This study was conducted to assess the nutritional status of primary school children and its effect on their IQ level. Total 350 (229 boys and 121 girls) children, were randomly selected from three schools of Patan city, Gujarat for conducting the present study. Mean height and mean weight of children was compared to ICMR standard value. The nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric measurements and categorized according to Water low’s classification. There was no significant difference found in mean height and weight of boys and girls in age group of 11-12 and >12 years children. Further, results showed that 51.71% children were from normal nutritional status category, while 28.57 %, 12.28 % and 7.42 % children belonged to wasted, stunted and wasted and stunted respectively. This study concluded that majority of the malnourished children fell in lower level of intelligence. On the other hand, reverse trend was observed in case of normal children who represented better level of intelligence. Nutritional status was positively and highly significantly correlated (0.20**) with their level of intelligence

Background: Blood stream infection (BSI) remains one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Aim: To study the prevalence, co-morbidity factors, characterization and antimicrobial resistance pattern of isolates associated with blood stream infection. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study carried out on blood culture samples and catheter tip cultures in a tertiary care teaching hospital from January 2016 to December 2016 according to standard protocol. Data Analysis was done by using WHO NET ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE SURVEILLANCE SOFTWARE. Result: A total of 3269 blood samples were processed, out of which 327 showed growths of organisms. The most vulnerable age group was above 70 years where the incidence was 22.1% and the lowest incidence was observed among age group 1 to 10 years (3.4%). Respiratory infection was the predominant co-morbidity factor. Among the isolates, Gram positive bacteria accounted for 54. 9 % with Staphylococcus aureus topping the list (39.1%) and 43.3 % of were MRSA; all the strains showed 0% resistance to vancomycin and linezolid. E. coli was the predominant Gram negative bacteria (13.3%) followed by Acinetobacter (8.2%). Conclusion: Blood stream infection (BSI) is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality. S. aureus and E. coli are the most common organisms isolated in this study. Increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance pose a great problem in treating these infections leading to high morbidity and mortality.

Background and Objective: Typhoid fever has been remaining important public health Problem in developing countries for the past hundred years. In developing countries, the culture facilities for isolation of Salmonella are often not available at smaller set ups and the patients usually present to the clinicians during the late course of the illness during which the organism could not be isolated from blood culture. So the Widal test still remains the only serological test to diagnose Typhoid fever. This study is aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and reliability of Slide Widal test with Tube Wida ltest in the diagnosis of enteric fever. Methods: Serum samples were obtained from 300 patients, clinically suspected to have Typhoid fever. Serum samples were also obtained from 300 patients with febrile diseases other than typhoid fever to use them as controls. All samples were tested using Slide Widal test, semi-quantitatively and Tube Widal test quantitatively for the presence of O and H agglutinins for S typhiin the Microbiology Diagnostic Laboratory, Govt. tertiary hospital over a period of six months (June 2011–November 2011).All samples which showed positive clumps in slide Widal agglutination tests were again tested with Tube Widal test. The significant titer for O agglutinin 1:80 and for H agglutinin 1:160 were taken as positive. Results: Slide Widal test showed many false positive reactions (56.6%) which were negative by Tube Widal test and clinically proved to be non - enteric cases. Of 276 slide positive samples only 99 (43.4%) samples showed positive by tube Widal test. Comparison of results of both the tests were carried out statistically to analyze the sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive value and Negative Predictive values using tube Widal test as a standard one. Conclusion: Slide Widal test should not be used to confirm the serological diagnosis of enteric fever and laboratories should perform only Tube Widal test, which is conventional, more reliable test for detecting antibodies and can be done in any set up. In addition, the slide Widal test has more sensitivity (75.3%) and Negative Predictive Value (77.2%) when compared to tube Widal test (Sensitivity 32.6%; NPV 59.6%). So the slide Widal test could be used as a good initial screening test for Typhoid fever.

Climate change is the most important factor for global agriculture as well as for Indian agriculture. The climate change in the form of increasing the temperature as well as increased rate of the precipitation. The change in the climate over the continent create the change in the agro- ecosystem by changing in the biogeochemical cycling of the natural resource. Because of change in the climatic conditions it will change by altering the forest productivity, plant physiology and the soil physical, chemical and biological processes. Indirectly affect the natural environment of the living organisms. These changes were affected the biodiversity of plant, animal and the soil biological properties, like reducing in the population of the soil bacteria, fungi, and many others. The effect of climate change on the composition and structure of soil microbes and it reducing the number of keystone species and their community structure. The importance of climate change phenomena in agro-ecosystem is well recognised and discussed, about the actual mechanism of change in the soil system and their response to the changing climate is vast and it is still beyond away from the understanding of research scientists. It is already argued that to understand impacts of climate change on the agro-ecosystem and the mechanisms coming under them and requirement of explicit consideration of linkages between the above and below ground biota. The overall effect of climate change mechanism on the function and structure of terrestrial agro-ecosystem is indirectly related to their effects on the soil biota and the processes. Here we are discussing about the impact of climate change on the agro-ecosystem i.e., soil biota and their activities and how these changes are affect nutrient dynamics and their effects on the productivity and structure of agro-ecosystem