Market integration in agricultural commodities is vital for both developed and developing countries alike. If prices are not dreamily transmitted, then it may lead to biases in production and distribution. The strength of interdependence among markets and the speed in which the changes are passed through determine the degree of integration and the global efficiency of markets. This study examines the long-run and short-run integration of domestic and international wheat markets using Co-integration approach within the framework of Vector Error Correction Mechanism (VECM). A sample of two domestic wheat markets comprising two from the national wheat markets of Mathura (UP) and Khanna (Punjab) were selected along with two international wheat markets comprising from United States and Argentina. Analysis was carried out using the monthly price data between January 2003 and Dec 2019. Findings discovered that the prices became stationary merely upon first differencing. The presence of integration was confirmed among markets involving that there is price conduction

The study was undertaken in the Satna and Rewa districts of Madhya Pradesh. The design one-shot-case study under the ex-post-facto approach was used for the present research study. The districts and the tahsils both were selected randomly. Two blocks from each district and six Gram Panchayats with 8 members from each block selected randomly. Thus, a total of 192 Gram Panchayat members from 24 villages were selected for the study. Data was collected by personally interviewing the respondents with the help of a specially designed and pretested schedule. The statistical methods such as mean, standard deviation, coefficient of correlation, multiple regressions were used for the analysis of data. It was found that the majority of the leaders had a mixed nature of leadership followed by democratic leadership of Gram Panchayat members. It was found that the characteristics namely age and linkage with development agencies are positively and significantly related to leadership nature. Whereas education, caste, occupation, landholding, annual income, socio-economic status, social participation, achievement motivation, mass media exposure, training received, cosmopoliteness, leadership background, leadership experience, and knowledge were found to be not related to leadership nature Multiple regression analysis showed that, leadership nature was significantly related with age. The variation explained by sixteen independent variables with leadership nature was 63.88 percent

The study was conducted in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh to identify the adoption levels. A well-structured interview schedule was used to collect data. The Krishna district is purposively selected. The District Agricultural Advisory and Transfer of Technology Centre (DAATTC) is the focal point for extension activities in the district. The adoption was influenced by factors such as the Family size, landholding, credit availability, Farming experience, Training exposure, education and extension contact

The present globalized food industries ensure the health, nutrition and convenience of the food by application of advanced preservation techniques and food quality management. Fish and fishery products have attracted considerable attention as a source of high amounts of important nutritional components like high-quality protein, essential vitamins, minerals and healthful polyunsaturated fatty acids to the human diet. Thus, followed by drinkable yogurt (18%) and fresh soup (18%) among all the food products, fresh fish and seafood products secure third rank worldwide considering the fastest overall growth. Consumption of both freshwater and marine fish is expected to increase in the future. Due to highly perishable in nature fish is highly susceptible to spoilage, due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Present day consumers’ preferences for fresh alike high-quality food products leads to the development of non-thermal technologies to retain high organoleptic quality and necessary nutritional attributes without potential health risk. Pulsed light (PL), an alternative to continuous ultraviolet light treatments for both solid and liquid foods, is an emerging non-thermal technology for preservation of food surfaces and food packages, consisting of short time high-peak pulses of broad-spectrum white light, thus, food quality is ensured. Due to perishable nature of fish and fishery products, they are prone to spoilage by food spoilage microorganism and potential human pathogens, which can alternatively be delayed by microbial inactivation with PL treatments on food, thus increasing the shelf life. Here is an extensive review; in-depth, and up-to-date analysis of existing information available in the last 20 years of scientific literatures regarding the principles, mechanisms of microbial inactivation, and applications of PL treatments on foods

The present study was under taken between mid rainy season and start of winter season of 2010-11 and 2011-12 in the partnership of farmers in villages Pachpukhara and Rudhauli of Kannuaj district (U.P.). The main objective of study was to increase the farmers income upto two fold and BCR >10 time. The experimental soil was sandy loam, having poor fertility status. The three treatments i.e., conventional practice with local genotype (farmers practice), conventional practice with cv. Sonalika and recommended practice with cv. Sonalika were tested on twenty farmers’ fields. The recommended practice with cultivar Sonalika gave highest green leaves yield of coriander by 53.20 q/ha, which was higher by 20.79 q/ha or 64.15% and 15.70 q/ha or 41.85% in comparison to conventional practice with local variety and conventional practice with cv. Sonalika, respectively. The higher gross return of Rs. 319200/ha, net return Rs. 288395/ha and BCR 1:10.36 were registered under cutting of coriander leaves in the treatment of recommended practice with cv. Sonalika

Curcuma angustifolia Roxb., which is under threatened category was cultivated under ICAR, Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Lamphelpat field condition. Experiments were planned with Factorial Randomized Block Design for3-crop seasons (2018 to 2020). The study encompasses the growth and development of C. angustifolia, seedlings, influenced by spacing, vermicomposting and correlations amongst the growth parameters, so as to validate the most favourable conservation method for this endangered plant. During the three crop seasons, the third crop (2020) is the best. Among the treatments, T5 (S2 V2) and T9 (S3 V3) were found to be the remarkable crop production and plant growth parameters. Spacing of 75-90 cm with compositing at 3-4 tons/ha) were the best. Whereas, lowest value of treatment T1 in which 60 cm spacing and 2 tons/ha compositing was found unfavourable. Strong positive correlation between leaf surface area and plant height on the growth and development was found to be effective among other correlations

The quality and acceptability of some value added litchi products have been essentially tailored to satisfy the health needs and prevent wastage. Litchi fruit is dipped in SO2 fumigated with diluted HCl to restore the red colour following SO2 bleaching; this practice has gained commercial acceptance. The titratable acidity in cold-stored fruit rapidly decreased by 6 hour of shelf time and slowly decreased thereafter at 25°C. Thus, titratable acidity content tended to decline with extended storage duration and ascorbic acid content decreased with self life increased during storage period at low temperature. Anthocyanin and phenolics contents of the fruit decreased during storage but increase fist few day of storage. The pericarp browning, postharvest decay and micro-cracking are the major constraints affecting the commercial quality of litchi during storage, transportation or at the consumer shelf. Commercial SO2 fumigation and sulphur padding were prevention of pericap browning and micro-cracking in the pericarp. Packaging material like MAP using PVC/PE film wrapping and plastic bags or liners combined with low storage temperature generally provided the best extension of shelf life by reducing weight loss, pericarp browning and maintaining the red colour of fruit. Storage life was found to be the maximum (21 days) when sulphur fumigated fruits were packed in polythene bags and stored at 14°C. In case of fruit stored at 5.5°C showed a statistically superior colour than those at 1°C and remained good for up to 40 day of storage

The study was conducted in ten selected villages of Washim District of Maharashtra to study the impact of training programs conducted by KVK, Karda on knowledge and adoption levels of soybean growers. A sample size comprised of 150 trainees and 150 non-trainees from the KVK operated villages. The results of the study revealed that the trainee farmers had greater knowledge and adoption levels on improved soybean cultivation practices than the non-trainee farmers. The knowledge and adoption indices for various soybean cultivation practices were also found to be more for trainee farmers than their counterparts. The impact of training organized by KVK was found to be 48.15 per cent. This indicates that KVK played a significant role in promoting the knowledge and adoption levels of soybean growers

The Corona pandemic ravaging the world has severely impacted most of the persons and the wage earners are the worst affected ones being deprived of the work and income. The loss of work and consequently drying of income source has also adversely affected their household food supply. The farm women in the rural areas who are heavily dependent on wage earning are also bearing the brunt of this unforeseen disaster, devastating the livelihood of millions of people. The large influx of menfolk returning to villages because of loss of work in urban areas have further aggravated the employment situation of farm women in the rural area by taking up the farm job usually carried out by womenfolk. The women farmers now face enormous challenges in their day to day life. The loss of employment and drying up of income source has resulted in reduced food consumption and deferring health care of the family members. The present study was undertaken to understand the problems being faced by the farm women during corona pandemic. The farm women from eight districts of Odisha were contacted over telephone and their responses were analyzed as case studies covering the issues of health, employment, agriculture, self help group activities, education, food and nutrition and socio-psychological issues faced by them during the lockdown. Further, the collected information was cross checked with the community key persons as well as KVK officials in the district

The study was carried out in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh, India for identifying attitude of paddy famers towards sustainable agriculture. A well structured schedule was used for this study. In Krishna district the major crop is paddy, that’s why this district was selected for purposively for this study. The attitude of paddy growing farmers reveals that majority of the farmers were in general favorably disposed towards sustainable agriculture. This result was attributed by the significant relationship of attitude with selected characteristics of the farmers

The study was conducted in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh to know the opinion of Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s trained farm women in terms of training facilities, trainer’s role, competence, objectives, components and overall impact. A well-structured interview schedule was used to collect data. The Krishna district is purposively selected .Two Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s were the major centres for extension activities in the district

The cotton picking is the major problems faced by the small and farmers due to scare of harvesting labor and affordable technology near about 30% cost of cultivation of the cotton crop is required for harvesting of cotton in India. Manual picking of cotton is labor intensive, requiring average 1565 man hours per hectare. The proposed research work introduces a computer aided design optimization and fabrication of pneumatic suction based solar operated cotton boll picking machine with single man/women operator. The performance of newly developed machine is compared with manual picking method. The Cost of cotton boll picking Rs. /ha of cotton boll picking machine for variety PDKV-2BG-ll and Hybrid of Bt. cotton NHH 44 bt. for suction hose pipe length 1.50 m and 120x30 cm plant spacing observed as Rs. 12809.35, and14697.60 per ha cotton harvested respectively whereas by manual method its observed was Rs.13630.50 and 20285.70 per hectare for two varieties respectively

The efficacy of farmer’s friendly plant based bio-formulation prepared using 8 plant materials viz., Moringa olifera (Moringa), Sesbania grandiflora (Agathi), Vitex negunda (Notchi), Cardiospermum halicacabum (Mudakathan Keerai), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Pongamia pinnata (Pungam), Terminalia chebula (Kadukkai), Ferula asafoetida (Asafoetida) was tested against mango stemborer, Batocera rufomaculata Dejan. Cerambycidae, Coleoptera. The evaluation was conducted by the Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 2019 - 2020 in farmer’s field. The bio-formulation was applied as paste on the stem borer damaged sites of Tree Trunk with proper covering with absorbent cotton pad and kaolinite clay slurry. The observation on re-infestation of the stem borer damage in the treated tree and rejuvenation of the damaged tissues revealed that bio-formulation was effective in checking the stem borer damage and protecting the tree from re-infestation up-to the end of the season. Further, the damaged tissues were also healed. The affected tree after 12 months of treatment put forth new inflorescence showing its rejuvenation

The study was conducted in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 120 farmers were selected from twelve villages of three mandals were selected for the study purpose. A well structured schedule was used for this study. The results of the study revealed that majority of the respondents gave more importance for training needs in the main areas of black gram cultivation such as plant protection, weed management, water management, fertilizer management, seeds and sowing, post-harvest technology and land preparation respectively. This result was attributed by the significant relationship of training needs with selected characteristics of the farmers

Indigenous knowledge (IK) system is an important instrument in sustainable agricultural production to preserve diversities and sustainability of society. Women play a central role in the conservation, management and use of bio-diversity. The present study was carried out to document the ITK of tribal women in agrobiodiversity conservation. The investigation was carried out in the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu State. The habitations namely Kunjappanai and Semmanarai were selected from two villages of Kothagiri taluk of Nilgiris district. A sample of 120 respondents was selected from the identified two habitations following the proportionate and random sampling procedure. Data were collected using interview schedule and analysed with suitable statistical techniques. A total of 67 ITK were reported by the tribal women. The study revealed that 68.66 per cent of ITK pertained to in situ on-farm conservation, and the remaining 31.34 per cent of ITK were related to ex situ conservation. From this study it could be concluded that majority of the ITK were related to in situ on-farm conservation

Tree cultivation is an age old practice as well as sustainable environmental well-being as well as sustainable development of the farmers. The social attributes play a very vital role in fixing the knowledge and acceptance of the farmers towards tree cultivation and related practices. In this regard the study was conducted with the objectives to study the social attributes of the tree growing farmers and to study the comparative analysis of the tree growers and the non-growers in the selected districts of Tamil Nadu. The major social attributes selected for the study are age, educational status, experience in farming, experience in tree cultivation, farm size, crop diversification, credit orientation, economic motivation, occupational status, management orientation. The social attributes were analysed as a comparative check for the tree growers and non-growers

The studies were based on effect of different recipes on storage period of Karonda candy. The experiment comprised of two types of karonda i.e. green and pink with seed and without seed were stored at ambient temperature. From the findings it was observed that, there was a gradual increase in TSS, acidity, reducing sugars and total sugars content of candy irrespective of fruit color type and recipes used in experimentation. However, pH, non reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, moisture, iron content of candy were found to be decreased with the advancement of storage period. The Karonda candy prepared from different recipes of sugar concentration of 60?B, 65?B and 70?B can be stored up to 120 days without any microbial count. From the present findings it is concluded that Karonda candy with 65?Brix sugar is suitable sugar concentration for Karonda candy preparation