Foodborne diseases are a major global health concern. There are many bacteria which cause toxicity and create major health issues. It can even destroy one’s immune system and result in death. Out of all these bacteria, “Staphylococcus aureus” is one of the most prevalent bacterium which causes major foodborne diseases in vegetables and food from plant origins. S. aureus forms complex communities with unwanted bacteria in multispecies biofilms. To enhance the safety of the food products we need to work on improving hygiene conditions, especially in the food sectors. Particularly we need the removal of bacterial biofilms which adhere to food. Symptoms of Staphylococcus aureus food diseases (SFD) include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps with or without diarrhoea. Preventive measures include safe food handling and processing practice, maintaining cold chain, adequate cleaning and disinfection of equipment and prevention of cross-contamination in home and in the kitchen This study aims to evaluate the presence and contamination rate of Staphylococcal aureus in fresh food and vegetables in the markets of our country, along with providing a brief overview of SFD, contributing factors and the threat that it imposes on the consumers. The genes encoding for toxins will be identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), however there is a limitation in using this technique as it does not show the expression of genes that encode for new toxins.

Cytotherapy is one of the most exciting fields in translational medicine. It stands at the intersection of rapidly developing scientific disciplines. Blood transfusion and bone marrow transplantation are prime examples of cell-based therapy. The major types of stem cells used in cytotherapy are embryonic and adult stem cells. Adipose derived stem cells are preferred source of cells used in cytotherapy due to their numerous advantages. There are numerous advantages and limitations of cell therapy or cytotherapy. Cytotherapy is being searched for the treatment of various diseases and ailments in veterinary medicine.

In view of the anticipated adverse impact of microclimatic conditions on ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘R’ line of hybrid rice in West Bengal, a field experiment was conducted at the Teaching Farm, Mondouri, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India during kharif season 2012, boro season 2012-13, kharif season 2013 and boro season 2013-14 and quantify the impact of microclimatic conditions. The outcomes of the study have been found of utmost importance which would help in proper management of rice cultivation in West Bengal so as to minimize the adverse impact of microclimatic variation on synchronization of flowering and yield. Based on the mean GDD requirement for different phenophases of the parental lines, it was observed that GDD requirement for germination to panicle initiation was higher during kharif season than that of boro season. The lowest variation of GDD was revealed for germination to 100% flowering in both restorer and CMS line with co-efficient of variation 3.9 % and 7.6 % for restorer line and CMS line respectively. Similarly, HTU essentiality was higher in kharif season than that of boro season and co-efficient of variation was 28.4 % and 13.7 % in restorer and CMS line respectively. Whereas, germination to 50 % flowering higher co-efficient of variation was observed (47.8 % and 16.3 % in restorer and CMS line respectively). Similarly, there was difference between the kharif season and boro season in respect of PTU requirement for germination to 50 % flowering in both restorer and CMS line. Comparing the GDD, HTU and PTU trend it was noticed that GDD had minimum co-efficient of variation and thus, GDD was consistent parameter for predicting in flowering initiation of parental lines. The sowing dates should be chosen judiciously so that flowering may occur at the same time in both restorer and CMS line. It was recorded that GDD requirement of restorer line was 210-degree day higher than CMS line. Accordingly, the restorer line may be seeded at earlier date than CMS line.

The experiments were conducted in the field of Jute Research Station (JRS), Kendrapara, Odisha during Kharif season of 2014 and 2015. Some new fungicide molecules were taken with eight (8) treatments for observing the effect on stem and root rot diseases of Olitorius jute. Lowest disease incidence of both stem rot (CODEX 10.83) and root rot (3.06%) was found in T7 (Seed treatment with Azoxystrobin + Difenconazole @ 1.0 ml/kg seed + spraying of Azoxystrobin + Difenconazole @0.075% at 40-45 days of crop age) with maximum fibre yield (26.77q/ha).

The fruiting bodies and mycelium of mushrooms exhibit health promoting values including antibacterial activities. Among different cultivated mushrooms, Pleurotus species are easy to cultivate and also exhibit many medicinal properties. Many of the Pleurotus species have also been reported to exhibit antimicrobial action against different pathogens associated with human beings. Keeping this in view, antimicrobial activities of three species of Pleurotus viz., P. florida, P. ostreatus and P. sajor-caju were screened by paper disc method against human pathogenic bacteria viz., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Proteus sp., Bacillus sp. and Streptococcus sp. by preparing the aqueous, hot water, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of mycelia, pileus and stipe. Among aqueous extracts, stipe extracts of all the three species were effective in inhibiting the growth of human pathogenic bacteria (9.33 mm), P. sajor-caju being the most effective in terms of inhibiting all the five test bacteria. However, hot water, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of pileus of three Pleurotus spp. were found to be most effective in terms of exhibiting maximum zone of inhibition (8.16, 6.64 and 7.23 mm, respectively). Among the three species, hot water extract of P. ostreatus (3.20 mm) and ethanolic as well as methanolic extracts of P. sajor-caju (2.09 and 4.02 mm, respectively) were most effective against the test bacteria.