An experiment was conducted to find out the effect of calcium and potassium compounds on leaf nutrient status of before spraying and after spraying of winter season guava. The experiment was laid out with fourteen treatment comprising six nutrients namely calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, calcium sulphate, potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, potassium sulphate along with water spray and two concentrations (1.0 and 1.5%) of each nutrient, with control. Treatment T4 recorded significantly higher Ca content (1.74 and 1.76) in leaf as compared to most of the treatments, except T3 (1.67 and 1.69) and T6 (1.64 and 1.65), which were found statically at par in individual year as well as in pooled data of two years. The K content in leaf was observed maximum under T10 (1.20 and 1.22) during 2012, 2013 and pooled data of two years. Treatment T10 proved statically at par with T8 (1.18) during first year and T9 (1.18) during second year and was found significantly superior to rest of the treatments in either of the two years and pooled data also. Perusal of table indicated that T14 (Control) recorded lowest values of Ca (1.36 and 1.42) and K (1.09 and 1.12) in leaf during both the years of experimentation.

A total of 21 tenebrionid species under 17 different genera were recorded from Kolar and Chikkaballapur districts, south Karnataka of south India. Most tenebrionid species found active during rainy season and few were found active during winter season. Among 17 genera encountered the genera Derosphaerus, Menearchus, Notocorax and Rhytinota were found to be dominant by representing more than one species. Of 17 genera, 14 were found distributed in five different soil types and remaining three were collected near light source during night for which habitat is not known.

The present study was conducted at Crop Research Farm, Department of Environmental Science, SHIATS, Allahabad (U.P) to evaluate the performance of growth and yield of different rice varieties under different sowing dates. Three grain rice varieties: Shiats dhan-1, Godawary ganga boss, Arise 6-444 gold were sown under three different sowing dates i.e., 7th July, 17th July, and 27th July during 2015.The requirement of days to attain various phenological stages, GDD and HUE was found highest in Arise 6-444 gold at 27th July date of sowing. Rice yield and number of grains panicle-1increased with early in sowing (07th July) whereas days to 100 % flowering, tillers hill-1 and plant height decreased with delayed sowing. Early sowing also gave maximum number of productive tillers, number of grains per panicle, grain yield, straw yield, 1000 grain weight and benefit-cost ratio. As, rice crop is considered sensitive to heat stress especially during reproductive growth phase. Therefore, it is concluded that the delayed transplantings might have resulted in high temperature resulting in improper grain development in panicle with significantly lower number of grains per panicle and followed by lower grain yield.

The brackish water filter consisted of filtering media like sand, gravel, grit, charcoal, broken brick, gypsum, sponge and sawdust. The effective depths for sand, gravel, grit, charcoal, gypsum, broken bricks and sawdust were found to be 45 cm, 30 cm, 15 cm, 15 cm, 7.5 cm, 15 cm and 30 cm, respectively. It was observed that EC and pH of untreated brackish water was reduced after filtration. The EC of brackish water was 41.7 dS/m which was reduced to 35.9 dS/m with a per cent reduction of 13.90%; while pH was 7.89 which was further reduced to 7.23 with per cent reduction of 8.36%. The total cost of newly developed brackish water filter was found to be Rs. 623. Filtered brackish water was in permissible limits for irrigation after treatment. It was also predicted that this filter can also be used for filtration of sea water.

The present study was planned to study the effect of varying level of dried hedge lucerne (Desmanthus virgatus) leaf meal (HLLM) supplemented with and without multienzyme through feed on the growth performance. 312 day old broiler chicks were equally divided into six groups of four replicates each having 13 chicks. Different treatment were viz. Group To - negative control (standard broiler diet without HLLM & multienzyme), Group T1 - 3% HLLM, Group T2 - 6% HLLM, Group T3 - positive control (standard broiler diet without HLLM & with multienzyme), Group T4 - 3% HLLM with multienzyme, and Group T5 - 6% HLLM with multienzyme. At the end of experiment, it was observed that broilers fed diet containing 6% HLLM supplemented with multienzyme T5 had significantly higher body weight followed by T4, T3, T2, T1 and least in control group T0. Positive control (T3) showed significantly higher body weight than negative control (T0). Mean values of body weight gain (g) showed no significant variation among different treatment groups. Cumulative feed intake (g/bird/week) among different treatments during 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th week did not differ significantly. However, during 1st week and 5th week, cumulative feed intake (g/bird/week) differed significantly among the treatments groups. Feed conversion ratios were significantly different (P<0.05) among treatments groups during all 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th week. At the end of experiment, feed conversion ratios was significantly (P<0.05) better in T3, T4, and T5, T1 and T2 were intermediate compared to T0. Positive control (T3) showed better FCR than negative control (T0). Among groups which were not supplemented with multienzyme, T1 (3% HLLM) and T2 (6% HLLM) had better FCR than negative control. However no significant difference was observed among multienzyme supplemented group. T4 (3% HLLM with multienzyme) had significantly better FCR than T1 (3% HLLM). Similarly, T5 (6% HLLM with multienzyme) had significantly better FCR than T2 (6% HLLM).

Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation and path analysis were studied in 25 sorghum genotypes. Significant genetic variability was observed among the genotypes studied. Highest PCV and GCV values were observed for dry fodder yield per plant, primary branch per panicle and tannin. In the present investigation, high heritability accompanied with high genetic advance as percent mean was observed for days to 50% flowering, primary branches per panicle, 100 seed weight, dry fodder yield per plant, grain yield per plant and tannin, suggesting the influence of additive genes and provides scope for selection. Correlation studies indicated that grain yield per plant was found to be significantly and positively associated with panicle length and protein suggesting that selection for plant with long panicle will result in higher grain yield. Path analysis indicated highest positive direct effects on grain yield per plant for days to maturity, dry fodder yield per plant, tannin, panicle length and 100 seed weight.

The whole image has plenty number of pixels, but only a small number of pixels are essential and those only required to be separate out. In image processing, feature extraction is a special technique for dimension reduction. Transforming the input data into a small and meaningful set of features is called feature extraction. If the features extraction process is carefully chosen then it is expected that the feature set will find the relevant information from the input image in order to perform the desired task using the reduced formation of features instead of the full-size input image. In machine learning, pattern recognition and image processing, feature extraction starts from the initial set of measured data and creates the values acquired for the purpose of being informative and non-redundant, which facilitates subsequent learning and generalization measures, and in some cases the leading human interpretation Better way Being a human can better understand the reduced feature set rather than the full image. The paper presents total nine shape related features like: Area, Perimeter, Major and Minor axis, Eccentricity, Orientation, Equivalent Diameter, Solidity and Extent. These shape features extracted by using four leaf disease segmentation techniques and they are: Segmentation with RGB and HSI, K--Means Clustering Algorithm, Segmentation by Different Transformation and Segmentation by RGB, HIS and Contrast respectively. Finally, the extracted features applied to neural network with three training functions and results analyzed. The paper compares the benefits and limitations of these potential methods.

The present study was conducted in Sri-Ganganagar and Bikaner districts of Rajasthan. Kinnow cultivation was found to be trendy business in the state. Therefore, study on an economic appraisal of kinnow cultivation under diesel irrigation system in Rajasthan has been conducted to evaluate cost and returns from kinnow orchard under diesel irrigation system. Total 40 respondents were selected for the study. Cost concepts like cost A1, cost A2, cost B and cost C were employed to analysis of primary data. The investment in kinnow orchard has been seen as money-making business in the study area. It observed from the study that the total cost of cultivation of kinnow orchard under diesel irrigation system was found to be ₹ 1721876 per ha, which has been comprised of Cost A1 ₹803886 per ha, cost A2 ₹803886 per haand cost B ₹1599775 per ha. The share of cost A1, cost A2 and cost B in to cost C (comprehensive cost) was reported to be 46.69 %, 46.69 % and 92.91 % respectively. Further, in case of return, it reported that the farm business income was found to be ₹ 4300241per ha, family level income was ₹3504352per ha, net farm income ₹ 3382252 per ha, farm investment income ₹4178141per ha and net return over variable cost was estimated of ₹ 4710066per ha in kinnow orchard under diesel irrigation system. Hence, the kinnow orchard with diesel irrigation system has been seen to be very profitable business and it should be realized to the farming community for attraction towards kinnow cultivation in the state.

A field experiment was conducted to assess the influence of integrated nutrient management practices with in-situ green manuring on growth and yield of potato at College of Agriculture, Hassan, UAS, Bangalore during Kharif 2013. The experiment was laid out in a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (FRCBD) with three replications and twelve treatment combinations including 2 fertilizer levels (75 and 100% RDF), 3 compost levels (0, 12.5 and 25 t ha-1 compost) and in-situ green manuring with sunhemp and cowpea. The investigation revealed that among treatment combinations, 100% RDF + 25 t ha-1 compost + in-situ green manuring with cowpea recorded significantly higher tuber weight (207.1 g plant-1), number of tubers (7.2 plant-1) tuber yield (17.26 t ha-1), starch content (77.8%) and crude protein content (13.3%) at harvest. Application of 75% recommended dose of NPK with 12.5 t ha-1 compost and in-situ green manuring with cowpea recorded similar results but little less reduction in the tuber yield and also quality as well. So, it is feasible for the potato by saving 25% fertilizer and 50% compost.

Cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub.] has the potential of supplying a protein and cultivated as a vegetable, gum and as a green manuring crop. Due to its better and fine gum qualities it is considered as an important cash crop for industrial gum production. Current aim to study the variability, correlation and path analysis between the varieties and promising local selection to establish selection criteria which might help to develop genotype having high potential and identify yield contributing characters. The experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Derol (PMS), Gujarat in kharif 2017. Twenty-two genotypes evaluated through 10 characters. Analysis of variance indicated sufficient variability present in studied material for all 10 characters. On the basis of per se performance genotype RCG-1002 (1.50 kg/plot) and DRLGG-13-8 (1.48 kg/plot) are high yielding and also at par with other eight genotypes. Pods per plant showed high heritability couple with high genetic advance means selection is effective through this character. PCV is higher than GCV value indicates environment influence on these traits. Yield per plant should significant and positive correlation with primary branches per plant, clusters per plant and pods per plant whereas negative correlation with days to flowering, days to maturity and pods per cluster. It was observed that cluster per plant (11.04) has maximum positive direct effects on yield per plot followed by days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant stand and pods per plant. Character like clusters per plant followed by primary branches per plant show positive correlation with high direct effect, hence use such character for direct selection of genotypes for increasing the yield per plot.

Wheat is cool season crop, widely cultivated under varied agro-climatic condition. To overcome the problem of drought, biofertilizers have been used to improve water uptake efficiency and plant nutrients in sustainable agriculture. Some microorganisms like Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) have positive effects on plant growth by improving physiological and biochemical activities. An experiment was conducted on wheat to find suitable growth responses in genotype WH 1142 under restricted irrigation. The experiment was designed as split plot consisting of three irrigation schedules viz., one irrigation at crown root initiation (CRI), two irrigations at CRI and heading stage and three irrigations at CRI, tillering, heading stage in main plot and five bio-inoculants treatments viz., recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), Arbuscular mycorrhizae(AM) with Azotobacter and PSB (75% of RDF), AM fungi with RDF, Azotobacter with PSB and RDF, AM fungi with 75% of RDF in the sub-plots with three replication. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi inoculation significantly enhanced water relating parameters by increasing the severity of drought from three irrigations to single irrigation.

The study of meteorological parameters like rainfall and temperature characteristics changes are critical for agricultural, environmental and water resources projects. Generally, trend analysis is performed to evaluate the direction and magnitude of changes in meteorological variables. In this study, the trends in rainfall and temperature and the possible relation between them have been investigated at four stations of Jaraikela catchment of Brahmani river basin in annual, monthly and seasonal time steps. The annual rainfall and temperature show an increasing trend at all stations. As far as monthly analysis is concerned, no definite pattern has been observed in maximum and minimum temperature and rainfall. This study revealed that there exists no direct relationship between increasing rainfall and increasing maximum temperature when the monthly or seasonal pattern is concerned over meteorological subdivisions of the catchment; however, it is concluded that the relations between the trends of rainfall and temperature have large scale spatial and temporal dependence.

Economic activities in the industrialized countries in the past have resulted in significant contamination of environmental resources including soil and groundwater. These activities include vehicle operation, mining, smelting, metal plating and finishing, battery production and recycling, agricultural and industrial chemical application, and incineration processes. Chelators that have been used for extraction of heavy metals from soils include EDTA, NTA, DTPA, formic, succinic, oxalic, citric, acetic, humic, and fulvic acids, glycine, cysteine etc. These chelators are used to remediate the heavy metal contaminated soil. Nutrient management is crucial for optimal productivity in commercial crop production. Although soil contains almost all the essential nutrients, but under certain conditions, these nutrients, especially the cations, can be tightly bound to the soil and also precipitation can limit their availability to the crop. Chelators has the ability to bind with the metals in the soil depending upon competition for particular metal ions, and can aid the nutrient uptake, transport from source to sink. Organo-mineral associations and complexation of SOM with metals ions largely determines the stability and degradability of organic matter. In the light of above fact, this review mainly focuses on the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils by the application of chelating agents depending upon their recoverability and selectivity must be considered.

The study was undertaken to know the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infection in cats considering the zoonotic importance in Bangalore city (India). A total of 144 faecal samples were collected from cat shelters, veterinary clinics, cat-owning households and stray animals. Out of 144 faecal samples examined, two (1.38%) samples revealed Toxoplasma gondii like oocysts by Sheather’s floatation technique although none were identified by direct smear. Toxocara cati (17.36%) was most common followed by Ancylostoma (10.41%), Isospora (3.47%), Trichuris (2.78%), Coccidial oocysts (2.44%), Toxascaris and Taenia each (0.69%). Mixed parasitic infection of Toxocara cati and Ancylostoma infection was highest (12.5%) followed by T. cati, Ancylostoma and Isospora (6.94%), Ancylostoma and Isospora (6.94%), T. cati and Isospora (6.25%), Toxocara cati, Isospora and Toxascaris (4.17%), T. cati and Toxascaris (3.47%). Out total 60 soil samples screened, 27 (45%) were found to be positive for Toxocara ova 10 (16.6%), Ancylostoma ova 6 (10%), Isospora oocysts 5(8.33%), Eimeria oocysts 2 (3.33%), Toxocara and Ancylostoma ova 4 (6.66%).

The experiment was conducted during Rabi-2016-17 season at RKMVERI, Farm, Narendrapur, Kolkata, West Bengal. The mean values showed significant variation among the genotypes. UTKARSHA has recorded highest no. of seeds per pod (14.00), pod length (10.87 cm) &100 seed weight (5.74g) whereas lowest plant yield was recorded by KM-12-15(5.78g). The phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) for all the traits were higher than the corresponding genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV). High heritability along with high genetic advance (% of mean) was recorded for 100 seed weight, number of pods per plant & plant yield indicating that the heritability is due to additive gene effects for controlling the trails & used for further breeding programmes for improvement of these traits. Most of the yield attributing characters showed positive phenotypic & genotypic correlation with plant yield. As per Analysis of Euclidean distance it is clearly seen that the PUSA-0932 and SONALI (2.87) was closely related to each other. Some genotypes showed high percentage of protein. Protein content & total carbohydrate were positively correlated with the yield per plant and the coefficient was high. Based on three RAPD primers genetic diversity was analyzed for all eighteen genotypes. OPA 06 showed high polymorphism (80%) followed by OPA 08 (72.72%) and OPA 03 (50%). Among the eleven clusters, cluster II observed as large one comprising 4 genotypes namely KM-12-46, KM-15-74, KM-15-90 and SM-12-13.

The present investigations were undertaken in Kharif 2014-15 at Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Gwalior to Effect of meteorological parameter on the seasonal incidence of insect-pests of okra. The activity of whitefly and jassid started from 1st week of July (27th SW) and continued up to 4th week of November (47th SW). The peak population of whitefly and jassid were recorded at (33rd SW) when the minimum and maximum temperature and relative humidity were 33.4ËšC, 25.9ËšC and 72.3 percent, respectively. The activity of okra shoot and fruit borer started from 3rd week after transplanting (29th SW) and continued up to 4th week of November (47th SW). The peak shoot infestation was recorded at 34th SW when the minimum and maximum temperature and relative humidity were 37.6ËšC, 26.8ËšC and 59.3 per cent, respectively and peak fruit infestation was noticed at 39th SW when the minimum and maximum temperature and relative humidity were 36.0ËšC, 24.9ËšC and 58.3 percent, respectively.

The study was carried out to explore the effect of different propagation media on the growth and survival of clove (Syzygium aromaticum L. Meer.) seedlings. The trial was conducted at Dr Balasaheb Sawant Kokan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Ratnagiri during the year 2014-15 in dept. nursery. The experiment was designed on Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) having three replications per treatment. Different treatments of propagation media like Sand, Soil, FYM, Coco Peat, Vermicompost and Tricoderma were given alone or in combination to clove seedling. The observations on seedling height, internode length, number of leaves, leaf area, root length, total chlorophyll, vigour index and survival percent were recorded. The results revealed that the influence of T4 (Sand + Soil + Coco Peat + Tricoderma drenching) was found significantly superior over other treatments and resulted in tallest plants (11.40 cm) with longest internodes (3.80 cm), more number of leaves (9.73), peak leaf area (31.50 dm-2 plant -1) and highest total chlorophyll (1.92 mg g-1), vigour index (195.41), more root length (12.21 cm) and highest survival percent (96.17 %) as compared to other propagation medias

The significant inclusive growth of population day by day warns the India to be very conscious in the conservation of water resources for future generation. Already the term water scarcity shivers many emerging countries as it acts as a great barrier for development. The attention seeking thing is India’s annual per-capita availability of water reduce to 1,340 m3 by 2025 and 1,140 m3 by 2050. If we focus on the excessive water consumption areas, the colleges will follow the same path as beverage industries. In our institution we noticed a portion of total water is wasted through leakages, and most vignanites not aware about the water scarcity. Estimation of water use and its demand is very difficult in the colleges than in residential buildings. That is why the study is taken and in the present study the water auditing was conducted in the VFSTR (Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research) University in all water consuming areas like college hostels, gardens etc., to know the water losses and the water consumption of Vignanites compared with standard water requirement suggested by Central public Health and environmental engineering organisation (CPHEEO), Government of India. Water auditing quantifies the water usage areas in the system and identifies the money wastage due to water losses. It was found that the rational excessive water use of Vignanites is estimated as 58 L of water for each boy and 48 L of water for each girl. The visible water loss in the university is estimated to be 4,872 m3/ year. However, water can be conserved in the institution by installing water meters, using Nano hydrophobic coating over restroom seats and construction of water harvesting structures as the system has large roof area.

Rice blast incidence was assessed in nine major rice growing districts of Andhra Pradesh. Percent disease incidence was calculated as the proportion of plants showing symptoms, out of the total number of plants. Highest mean blast incidence 38.99 % was recorded in Kovvur mandal of Nellore district and the lowest incidence 15.41 % was noticed in Madugula mandal of Visakhapattanam district. When compared with the locations, blast incidence was highly varied among the cultivars. The highest mean disease incidence was observed in cultivar MTU-7029 (59.44%) followed by BPT-5204 (33.07%) whereas the lowest mean incidence was recorded in NDLR-8 (3%) followed by MTU-3626 (4.46%) and MTU-1121(5.89%).

Dairying is an integral part of farming systems in India and also plays an important role in strengthening the rural economy. The present study attempts to analyse the different cost structures and returns from milk production in Kohima District of Nagaland. The study was based on the data collected from 100 farming households practicing dairy farming either as main or subsidiary occupation during the period 2017-18. The study emphasises the economic costs and returns of milk production by different species of milch animals in different herd-size categories. The results of the study indicate that average daily net maintenance cost was higher for crossbred cows than local cows; however, due to its higher milk productivity the crossbred cows are comparatively more profitable for milk purpose. Since milk productivity was lower for local cows; therefore, the local cows were kept mainly for meat purpose. Most of the labour utilized was hired labour of non-local Nepalese so, there is a need to encourage the local farmers to take up dairy farming by providing trainings on scientific management of dairy farms and providing financial assistance through loans.