentials of groundnut, cotton, wheat, pigeon pea and sesame, respectively

The Research was conducted on bio-efficacy of fungicides against Fusarium sp. of date palm at Department of Plant Pathology, S. D. Agricultural University Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat. Four systemic, four non-systemic and four combined fungicides at different concentrations were tested against Fusarium sp. through poisoned food technique. Among the systemic fungicides, propiconazole and carbendazim recorded 99.89 per cent and 98.80 per cent mycelial growth inhibition at 500 ppm respectively. Among the non-systemic fungicides 99.98 per cent mycelial growth inhibition over control was recorded in copper oxychloride at 2000 ppm. Among combined fungicides carbendazim + mancozeb recorded significantly highest 99.47 per cent growth inhibition over control at 1000 ppm concentration

Women have been regarded as the nuclei and the builders of a nation. Most farmers in Indian economy are women i.e., about 70 per cent of farm work is performed by women. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is a such unique government programme which directly aimed in providing employment to women and in achieving better standard of living. So, the efforts have been made in the study would help to know the deficiencies and remedial measures for further improvement in the programme. The study was conducted in two districts of Karnataka state viz., Chickballapur and Mandya during the year 2019-20. Fifty MGNREGA beneficiaries were randomly selected as sample for the study from five villages of each district making total respondents 100. The major constraints as opined by beneficiaries in the study were Employment days is too less in the present situation, delay in payment of wages and continuous work not provided. The main suggestions provided by the MGNREGA beneficiaries to increase the number of working days for beneficiaries and provision of medical facilities near the work site

The research study conducted to analyze growth and instability of area, production and yield of castor crop in India, Gujarat and major castor producing district in Gujarat state for six different period. The time series data was collected for the period from 1970-71 to 2019-20. To examine growth and instability, compound annual growth rates(CAGRs) and Cuddy-Della Valle Index was used. The results of the growth and instability of the castor crop in India revealed that area of the castor negative in all the periods, except Period-II in which at increased significantly. However, in India the area and yield of castor has been noticed more stable during all the periods ranging from 5 to 23 per cent per annum, while production was relatively become unstable in Period-II (32.47%)

Irrigated Agriculture Modernization and Water Bodies Restoration and Management (IAMWARM) project was implemented in Tamil Nadu during the year of 2007 with the aim of improving irrigation service delivery including adaptation of modern water saving irrigation technologies. To study the impact of the IAMWARM project in Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu an ex-post facto research design was followed. Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu was purposively selected, as this district was native for the researcher and it was very convenient to collect valid information and responses from the beneficiaries. For the purpose of statistical analysis of the coded data mean and percentage analysis were used. Poor socioeconomic status of farmers in adoption of innovated technologies was the foremost constraint reported by large majority of beneficiary farmers followed by Water ways running through holding of different farmers leading to social problems