Zero till planting an important component of conservation agriculture is found to be a potential alternative to conventional full tillage cultivation of mustard in north eastern coastal plain zone of Odisha. Farmers' participatory field trials were conducted to evaluate zero till cultivation along with different weed management practices against farmers’ practices during 2014-15 and 2015-16 in mustard crop in rice-mustard cropping system. Maximum net return of ?12750 per ha was obtained from ZT+Post herbicides significantly more than all other treatments. Grain yield and yield attributes of mustard were better under conventional tillage with line planting (T3) over other practices. ZT treatments, ZT+Post and NS+ZT produced similar grain yield as obtained by farmers’ practice of CT+BS (T5). Even though CT+LS+BS (T3) registered better grain yield, the net income (?11289) was found to be lesser than that under ZT+Post (?12750). Greater save in cost of cultivation and energy were observed under zero till planting with use of herbicide as post emergence or pre-plant application associated with higher profits. No till planting without herbicide application was found to be unprofitable during the experimentation period

An automated solar panel dry wiping system uses a portion of output power of the solar panel. It consists of Channel frame for rack and Pinion gear setup, Bush, Connecting rod, Bearings, DPDT switch, DC Motor and cleaning Brush. The brush assembly travels with a speed of 10 cm/s, forces the dust to move in the direction of the motion of the cleaning unit and finally blows it away at the edge of the panel. The improvement rates for the solar PV panel is calculated using normalization principle based on the power output after cleaning and power output. The improvement rate ranges from 0.7 % to 3.09% for the developed self-cleaning system.

The Farmer Producer Organization provided the platform to farmers for effective marketing and the production and tap the high value markets. The study is conducted to evaluate Farmer Producer Organizations (FPO’s) in western Tamil Nadu by SWOC analysis. Constraints faced by both farmers and the members and SWOC analysis of the organisation were also studied

The study aimed to evaluate the financial feasibility of solar powered water pumping system for irrigation in Tamil Nadu. It covers 220 solar pump beneficiaries spread across five agro climatic zones. LCC was lower for solar pumping system (Rs.3.44 lakhs) than Electric pumps (6.77 lakhs) and diesel pumps (Rs.13.72 lakhs) and it was found to be the most efficient system than diesel and electric pump system due to its low maintenance cost and zero energy cost. By replacing the diesel pumps with solar pumping system, net present value was positive, benefit cost ratio was greater than one at 10% and 12% discount rate and IRR was found to be 14% which is more than the opportunity cost. With the subsidy component, the solar pumping system was found to be financially feasible. Based on the results of the study, it is suggested that bankers may be encouraged to promote innovative financial models to provide loan for solar pumping system to reduce the burden of the government in terms of subsidy.

Based on detailed soil survey, six typical representative soil pedons of Bettadpura micro watershed were studied for morphological and physico-chemical properties. Results indicated that soil depth of the entire micro watershed area varied from shallow to very deep and argillic sub-surface diagnostic horizon which was dominant in the upper slope of the watershed. The texture of the soils ranged from sand clay to clay. Soils were slightly neutral to moderately alkaline. The electrical conductivity and organic carbon content of the pedons were medium to low, varied from 0.18 to 0.82 dSm-1 and 0.36-0.81 g kg-1 respectively. The CEC of the pedons varied from 18.67 to 42.69 cmol (p+) kg-1. The exchangeable bases in most of the pedons were in the order of Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Na+. Soils in each mapping unit were evaluated for their capability and suitability for major crop production using standard methods. The study area was classified under land capability classes II, III and IV. About 55.32 percent area is moderately cultivable with some limitations. An area of 19.54 percent is good for cultivation of the crops. Based on number and degree of limitations, the crop suitability classes viz., highly suitable (S1), moderately suitable (S2), marginally suitable (S3) and permanently not suitable (N) classes were adopted to categorise the soils for major crops in the study area. The study area was classified into three land suitability classes for the sorghum crop viz. S1, S2 and S3. Because of scanty and lower the rainfall in the study area one of the most important perennial crop they are growing was Tamarind, in the entire watershed area about 607 ha (53.86 percent) were marginally suitable

Turmeric is referred as Indian saffron scientifically known as Curcuma longa and commonly called as haldi .The research study was conducted in Sangli district of Maharashtra, India during 2019-20, with a sample size of 140, from two tahsils namely Walwa and Mirajwith the objectives viz. to Study the Personal, socio-economic, communicational and psychological characteristics of turmeric growers, to analyze the turmeric growers perception towards attributes of steam pressure cooker and to find out the relationship between selected characteristics with perception of turmeric growers. AnEx-post facto design of social research was used for the present investigation. The results revealed that, the 56.42 percent respondents had moderately favorable perception towards Turmeric Steam Pressure Cooker. Majority of the turmeric growers using University recommended Turmeric Steam Pressure Cooker under to study were found to be middle age, secondary (up to 10 Std.) in education, medium family size, small land holding and moderate farming experience, medium income, medium level of marketing behavior, medium extension contract, medium level of Innovativeness and medium level of Scientific orientation towards University recommended Turmeric Steam Pressure Cooker. The selected variables viz., Education, Family Size, Land Holding, Annual Income, Farming Experience, Marketing Behaviour, Innovativeness, Scientific Orientation, Extension Contact, Area under turmeric, Varietal Preference were in positive and significant relationship with perception. Whereas, the variable age had negative and non-significant relationship with the perception

In organic groundnut production, to improve use efficiency of organic nutrient sources and yield potential, the following study was formulated to study the effect of organic sources of nutrients on the growth, yield attributes and economics of groundnut field experiments were conducted during kharif seasons of three consecutive years (2009 to 2011) at Coconut Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Aliyarnagar, Tamil Nadu. The treatments were viz., farmers practice (control), Farm Yard Manure @ 7.5 t ha-1 inoculated with microbes (15 Days Before Sowing), seed treatments (Biofertilizers and Biofungicides) along with foliar spray of either 1 % Pseudomonas, 5 % Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) and 3 % of Panchagavya at 40-45 DAS in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The results revealed that application of FYM @ 7.5 t ha-1 inoculated with microbes (15 DBS) along with Seed treatment (Biofertilizers and Biofungicides) and Foliar spray of either 1 % Pseudomonas, 5 % NSKE and 3 % of Panchagavya at 40-45 DAS recorded the highest growth attributes, yield attributes and pod yield (2580 kg ha-1)

Zero tillage/No-till (ZT) cropping systems provide an opportunity to protect the soil from erosion and its residue management while contemporaneously maintaining high yields and contributing to food security. The historical aspects and the remarkable development of Zero-till systems in Muzaffarpur district of Bihar are reviewed. The adoption of Zero-till under the resource conservation technology has been a major turning point in reducing the cost of input and minimizes the soil erosion which leads to sustainable crop production in rice wheat cropping system. The process of adoption of Zero-till systems under the resource conservation technology in wheat cultivation is studied for knowing the effect of rice residue management under resource conservation technology on wheat productivity and their income after the adoption of zero till machine. It is full mechanized system for rice residue management in Rice-Wheat system at selected site of Muzaffarpur dist. of Bihar. In India, dissemination of conservation-based agricultural technologies has been underway for nearly two decades that made significant progress in agriculture even though there are several constraints that affect its adoption at local level and tremendous efforts have been made on Zero-till in wheat under a rice-wheat cropping system the Indo-Gangetic plains of Bihar. There are more payoffs than trade offs for adoption of conservation agriculture but the equilibrium among the two was understood by both adopters and promoters. It is observed that zero till technologies or conservation agriculture increase yields and income after adoption of RCT through improving the efficient use of resources and minimizes the cost of input as illustrated in figure and table. However, there are lot of constraints for promotion of conservation agriculture technologies, such as lack of appropriate seeders especially for small and medium scale farmers, competition of crop residues between conservation agriculture use and livestock feeding, burning of crop residues, non-availability of skilled and scientific manpower and overcoming the bias or mindset about tillage.

Madhya Pradesh comprises of 52 districts of which 5 districts are in the Gwalior division. Gwalior division stands third rank in milk production and seventh rank in livestock population among all the division of Madhya Pradesh. Since their wide gap between both production and livestock population, hence were in order to achieve the above-mentioned objectives Gwalior division was purposively selected for the present study. The result reported that class (0.172), education (0.204), herd size (0.140), milk production (0.152), extension contact (0.137), and mass media exposure (0.134) were positive and highly significant related with annual income through dairy farming

According to WHO (2012) on average malnutrition causes 4.39 percent of death rate /year as the micronutrient deficiency causes 20 leading health risk factors and 5 million children die before their fifth birthday every year, and that a third of these deaths are associated with under nutrition. One in threeof the developing country children under the age of 5 (178 million children) are stunted due to chronic under nutrition and 148 million children are underweight

The present study was conducted in three districts of Andhra Pradesh with a sample size of randomly selected 240 sugarcane growers who were practicing jaggery making. For ranking constraints in sugarcane cultivation, jaggery making and its marketing, Garret ranking technique was used. Similarly, farmer’s open-ended responses on suggestions were also considered and ranked based on frequency and percentages. ‘Non availability of labour’ and ‘Day by day increase in labour wages’ were major constraints in sugarcane cultivation. Whereas, ‘Lack of support from Government for jaggery’ and ‘Lack of remunerative price for jaggery’ were major problems as perceived by jaggery farmers in jaggery making and its marketing respectively. ‘Feasible mechanization for labour substitution’, ‘Technical knowledge on different jaggery forms’ and ‘Minimum Support Price & remunerative prices for jaggery’ were prior suggestions addressed by the respondents in sugarcane cultivation, jaggery making and its marketing respectively which needs to be addressed immediately to live the hopes of sugarcane growers for jaggery

Maize is globally a top-ranking cereal not only in productivity but also as human food, animal feed and as a source of large number of industrial products. Despite enormous importance of maize crop, maize farmers to be helped to increase productivity, the focus should not only be on whether or not they have adopted productivity enhancing technologies, but it is necessary to carefully examine whether they are even making maximum use of the technologies on inputs available to them. The present study aimed to measure the level of technical efficiency and yield loss due to inefficiency levels of maize producers’ in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh. The results indicated that the minimum, maximum and average yields of maize production in the sample households were 1950, 10125 and 5159 kg/ha, respectively. The Data Envelopment Analysis was employed to analyze efficiency in maize production. The mean technical efficiency (TE) was found to be 64%, and about 3250.56 kg of maize output per hectare was lost due to inefficiency factors implying there is a room for improvement in technical efficiency by36% with the present technology. The study concluded that there is considerable difference in the efficiency level among plots. Hence suggested that if inputs are used to their maximum potential, there will be considerable gain from improvement in technical efficiency

The freshly harvested groundnut pods of different varieties viz., VRI 2, VRI 6, VRI 7, VRI 8, CO 6, CO 7 TMV 7 and TMV 13 were collected and dried to 9% moisture content, packed in cloth bag without any pod treatment and stored under cold (4 ± 2°C) and ambient storage condition (28 ± 2°C). The seeds were evaluated for the seed quality characters at monthly interval upto 12 months revealed that the varieties VRI 7 and TMV 13 showed higher germination than other varieties irrespective of storage condition. With reference to the storage conditions, seeds stored in cold conditions recorded higher germination than the ambient condition stored seeds irrespective of varieties

Global food production in the present times is input intensive, over exploiting available natural resources, with limited concern for human health and bio-diversity. Development and promotion of high input intensive monoculture agriculture based on economic growth model has transformed the once fertile production system into fragile agro-ecosystem in major regions. The ancient food production system practiced based on social, ecological and biological values, were sustainable. The approaches and refinements in these food production systems across the globe were location specific, inherited by local population over generations down the line. Today, when the developed world is diving deep to explore ways to conserve bio-diversity, sustainability and healthy food production system, there are still such heritages of food production system that have sustained over the climatic, social, political, economic and ecological drift. Bari production system in the eastern part of Madhya Pradesh (Central India) is one such sustainable food production system practiced by small and marginal farmers during wet (rainy) season. This ancient food production system qualifies to be another ‘Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System’ (GIAHS) which deserves conservation and recognition, in the modern world

The present study was conducted in Gwalior division that’s stands third rank in milk production and seventh rank in livestock population among all the division of Madhya Pradesh. Since their wide gap between both production and livestock population, hence were in order to achieve the above-mentioned objectives Gwalior division was purposively selected for the present study. The result reported that class (0.150), education (0.222), milk production (0.147), extension contact (0.130), and mass media exposure (0.145) were positive and highly significant related with overall annual income of the dairy farmers.

The present study established based on the primary data and secondary data and processed by descriptive statistics and garret ranking technique. Results of the study depicted that; the actions taken by the Govt. are really appreciable to supplement the farmers’ income through various schemes. With respect to marketing of agricultural commodities, it is advocated to go for online trade (e-NAM, ReMS). Since the price in the online platform is higher, it is benefited for the farmers by wider market. Although online marketing benefited the farmers by eliminating middlemen exploitation and providing remunerative price, there were constraints, such as farmers’ outstanding loan in financial institutions (I) and lack of immediate payment (II) were the major constraints faced by the farmers. Diversion to traditional market owing to problems in online market (I) and lack of funds for daily transaction (II) were the major constraints faced by the traders in online marketing. Lack of adequate grading and poor farmer participation were the major constraints faced by the market committee. The study suggested the need for creating awareness regarding the importance of grading in fetching remunerative price in online marketing and the system of online marketing shall uniformly establish all over the APMCs of Karnataka for the effective implementation.

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif, 2018 at Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (M.S.), to study the “Nutrient management in kharif rice (Oryza sativa L.) through inorganic and organic sources for enhancing productivity and profitability in Konkan region of Maharashtra.” The experiment was laid out in split plot design which comprising of 25 treatment combinations replicated thrice. Main plot treatment consisted of five levels of nitrogen through urea (N1-100 percent RDN, N2-75 percent RDN, N3-50 percent RDN, N4-25 percent RDN and N5-No fertilizer (control) and sub-plot treatment comprised of five levels of nitrogen through FYM (M1-100 percent RDN, M2-75 percent RDN, M3-50 percent RDN, M4-25 percent RDN and M5-No FYM (control).The experimental plot was sandy clay loam in texture, moderately acidic in reaction with very high in organic carbon content. Soil was low in available nitrogen, low in available phosphorus and moderately high in available potassium. The experimental results revealed that application of 100 percent RDN through urea recorded significantly higher growth parameters and yield attributes resulting into significantly more grain and straw (q ha-1) than remaining levels of nitrogen. The highest gross returns of ? 1,25,685 ha-1, net returns of ? 6,974 ha-1 and benefit to cost ratio of 1.06 were obtained due to application of 100 percent RDN through urea. Among the levels of nitrogen through FYM, 100 percent RDN (M1) recorded significantly higher value of growth parameters and yield attributes which resulting into significantly more grain and straw yields (q ha-1) than remaining levels of nitrogen under the investigation. Significantly highest net monitory returns of ? 22,650 ha-1 and B:C ratio of 1.30 registered under the treatment (N5) No FYM (control) than other higher levels of FYM during year of experimentation. Among the different treatment combinations, the highest net returns and B:C ratio of ? 32, 749 ha-1 and 1.41, respectively were obtained under treatment combination of (N1M5) i.e., 100 percent RDN through urea with no FYM