The field experiment was conducted during 2013-14 and 2014-15 at Regional Research and Technology Transfer Station (RRTTS) of Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhawanipatna to evaluate the effect of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) practices on yield, yield attributes and nutrient uptake of hybrid rice grown under System of Rice Intensification (SRI) –mustard cropping sequence. The results revealed that application of 120-60-60 kg N-P2O5-K2O (RDF) + FYM 5 t ha-1 with split application of N, ¼at transplanting (TP), ½ at active tillering (AT) and ¼ at panicle initiation(PI) registered significantly higher effective tillers m-2 (183), filled grains panicle-1 (213), grain yield (7545 kg ha-1) and straw yield (7241kg ha-1) of hybrid rice Ajay. The yield attributes and yield of mustard differed significantly with the residual effect of the nutrient management practices adopted in rice. At harvest, significantly higher siliquae plant -1, seeds siliqua-1, 1000 seed weight and seed yield (806 kg ha-1) were recorded in the treatment applied with 100% RDF + 5 t FYM ha-1 with split application of N ¼ at transplanting, ½ at active tillering and ¼ at panicle initiation. Higher siliquae plant -1, seeds siliqua-1, 1000 seed weight and seed yield (805 kg ha-1) were recorded with basal application of 20-10-10 kg N-P2O5-K2O (50% RDF) + 5 kg ha-1 Azotobacter and PSB to mustard. The treatment combination of RDF+5 t FYM (¼ N at TP, ½ N at AT and ¼ N at PI stage) to rice and 50% RDF+ Biofertilizer(BF) to mustard recorded highest Rice Equivalent Yield(REY) of 10122 kg ha-1 as well as total N, P and K uptake of 146.6, 51.1 and 219.0 kg ha-1, respectively by the rice-mustard sequence..

The present investigation was undertaken with a view to study the marketing costs, margins and price spread in mungbean in the Nagaur district of Rajasthan. A random sample of 100 mungbean cultivators was selected for the study. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. The primary data were collected from cultivators, using personal interview method for the year 2015-16. Total marketing cost in sale of mungbean was ?403.75 and ?378.21 per quintal at village and regulated market. Marketing margins in sale of mungbean have been ?380.3 per quintal at village and ?282.52 per quintal at mandi. Producer’s share in consumer’s rupee in sale of mungbean was 89.9 percent, 91.49 percent and 100 percent in village, regulated market and direct sale to consumer. Net price received in channel-III adopted by producer farmers was higher than that realized in Channel-I and channel-II.

Experimental study was conducted to assess on the impact of bamboo substrate in Penaeus vannamei culture in cement and earthen system upon the taxonomic diversity of periphyton in low saline ground water (5 gL-1) salinity. This study was conducted for a period of 90 days in 15 tonnes outdoor circular cement tanks and 3000m2 earthen ponds using Split bamboo (4 cm width) as substrate. The taxonomic community reported from the cement tanks of this study was from 9 genera representing 4 groups of Bacillariophyceae (4), Chlorophyceae (2), Cyanophyceae (2) and Euglenophyceae (1). In earthen system the taxonomic community of periphyton was belonging to 10 genera of phytoperiphyton from 4 groups of Bacillariophyceae (4), Chlorophyceae (3), Cyanophyceae (2) and Dinoflagellate (1). Zooperiphyton was represented from 1 group with 1 genus in the earthen system. The overall taxonomic community recorded in inland low saline water were comparatively lower than those reported from fresh and marine waters reported in other studies.

The study was conducted in randomly selected 10 villages in Purabazar and Mavaiblock of Ayodhya district on 200 vegetable growers selected through proportionate random sampling technique. The majority of respondents were of middle aged and literate including formal and informal education. Backward caste farmers were dominantly engaged in vegetable enterprises and nuclear family system was dominatingly in existence having 5 to 8 members in their families. Maximum vegetable growers were marginal farmers reported agriculture as their main occupation. Mixed type of houses was more. Almost all vegetable growers were above the poverty line. Diesel engine and Electric motor were dominant farm power along with farm implements. The cycle was main conveyance with all vegetable growers. The mobile phone followed by radio was possessed by majority. Good extension contact was observed.

This study was undertaken in three districts selected randomly from each Zone namely (1) North Eastern Plains Zone (2) Eastern Plains Zone (3) Vindhyan Zone in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. From each selected district, two blocks were selected randomly. Thereafter two villages from each block was selected randomly, thus make a total 12 villages. The majority of respondents were of middle aged and literate including formal and informal education. General caste farmers were dominantly engaged in organic farming and nuclear family system was dominatingly in existence having 5 to 8 members in their families. Maximum organic farmer were marginal farmers reported agriculture as their main occupation. Mixed type of houses was more. Electric motor and Diesel engine were dominant farm power along with farm implements. The cycle was main conveyance with all farmers. The majority of respondents were (26.03%) exhibited Agree category of attitude response. The variables like extension contact, education, material possession, occupation, social participation and value orientation were very important factors for the positive attitude towards organic farming practices by the farmers.

The aim of the present study is to analyze the mandal wise rainfall data and the mandals were grouped based on the distribution of rainfall. Out of 32 plain mandals, 27 mandals received normal rainfall and 5 mandals received excess rainfall during South west monsoon period. Similarly, 7 agency mandals received normal rainfall and 4 agency mandal received excess rainfall during South West monsoon period as a whole. Month wise data showed that the distribution was either deficit or excess during the months of South West monsoon period i.e., June, July, August and September.

The Body condition scoring (BCS) for 101 Jersey (Jx) and 112 Holstein Friesian (HFx) crossbred cows in various stages of lactation with a history of second calving and animals in the late gestation were assessed for this study. It revealed that he BCS of Jx was 2.4 ,2.4 2.4 and 2.9 in early, mid and late lactation and late gestation, respectively In HFx the BCS was 2.4, 2.6, 2.4 and 3.1 in early, mid, late lactation and late gestation ,respectively. The BCS of dairy cows in late gestation was significantly higher in both breeds, whereas the BCS during different phases of lactation was comparable. This suggests that animal does not lose its body conformation significantly during lactation phase. Though BCS was indicative of energy balance, but influence of experience of the assessors causes individual variation on the BCS value of the same dairy cows. Hence, BCS could not be considered as an accurate measurement for determining the nutritional status of animals.

One of the effective soil and water conservation practice is the preparation of basins in the field. The two adjacent side bunds running across the main slope are connected by cross bunds at regular intervals. Thus, the entire field is divided into number of basins. When rainfall occurs, the water is stored in the basins to infiltrate into the soil by preventing surface runoff. At the same times the loss of soil due to erosion is also prevented. At present the work of constructing basins is done manually which is laborious, time consuming and costly. In view of this the machine was developed which is operated by the tractor, which will form the side bunds and the cross bund simultaneously The tractor drawn basin lister is suitable to form a basin of 6 x 2 m size in dry land agriculture for in situ moisture conservation. The developed machine was evaluated for the in situ moisture conservation in the vertisols at Solapur (Maharashtra, India). The observation shows that the average soil moisture for the weekly interval at 0-15 cm soil depth for basin listing and flatbed are 29.10 % and 26.43 % respectively and the average soil moisture for the weekly interval at 15-30 cm soil for basin listing and flatbed was 33.69 % and 30.46 % respectively. The basin technology increased soil moisture by 10.12% over flatbed method with a coefficient of variation of 28.75 % at 0-15 cm soil depth whereas at 15-30 cm soil depth the soil moisture was increased by 10.61 %. This indicates that in-situ moisture conservation measures are effective to increase soil moisture compared to flatbed method.

The pandemic COVID-19 has hit the normal functioning of all wings of society. The central government has announced tranches of economic relief packages to help farmers earn more and survive the situation. Out of 11 measures announced, eight are related to strengthening activities and three towards governance. The following measures are aimed at strengthening farm-gate infrastructure and logistics, and build capacities including cold chain and post-harvest management structure, micro food enterprises, aquaculture and fisheries, animal husbandry infrastructure, vaccination for Foot and Mouth disease, herbal cultivation, beekeeping initiatives, and supply chains. The administrative measures focus on bringing amendments to the Essential Commodities Act, the Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) Act, and Contract farming. In this paper, the pros and cons of the sweeping reforms announced by the central government are discussed. Further, the necessity to bring reforms in the Land Ceiling Act that was left out and the importance of integrating agricultural works with Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme in the current scenario are presented in this paper.

Geographical Information System (GIS) based soil fertility maps for the Agriculture College and Research Institute, Vazhavachanur farm in order to find out the soil fertility related production constraints of the farm and to suggest corrective measures for optimum production of crops, Totally 35 numbers of soil samples were collected from the Agriculture College and Research Institute, Vazhavachanur farm. The synchronization points were recorded by the help of GPS instrument (Garmin). Base map of the Agriculture College and Research Institute, Vazhavachanur farm was digitized and geo-referenced. Polygons were overlayed on the geo-referenced map. The average value of the pH and EC is the 6.95 and0.34 dS m-1. The organic carbon content of the soil is very much low 0.31. The available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the soil is 190 kg ha-1 (low), 18 kg ha-1 (medium) and 203 kg ha-1 (medium) respectively. The available Iron, zinc, Manganese and Copper in the soil 7.28 ppm (high), 0.70 ppm (low), 1.24 ppm (low),1.02 ppm (low) respectively.

A field investigation was carried out at Instructional farm attached to College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala during 2015-16 to study the effect of tillage and nutrition for quality enhancement in tannia. The experiment was in split plot design with four replications. The treatments consisted of tillage and planting systems as main plot treatments (l1 -conventional tillage followed by pit system, l2 -conventional tillage followed by mound system, l3 - deep tillage followed by pit system and l4 - deep tillage followed by mound system). The sub plot treatments were soil conditioners (s1- control, s2- coir pith, s3- rice husk) combined with two nutrition systems (n1- integrated nutrient management (INM) and n2- organic nutrition). Results of the experiment revealed that the quality characters of tannia was improved by deep tillage with pit system of planting, application of coir pith as soil conditioner @ 500g plant-1 and organic nutrition (FYM @37.5 t ha-1 + wood ash @ 2 tha-1).

This study has attempted to examine the factors influencing the tenancy in Andhra Pradesh. The socio-economic conditions like age, family size, educational status of farmer, non farm income, income from livestock and owned land were the factors considered for the present study taken up in Srikakulam, West Godavari and Kurnool districts of Andhra Pradesh. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors influencing tenancy. It is revealed that absence of owned land or small portion of land and lack of other income sources were the main influencing factors to the tenancy and further to sustain their livelihoods. Findings from the study suggested that government should be enhance financial support to other income generating activities and skill development activities.

The present investigation was conducted with the experimental material comprising of thirty-four genetically diverse and elite upland cotton lines collected from eleven locations of all over India. Data were collected by randomly selected sample plants per plot basis for important morpho-qualitative traits viz., days to 50 percent flowering, plant height (cm), number of monopodia per plant, number of sympodia per plant, number of bolls per plant, boll weight (g), number of seeds per boll, ginning outturn (%), seed index (g), lint index (%), 2.5% span length, fibre strength (g/tex), micronaire value (?g/inch) and seed cotton yield per plant (g). The data obtained from the field experiment is subjected to the analysis of variance for various quantitative traits under study, which revealed the highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the fourteen traits under study indicating substantial genetic variability. The simultaneous test of significance based on Wilk’s Criteria for the pooled effect of all the fourteen characters studied has shown highly significant differences among the thirty-four genotypes (x2=1869.8080 at 462 d.f.). Therefore, D2 values corresponding to 561 possible combinations among thirty-four genotypes found statistically significant. Analysis of variance revealed the significant differences among the thirty-four genotypes for all the traits studied, indicating the existence of considerable amount of genetic variability among them. On the basis of D2 values for 561 possible pairs of the population of thirty-four genotypes were grouped into seven clusters, indicating the satisfactory magnitude of diversity in the genotypes. The selection of diverse parents belonging to diverse clusters for crossing programme for their exploitation to obtain the set of desirable segregants.

Wheat cultivar, WH1105 is widely grown due to many agronomically superior qualities but is not tolerant to soil salinity. Hence a molecular backcross breeding program was initiated to introgress two salinity tolerant genes (Nax1 and Nax2) from a well-known salinity tolerant cultivar Kharchia65 into WH1105. BC1F3, BC2F2 and F4 generations of the cross WH1105×Kharchia65 were evaluated for various morphological traits under salt-stress condition. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic variations, 43 high yielding plants were selected from the cross. Out of 178 SSRs tested, 30 were polymorphic for background selection of the foreground selected plants. Cluster analysis of selected plants of all three generations with parents showed that all the selected plants have high similarity with recurrent parent (WH1105). Four plants were selected as high grain yielding and salt tolerant which could be further backcrossed with recurrent parent to develop salt-tolerant wheat lines.

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