The present study was conducted on Babcock strain in the experimental poultry unit of College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg (Chhattisgarh) to study the effect of supplementation of three commercially feed additives viz., Ambiplex, Protexin and Metazyme on proximate composition of meat. The Day old cockerel chicks were divided to four different groups including control group for 10 weeks. Each group had three replicates of 15 birds each. Supplementation of Ambiplex, Protexin and Metazyme had non- significant effect on mean values of moisture (69.10 to 70.78), crude protein (70.73 to 79.53), ether extract (2.71 to 5.35) and total ash (4.74 to 5.26) percentages of the breast meat of cockerel were non-significant. While, the mean values for moisture (71.52 to 73.01), crude protein (69.05 to 77.93), ether extract (10.70 to 13.24) and total ash (4.06 to 6.12) percentages of the leg meat of cockerel were also found to be non-significant among the treatment groups. However, T4 (Metazyme) group have shown comparatively higher mean moisture, crude protein, ether extract and total ash percentages in breast and leg meat.

The results indicated that the coefficient of multiple determinations (R2) is 0.90. The result of the study revealed that the rhizomes (0.32), tractor charge (0.19), human labour (0.80) chemical fertilizer (0.26) and FYM (0.19) were found positive and highly significant at 1 percent level. Human labour was found to be the most influential input on yield determination followed by rhizomes, chemical fertilizer, FYM and Tractor & machinery. However, the plant protection chemical (0.02) and irrigation (0.06) were found positive and non- significant. In MVPs it is concluded that, rhizomes, tractor charge, human labour, chemical fertilizer, irrigation and FYM have positive and statistically significant relationship which indicate that an increase in the application of these inputs would lead to increase in the output of turmeric. All the variables except plant protection chemicals were found to be underutilized.

Agro Ecosystem Analysis helps to understand the whole system of interactions in agriculture field, the knowledge on Pest and defender population dynamics can be used to reduce the negative impact of pests. After a brief exposure and training, farmers can practice AESA in their own fields. Habitat Manipulation through ecological engineering lowers cultivation costs by encouraging farmers to suppress pests below 2:1 Pest: Defender ratio. EE has great impact in pigeon pea ecosystem to supress the pests and to maintain defender population. Knowledge on defenders and their role in managing insect pests avoids indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides and helps in development of sustainable agriculture ecosystem.

The effect of solid carrier based microbial formulation containing Pseudomonas UN7 and NPK fertilizers on green pod yield and shelling percentage on pea cv. PB-89 was investigated by seed treatment method. In present study plant growth promoting activity of Pseudomonas UN7 was also investigated in the present work. Pseudomonas UN7 showed phosphate solubilizing activity, Indole acetic acid production and iron chelating compound i.e., siderophore producing activity. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of biofertilizers on green pod yield and shelling percentage of pea, which resulted in increased with the inoculation of Pseudomonas UN7 integrated with different NPK combinations compared to either sole application of Talc, FYM or combinations of both (Talc + FYM). The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications in sandy loam soil. The experiment comprised 24 treatment combinations of four levels of fertility (Control, FYM, 50,75, and 100 NPK). The treatment FYM +NPK50 + Pseudomonas UN7 recorded the highest green pod yield, plant height and shelling percentage of (102.16 q/ha), (39.33 q/ha) and (39.50 q/ha) respectively, which was statistically at par with FYM +NPK100. The lowest green pod yield (30.36 q/ha) was recorded when the plots were supplemented with talc (control). The above treatments thus resulted in saving of 50 % NPK fertilizers.

An experiment was conducted at Department of Poultry Science, Veterinary College, Bangalore to evaluate meat production parameters of Giriraja dual purpose chicken reared in deep litter system under standard management conditions fed on different sources and levels of selenium in feed. 384 straight run Giriraja day old chicks were equally allotted to eight treatment groups having four replicates in each. Control group (T1) was fed on basal broiler diet without added selenium in premix. Experiment group T2 and T3 were fed on basal diet enriched with 150 and 300 ppb sodium selenite, while feed for T4 and T5 were enriched with 150 and 300 ppb selenium yeast respectively. Nano selenium at 50, 150 and 300 ppb levels were added to basal diet to form feed for T6, T7 and T8. Live weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and dressing yield at 8 weeks of age was not influenced by selenium supplementation. Drip loss was decreased (P≤0.05) by dietary supplementation of selenium yeast at 150 ppb (1.81) and nano selenium at 300 ppb (1.60) and 50 ppb (2.07) and 300 ppb (1.83) levels than negative control (2.62). Cooking loss was reduced (P≤0.05) by supplementation of selenium yeast at 300 ppb (4.56) and nano selenium at 50 ppb (5.66), 150 ppb (5.27) and 300 ppb (4.65) levels than the negative control (8.63). Organic and nano selenium supplementation improved water holding capacity of meat while production parameters and carcass characteristics were not affected.

This paper focuses on review of development of proven designs for threshing of cereals, oilseeds, pulses for savings of labour, time and cost of operations. The development of power threshers started in India in mid 1950's.The use of mechanical power for threshing started with the use of chaff cutters in Punjab. It was used to chop up the wheat crop, which also partially threshed the heads. Mechanical threshers of varying power range (3.7-15 kW) are commercially being manufactured which not only thresh the grain but also provide good quality bhusa for cattle feed. It is estimated that there are nearly 30 million threshers of various designs in operation in the country. The annual addition to this number is 2,00,000 units. Multi-crop threshers in 3.7 kW capacity have been developed at CIAE, Bhopal, ANGRAU Hyderabad and PAU Ludhiana centres of AICRP on FIM and these have been commercialized through industrial liaisoning. These designs proved successful in reducing total losses, power consumption, straw/stalk size, human drudgery ensuring quality produce. The main parameters which affected the performance of the threshers, were speed of the threshing cylinder, feed rate and moisture content of the harvested crop. The intensity of the impact of the pegs of the cylinder on the crop was dependent on the rotating speed of threshing cylinder which affected the threshing efficiency, grain damage and power requirement. For higher threshing efficiency, fine straw quality and minimum specific power consumption, rectangular spiked threshing cylinder of 600 mm tip diameter and spike thickness of 6 mm have given best performance results with total grain loss within permissible limit. The spike thickness of 6 mm gave minimum broken grain loss with fine straw quality. The round spiked (plain spike) threshing cylinder with same configuration of threshing cylinder showed best results. But from mass manufacturing point of view, tip diameter of 600 mm and 8 mm round spike thickness will be appropriate for manufacturers. It also delivered good output capacity and threshing efficiency and fine straw quality.

The investigation was carried out to assess the behaviour of different organic manures under planted and non planted conditions. Four types of composts prepared from the same source and farmyard manure was used to conduct a laboratory incubation study without plant and a pot culture experiment with fodder maize of var. African tall. All the organic manures had acidic pH range and safe EC. The nonconventional thermo chemical fortified organic manure was found to be superior in terms of N and K content while vermicompost had the highest K content. The nutrient release pattern was found to be different for all soil treatments amended with organic manures including the control (C) thus reflecting the role of rhizodeposits in soil organic matter decomposition process.

Multivariate clustering technique is an important tool for interpreting the data and to find out natural grouping. Diverse techniques are available there but results are not unique. Study was under taken to compare different clustering techniques. Data on quantitative traits collected from a field experiment on 25 Hybrid Tea genotypes were used for the study. Different hierarchical clustering methods and k-means clustering were compared using measures like Euclidean, Squared Euclidean, Chebychev, City Block and Mahalanobis’ D2 statistics. Principal component analysis (PCA) was also carried out and score plot obtained from PCA helps to identify clusters visually. The analysis revealed that clustering obtained from D2 statistics is different from other association measures. Similarity was found among Euclidean and Squared Euclidean distance. Unweighted Pair Group Average Method (UPGMA) and Weighted Pair Group Average Method (WPGMA) gave similar clustering pattern. UPGMA method under Squared Euclidean have minimum SD index.

In this study an attempt has been made to know the influence of structural properties on durability of cotton fabric after laundering. The structural and durable properties were assessed before washing and after every 5th wash and influence was calculated. The results revealed that the influence of GSM of black and blue test samples has affected the warpway tensile strength after 10th and 15th washes (-05.10 and -03.07 respectively) and green and red test samples after 15th wash (-04.41 and -03.38 respectively) and the GSM has negatively influenced the weftway tensile strength of black (-02.83) and red (-02.43) test samples; and positively the blue sample (02.52) after 15th wash. The warpway elongation was influenced by GSM of black sample (-02.74) and cloth thickness of green sample (03.63) at control and the cloth thickness of blue sample after 5th wash (02.41). After 15th wash, the cloth thickness of blue sample (-02.45) and GSM of green sample (-02.79) influenced negatively and the ends per inch influenced the weftway elongation of green fabric at control (-03.46) & the cloth count (warpway) and GSM of red sample did influenced after 5th (02.48 and 02.38 respectively) and 15th washes (02.57 and -04.05).After 15th wash the abrasion cycles influenced by the picks per inch (cloth count weft - 02.44).This is because the tensile force readily displaced the cellulose molecules in the amorphous region and wear off of the ultimate fabric and chemicals present in the surfactant.

The present study was conducted during the year 2017-18 in purposively selected Tumakuru district. Total sample of 160 Respondents were selected through ‘snow ball technique. Data was analyzed by using appropriate statistical tools. The results of the study revealed that the characteristics such as annual income, land holding, livestock possession, and achievement motivation, risk orientation, farming commitment, family size, material possession, mass media use, deferred gratification and extension orientation had positive and significant relationship with livelihood Security. The R2 value in multiple linear regression analysis indicated that all the 16 independent variables had contributed to the tune of 81.50 per cent of variation. With respect to direct effects of independent variables, highest direct effect was recorded by the variable material possession, annual income and farming commitment. Hence the concerned organizations should give more emphasis towards amplification of these characteristics to enhance livelihood security of women headed households practicing family farming.

The present study was conducted utilizing a total of 1474 lactations record pertaining to 497 nos of cows maintained in private farms of the areas covered under Intensive Cattle Development Programme of Kamrup, Marigaon and Nagaon district of Assam. The study involved seven genetic groups of cattle viz., Jersey x Local (50:50), Jersey x Local (75: 25), Jersey (Pure), Jersey x Holstein Friesians (50:50), Jersey x Holstein Friesians (75:25), Holstein Friesian x Local (50:50) and Assam local respectively. The least square means for persistency of first lactation were 0.90±0.005 days, 0.91±0.006 days. 0.92±0.005 days, 0.91±0.006 days, 0.90±0.01 days, 0.89±0.01days and 0.79±0.01 days in different genetic groups viz., G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, G6 and G7 respectively. The overall persistence of lactation (µ) for all the genetic groups were 0.89 ±0.01 days. The effect of season of calving on persistency of first lactation was non-significant. The least square means for persistency of first lactation were 0.89±0.005, 0.89±0.005, 0.88±0.005 and 0.89±0.006 days in S1( summer monsoon season), S2(south west monsoon season), S3( post monsoon season) and S4( winter season).

The study was conducted on apparently healthy 6 animals of Zovawk (Mizo local Pig). The right and left of the Harderian glands were situated on medioventral region of the eyeball between the periorbita and the bony orbit. The freshly collected Harderian glands were pale pink in colour and their shapes were not similar. Each Harderian gland showed 2 surfaces, 2 borders and 2 extremities. The Harderian glands of both the surfaces were divided into various lobules by shallow grooves. The different biometrical values with regard to weight, length, width and thickness were found to be higher in right sides than the left sides of the Harderian gland. Present study may establish relations between morphological structure and functions of these glands in Zovawk.

A field experiment was carried out at Doddabelavangala village of Doddaballapura (T) under alfisols of Bangalore Rural district, Karnataka to study the effect of organic manure (FYM) and biofertilizers along with different levels of phosphorus and potassium on nutrient content and uptake of finger millet. On the basis of experimental data significant improvements were recorded in nutrient content and uptake of finger millet. The N, P and K content in finger millet (grain and straw) were significantly increased due to super optimal dose of NPK with FYM and bio-fertilizers. The maximum N, P and K content in grain (108, 0.38 and 0.90 percent) and straw (0.71, 0.19 and 1.07 percent) was recorded with application of 100 % NPK through POP + FYM + P and K solubilizer. The similar results were found in uptake of N, P and K by grain and straw in finger millet.

The present study was conducted in Maheswaram mandal of Ranga Reddy district, Telangana. One hundred farm women engaged in Maize production system were selected through purposive random sampling technique. Nearly 67 percent of the farm women surveyed were above 35 years old and had more than 15 years of farming experience (50%). Most of the female workers were involved in agricultural activities like sowing, weeding, fertilizer application and harvesting of maize. Though they had their own land, many of them were working as labourers in others’ field. Technologies used in farmers field was Tractor, Gampa (basket), Kalvara, Kodavali. Postures adopted while performing different agricultural activities were i.e., Sitting, Squatting, Kneeling, Standing and bending. Discomfort experienced in various body parts while working were Shoulder, Upper arm, Lower arm, Waist, Lower back and Knee. Work demand was there in manually performing agricultural activities. Feeling of exhaustion was experienced. Posture assumed in work was very difficult. Workers perceived the manual loads operation as heavy load and it was very painful.

The medium range weather forecast issued from National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (NCMRWF) on various weather parameters and impact of agro advisories issued based on this medium range weather forecast for Thrissur district of Kerala state during the period from 2013 -2016 are discussed in this paper. The mean usability of different forecasted weather elements was near to and more than 50 percent in most of the seasons except for rainfall in pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons and wind direction in post monsoon season.

Groundnut is an important oilseed crop in India which grows almost all agro climatic situations. Weeds are major problem in rainfed groundnut due to more water availability so competition between crop and weed for resources is more. Here results are clearly showed that, highest weed density was observed in weeds up to 75 DAE treatment (385 m-2) at 75 DAE stage in kharif. While, at 60 DAE stage, weeds up to 60 DAE treatment were higher density (501 m-2) in rabi and highest weed density was observed in rabi as compare to kharif. Similarly, uptake of N, P, K and S from kernel (49.27, 11.67, 14.65 and 2.98 kg/ha in kharif; 34.69, 8.58, 10.90 and 2.27 kg/ha rabi) and stover (kharif-75.93, 7.90, 76.18 and 6.42 kg/ha; rabi-71.80, 7.1, 70.46 and 6.42 kg/ha NPKS, respectively and maximum was recorded in weed free check in both kharif and rabi.

Castration in males consists of the removal of the testes or the inhibition of testicular function. Although the prevalence of castration in pigs varies from country to country, it is generally a routine practice that is performed surgically. Surgical castration is an acute stressor that can affect the behaviour, endocrine and immune responses of pigs Therefore, it may impair the health and welfare of these animals. This could be of particular concern at weaning, which constitutes a severe nutritional, physical and psychological stressor often associated with increased disease susceptibility. The present investigation was undertaken to elucidate the effect of castration on the performance of crossbred pigs. Total 20 weaned male piglets of 2 months age pertaining to Large White Yorkshire crosses with desi pigs were procured and randomly allotted to two groups (Castrated and uncastrated) containing 10pigs each. Pigs were kept at piggery unit from 15 December 2009 to May 2010 of Livestock farm, Adhartal, Jabalpur. Growth parameters were taken at fortnight intervals. The carcass weight and dressing percentage for the castrated and uncastrated groups are given is found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher in castrated (48.69 ± 0.36) than the uncastrated (47.91 ± 0.31). Similarly, the dressing percentage was also found to be higher in the castrated groups (71.09 ± 0.25) than the uncastrated groups (68.21±0.39) respectively. The mean ± S.E. of height in castrated and uncastrated groups of pigs at different fortnight intervals 6.5 months 27.81a ± 0.09 ,26.01± 0.18 respectively. The chest girth (inc.) from 56 to 195 days of age in castrated and uncastrated groups are 6.5 months 38.70a ± 0.16 ,37.24b ± 0.12 respectively.

The study was conducted for Dhanuka Agritech Ltd. On “Market Potential and Awareness of Different Fungicides for Control of Disease in Tomato in Anand District”. The study has covered middle Gujarat consisting of 4 Talukas and 20 villages of Anand district selected through purposive sampling method. Both primary and secondary data were used to achieve the stipulated objectives of the study. Primary data were collected with the help of structured schedule. Descriptive statistics and Garrett ranking was applied to achieve the stipulated objectives of the study. Major diseases found in tomato crop were damping off, fusarium wilt, early blight, late blight, tomato mosaic virus and leaf curl virus. According to most of the farmers, damping off and fusarium wilt attack arrives at nursery stage while early blight, late blight, leaf curl virus and tomato mosaic virus arrives after transplanting stage. In Anand districts it was found that 60% farmers responded that cost of treatment for diseases control per acre was less than ₹ 650, 27% farmers responded that it was ₹ 651-750 and remaining 13% farmers told that cost of diseases control per acre is greater than ₹ 850. Cost of treatment was depends on the price of the different fungicides. Total area under tomato crop in anand district was 1867 acre. Average quantity required per acre was as per above table and price was also mentioned in table. Thus, ₹ 2498300 is market potentiality in Anand district in tomato crop.

Milk production in India is in the hands of millions of such milk producers, who are ignorant about the economic aspect of milk production. For this study, we have collected data from 120 milk producers in eight tahsils of Amravati district in Maharashtra. Out of 120 milk producers, 28 milk producers of local cows, 32 milk producers of cross breed cows, 28 milk producers of local buffalo and 32 milk producers of improved buffalo are grouped. Different costs were calculated for the year as total units as well as for the milch animals in different groups of milk producers. Sale of milk , sale of young stock, cost of dry fodder, cost of green fodder, cost of concentrate feed , total variable cost, total fixed cost, B:C Ratio, Per litre cost of milk (at variable cost), & Per litre cost of milk (at total cost).

Each woman in menopause should have a typical management strategy. Yoga, meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, physical exercises are the methods used to reduce menopausal problems. Physical exercise can also help to maintain health. According to Women health organization all the women should practice yoga, relaxation techniques in order to maintain women's health. The present study was undertaken with specific objective to study the menopausal age among working and non working women. Total number of 300 women (150 working and 150 non working) between the age range of 40-50 years comprised the sample. To study the level of management techniques used for menopausal problems among women. Management techniques used by subject shows that the management measures used by more number of working women was average followed by low and high. In case of non working more than half of them reported average and remaining were low.

The farmers of N & M Andaman district especially from Diglipur tehsil practice cauliflower cultivation on a large scale for supply to other parts of Andaman and Nicobar islands and to generate income during rabi season from rice fallow lands for their livelihood. However, the productivity of cauliflower crop is less than mainland farmers mainly due to poor knowledge of scientific cultivation practices by farmers. Thus, the present study was conducted to understand the knowledge level of cauliflower growers in achieving optimum productivity in Diglipur tehsil. In this study, 120 respondents were selected from eight villages. The results showed that only 20 per cent of young age farmers are associated with farming and majority of farmers are middle aged (55%).It was found majority (47%) of farmer’s earns medium annual income and their education level is very poor (47% illiteracy). The study also revealed that the cauliflower farmers possess medium level (46%) knowledge in cauliflower cultivation practices. The results showed that the farmers possess fair and good level of knowledge in seasonal and soil requirement, varietal selection, seed rate, spacing, FYM and fertilizer application on the other hand they their level of knowledge is poor in pest and disease management, precision farming techniques, use of weedicides, bio pesticides and post harvest handling. Even though fair knowledge about marketing, due to lack of storage and transportation facility majority farmers sells their produce at local market. The correlation analysis of farmer’s socio-economic factors with level of Knowledge revealed that knowledge of respondents increases with the increase in their education and income. Thus, it can be observed from this study that age, education and income influences much on motivation for learning and knowledge level of farmers. There is a need for educating the farmers through mass media training and demonstration will help the farmers in learning and adopting new technologies, which intern help the farming community to increase productivity level and farming income on sustainable basis.

The Irrigation water management measures are various technologies and practices developed for specific crops pertaining to different farming systems. These measures are developed and disseminated after cautious research to farmers through nodal institutions in Tamil Nadu. Even though the state is extensively concentrating on adoption and dissemination of water management measures through various schemes. Still the concern for judicious use of irrigation water cannot be seen among the users of the state, creating a threat to future availability of water resource. In This Paper, the curtailing issues (constraints) perceived by the users as well as the stakeholders has been documented. The present study is conducted in four districts of Tamilnadu state (Thiruvarur, Sivagangai, Villupuram and Thoothukudi) intensively covering the major farming systems of the state. A total of 278 respondents were interviewed which comprises of 120 wetland paddy growing farmers, 60 garden land sugarcane growing farmers, 60 rain-fed pulses growing farmers along with 38 stakeholders. The basic instrument used for the study was the pre- designed and pre-tested interview schedule. The study categorically revealed that Inadequate water supply during the cropping period, Sub-standard quality of drip materials supplied, Given farm pond specification are not sufficient to retain water for supplementary irrigation and Higher work load coupled with more target and less manpower as the prime constraints in adoption and dissemination of recommended water management measures.

Successful over wintering of bee colonies depends on large number of factors including the amount of winter stores. These stores are equally important for the colony built up during spring season. In the upper Himalayan region, bees experience severe winter from November to March, and as much as 30 per cent of colonies are lost annually due to poor wintering. It is, therefore, important to know as to how much winter store should be available to colonies at the fall so that they over winter as well as build up in the spring to an appropriate strength. Observations were recorded on the effect of different amounts of winter stores kept in the colonies (1 to 3 kg per colony) on bee population, brood area and food stores, on three groups of colonies during the months of February to April at Katra in situated at 32.1ºN and 77.2ºE longitude with altitude of 1473. The results confirmed that A cerana colonies should have at least 3 kg of honey store per colony at the fall under Katra in conditions of Himachal Pradesh.

The field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season from 2014-15 to 2016-17 for four years at College of Horticulture, Munirabad (Koppal), University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka to evaluate the different levels of fertilizers application through different approaches in french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) crops under alfisol soils. Treatments consisted the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) by University, application of fertilizers based on soil test values (STV) and three different levels viz., 100, 75 and 50 percent of recommended dose of fertilizers application based on specific nutrient management (SSNM) and soil test crop response (STCR) approaches with target yield of 15 t ha-1. Application of 100 percent fertilizers application based on SSNM approach with target yield of 15 t ha-1 recorded higher fresh pod yield (T3: 15.1 t ha-1) and it was on par with treatment had 100 percent fertilizers application based on STCR approach with target yield of 15 t ha-1. In spite of higher fertilizer cost, 100 percent fertilizers application based on SSNM and STCR approaches recorded higher net return of Rs. 2,61,995.0 and2,60,302.0 ha-1, respectively. However, BC ratio returns per rupee invested on fertilizers was higher (4.8:1) in STCR approaches with target15tha-1 in alfisol soils of Karnataka.

Water is a life and rain is a source of water. Today most of the district facing the problem of uneven rainfall and some area having amount water storage problem. The Study is focus on different irrigation projects and soil conservation measures for sustainable Agriculture. In this study estimate the rainfall data of Washim district in Maharashtra state and focus the current status of water storage capacity. The water harvesting measures includes inducement of runoff from certain selected areas, collection and storage runoff into suitable reservoir and utilization of stored water. The Average annual, seasonal rainfall were 914.58 mm and 836 mm respectively of Washim district. Now the runoff water harvested through various irrigation projects in Washim district (263.89 mm3) in which by major (125.54mm3) medium (78.35mm3) and minor (60mm3) projects respectively. The daily rainfall data of Washim district from 1998 to 2008 were analyzed and estimated runoff by Curve Number Technique were 149.19 mm respectively. Considering the estimated runoff and geographical area 517200 ha the total runoff potential estimated as 771.61 mm3 of Washim district respectively. Up to March 2010 the runoff potential harvested through different soil conservation structure constructed such as continuous contour trenches, graded bund, farm pond, earthen bund, cement nala bund and loose boulder structure are estimated as 197.21 Mm3 of Washim district respectively. Thus the balance runoff potential need to be harvested for Washim district were 310.51 Mm3 respectively through different irrigation projects and soil conservation measures for sustainable conservation measures for sustainable Agriculture.

In India Irrigated area particularly from canal command area has been considered as development of rural economy, poverty reduction. However, due to intensive cultivation of rice and poor maintenance of canal irrigation system which led to deprivation in the flow of canal water irrigation in the tail end reach farmers and also poor recovery of water cess. The GoI, formed Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) involves farmers in planning, operation and maintenance of the canal irrigation system and it collects water cess and ensures equity in distribution of water among head and tail reach farmers. The PIM were brought under the ambit of Cooperative Act, which are called as Water User Cooperative Societies (WUCS).The present study undertaken in the Tungabhadra command area of Karnataka with main objective of assessing the transaction cost incurred in functioning of WUCS. The findings indicated that information cost is least proportional of transaction cost in the better performing (BP) WUCS as compared to moderately performing (MP) WUCS. While enforcement cost with regard to supervision and maintenance of field channels (24.64 %) forms major proportion of transaction cost in the BP as compared to MP region (14 %) of WUCS. The transaction cost per member and per acre of paddy lower in BP as compared to MP. The farmer in the moderately performing WUCS may be educated and motivated them to enrol as members and encourage them to participate in general body meeting which helps them to reduce the transaction cost and funds raised from membership fee could be used in operation and maintaining the canal irrigation system thereby helps to reduce seepage and deprivation in flow of canal water to tail end farmers in the command area.

The Study entitled with “cost of hydroponically grown fodder in hydroponic structure” was conducted for period of 120 days at Deptt of Farm structure, Dr. PDKV, Akola. Hydroponic structure was constructed using U-PVC Pipes with external dimensions such as 3m height x 2m width x 3m length and it consist of six internal rack structure with size of 0.45 m height x 0.45 m width x 0.8 m length. The internal structure was equipped with 54 plastic hydroponic trays with size of 0.45 m length × 0.30 m width × 0.15 m height, which was equipped with semi-automated sprayer irrigation. Hydroponic structure was covered with 50% UV stabilized shade net. In order to control the internal temperature of hydroponic structure, proper spraying of water was carried out at regular interval per day automatically to get a range of 25 - 300C temperature and 65-70% relative humidity. It was observed that in hydroponic structure the biometric characters such as plant height 28.55 cm, weight of tray (5.50 Kg per tray) and total yield (120Kg).

Twenty seven R. solani isolates collected from maize and one isolate from rice were inoculated on to 55 days old cv. BPT-5204 and 30 days old bajra cv. HHB-67 using sheath inoculation method. The virulence diversity among the isolates revealed that the isolate RS16 from Krishna district recorded maximum PDI and minimum by RS13 isolate from Warangal district on rice, while maximum relative lesion was recorded by the isolate RS28 (rice) and least by RS2 from Medak district. In case of bajra, the isolate RS11 from Khammam district recorded maximum PDI and relative lesion length, whereas the isolate RS21 from Guntur district recorded minimum PDI. The rice isolate (RS28) had 2.6 days latent period in bajra, 2.0 days with respect to original host crop i.e., rice indicating that the isolate is equally virulent to that of maize isolates RS11, RS12 and RS16.

Women have a high stake in dairying; they account for 93 percent of total employment in dairy production. A woman plays an important role in dairy enterprises as manager, decision makers and skilled workers in spite of that her hard work is mostly been unpaid and their considerable involvement or contribution in dairy production has been underestimated or ignored. The low participation of farm women was observed in decision making about economic aspects of animal husbandry farming. The knowledge and skill of women dairy occupation and their participation on decision making certainly affects their efficiency work and the development of dairy enterprise. The data shows that head of the family or husband were dominating in taking decision regarding overall integrated dairy farming practices.

The study was carried out on drip irrigation regimes and mulching method on nutrients uptake of anola (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) Cv. NA-10. The nitrogen uptake was significant (2.52) analyses in 13 (IW/CPE=0.6) regime; while P, K and Mg was recorded significantly in 11 (IW/CPE=1.0). Mulching with paddy straw shows highest concentration of N, K, Ca and Mg in leaf while P content maximum was absorbed in black polythene mulch. Interaction of irrigation regime and mulching shows significant maximum N, K and Ca content in 13 M2, 12M2, and I1M2, combination, respectively.

This study was done in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh, where paddy production is a major source of income for the farmer. Paddy production encourage farmer to use paddy straw as a media for mushroom production. The main aim of the study was to observe cost of domestic resources like paddy straw, labour, supplement. For the study sample farmer/grower were categorised in three group large, medium and small level of producer and estimated the domestic resource cost and production cost for oyster mushroom production. Result showed that straw is the major cost component after spawn in oyster mushroom production.

In recent times, the rural households have come to occupy an important position in development studies. Because it was seen as the social mechanism through which, to at least to some degree, all individuals’ welfare and decisions are determined based on assets and resource availability. The social, economic and cultural conditions of the area determine women’s participation in to financial and market transactions. Women’s involvement in these transactions is influenced by region, farming systems, caste, creed, religion, occupation, education and income groups. In most parts of the country, women of higher caste and socioeconomic status are not allowed to participate in on-farm activities. In poor families, the women are the main performers in the field and income earned by them goes directly into the food basket of the family. An exploratory research design was adapted to study the decision making on various household related, farm related activities and data was collected through structured interview schedule. Purposive random sampling technique was used to select 40 households each from JC Agraharam and Pamidipadu villages of Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh, thus comprised total eighty households. Results revealed that decisions related to savings, sources of savings, loans and sources of loans were taken by male respondents, but decisions related to repaying of amount and amount to be saved were decided jointly. Use of cash, credit and sources of credit were mainly decided by males.

The present investigation was carried out in randomized block design during kharif 2016-17 at research field, AICSIP, College of Agriculture, Indore (MP). The ear head bug population ranged between 3.00 to 12.67.The lowest number of pest was recorded in resistance check IS 18551 (3.00) followed by IS 2205 (3.67), AKSV 410 (4.00), RSSV 350 (4.00), SPV 2433 (4.00), IS 2123 (4.00), SPV 2426 (4.33), SPV 2440 (4.33), SPV 2358 (4.67), CSV 27 (4.67), SPH 1862 (4.67) and SPV 2308 (4.67) and showed resistant against the insect. However, susceptible checks DJ 6514 (11.00) and Swarna (12.67) recorded maximum number of bug. The ear head worm population ranged between 3.67 to 13.00. The lowest number of ear head bug was recorded in resistance checks IS 2205 (3.67) which was statistically found to be at par with CSV 27 (4.33), SPH 1862 (4.33), SPV 2293 (4.67), SPV 2432 (4.67) and SPV 2305 (SR 2872) (4.67) and showed resistant against the insect. However, susceptible checks Swarna (11.33) and DJ 6514 (13.00) recorded maximum number of worms. Under yield attributing characters number of grains per ear head ranged from 733.79 to 1370.37, and yield in kg/ha. have been obtained between 3672 to 6594(kg). The maximum grain yield in (Kg/ha.) was obtained in genotype SPV 2299 (6594) and found significantly superior with rest of the genotypes.

Heterosis for grain yield per plant ranged from -20.75 (RD 2715 × RD 2552) to 41.86 per cent (BHS 400 × BH 959) and -21.95 (BHS 400 × BH 902) to 39.65 per cent (BHS 400 × BHS 380) under early and timely sown conditions, respectively. Out of 45 crosses, nine and fifteen crosses exhibited positive significant heterosis in early and timely sown conditions, respectively; while, seven and nine crosses exhibited positive significant heterobeltiosis in early and timely sown conditions, respectively. Negative significant inbreeding depression for grain yield per plant was reported during study which indicated that F2 plants attained comparatively higher grain yield per plant than F1 hybrids and considered to be desirable. In both the early and timely sown conditions, the crosses BG 105 x PL 426, PL 426 × RD 2552 and BH 959 x RD 2786 exhibited positive significant heterosis and heterobeltiosis as well as negative significant inbreeding depression. Hence, these crosses were considered to be most desirable for grain yield per plant. Accordingly, these cross combinations may be utilized for improving grain yield as well as production of better transgressive segregants in advance generations for maintain of specific gene pool of barley through breeding program in future.

The performance of annual chrysanthemum transplanted on different time and pinching at different interval were studied and found that among different planting time maximum number of flowers per plant was recorded in 15th October planting (95.28 and 89.90). Whereas, under different pinching interval maximum number of flowers per plant was noticed in single pinching at 30 days after transplanting (97.52 and 91.21). Regarding yield of flower per plant maximum flower yield was noticed in 15th October planting (208.87 and 195.73) and in single pinching at 30 days after transplanting (227.62 and 210.69 g). Maximum flower yield per plot was recorded in 15th October planting (7.51and 7.04 kg) and with respect to pinching, single pinching at 30 days after transplanting (8.18 and 7.56 kg) found superior. Maximum flower yield per hectare was recorded in 15th October planting (15.45 and 14.49 t) and in single pinching at 30 days after transplanting (16.84 and 15.56 t). Interaction effect due to the planting time and pinching on the number of flower per plant, yield of flower per plant, per plot and per hectare was found non-significant during both the years of investigation.